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•PHg SEP. 27,1901 

^icHiasiv Book 

A STATE CYCLOPEDIA 

SECTIONAL COUNTY MAPS 

alphabetically arranged. 

Counties Schools 

Towns History 

Villages Institutions 

Railroads Lands 

Stations Laws 

Productions Elections 

population ol-eicials 

Etc., Etc. Etc., Etc. 



By SILAS FARMER, 

Member of American Historical Association., 

Fellow of American (Geographical Society, 
Author of History of Detroit and Afichigan. 

Champions of Christianity, Etc., Etc. 



PRICE, FIFTY CENTS. 



SILAS FARMER & GO 

(Estal-lished 1826), 
2q Monroe Ajienne, cor, of Ear me r St., 

DETROIT, MICH. 



THE LIBRARY OF 

CONGRESS. 
Two CoHta Received 

SEP. 27 1901 

Copyright entry 

CLASS O/XXc. Nw.. 

COPY 3. 




Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 
all rights reserved. 



A liberal reward will be paid for informa- 
tion of the reprinting by any person., of 
material contained in our Books or Maps. 

SILAS FARMER &^ CO 



Press of 

John F. Eby & Company (Corporation! 

66-69 W. Congress St., 

Detroit. 






TO 

DEXTER M. FERRY, 

In recognition of his courtesy and friendship, and of his worth 
as a citizen, these pages are dedicated. 




PREFACE. 

N the preparation of this work I have brought to 
my aid the results of the study and research 
of more than twenty years. The several editions 
of my "History of Detroit and Michigan" first published 
in 1884, and other local publications are the credentials 
offered in behalf of this work. My only request is that the 
work be judged not by its size or cost but by its com- 
pleteness and utility. 

The Author. 



» • • 



:€Y;Ct0PEDlA OF MICHIGAN. 

'■■ - ,i9'ira 

Aboriisrinal Iiibabitauts. ;9fd£i 

The origin of the first occupan^^s of this region is shrouded in 
mystery. Several writers have adopted the theory that they 
were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel and they fortify 
their position with a variety of interesting facts. The founder 
of our fair domain was a believer in this theory, and the archives 
of France contain a lengthy memorial written by Cadillac, in 
which he distinctly asserts hi« belief that the Indians are 
descendants of the Hebrew race, strengthening his argument 
with statements of many remarkable coincidences and custoijjis 
confirmatory of the idea. The researches of Schoolcraft, Pres- 
cott, Pickering, and others, indicate that the first comers w^e 
from Asia, that they were driven by winds and waves over t|ie 
Pacific coast and made their v/ay by the Aleutian Island^ or 
Behring Strait to Alaska, and from thence southward to- Mepc- 
ico and South America, afterwards spreading northward and 
eastward over the American continent. ; f> 

Elaborate and plausible arguments have been made to provd 
the converse theory — that the Chinese are descended from the 
Aztec race. In support of this supposition it is urged that the 
trade winds from the Peruvian coast pass directly to China 
and that even frail vessels could easily be wafted thither. Unique 
and ancient bronze implements are found alike in both countries ; 
the picture-writings of the two countries are in many cases 
similar, and in others are exactly the same; and the Feast of 
Souls, as celebrated in Central America, is remarkably like cer? ) 
tain of the Chinese ceremonies. 

The order of the ancient occupancy of the country seems to 
have been, first the Olmecs, then the Toltecs, then the Aztecs, 
or Aztecas. Various reasons give rise to the theory that the 
Aztec race were the first occupants of this particular region. 
Humboldt was of the opinion that the country of the Aztecas 
was in this latitude. The meaning of their tribal name is "Peo- 
ple of the Lakes," and there is no place in the United States 
in which small lakes are so numerous as in Michigan, while the 
state is nearly surrounded by lakes, which are almost seas in 
extent. The name Michigan is derived from two Chippewa 
words— Mitchaw, great, and Sagiegan, lake— Great Lake. The 
so-called Indian mounds in various western states, in their size, 
for^'an^,<^qnte^iit^;a,i[Jd force to the Aztecan theory. 

Abstracts of Title. 

See Lands— Abstracts of Title to. 

' ';- • > '^f-'.i-^ Adjutant-General. '•' 

. • ^ee St^l!e A:djutant-General. '"'/ 

Adrian Collegre 

At Adrian, belongs to Protestant Methodist Church, was organ- 
ized in 1859, has 16 instructors, had 171 students during '97-'98, 
and ^aduated 10 in class of '98. Has had 467 graduates since its 



founding. Has library of 6,000 volumes. Value of grounds and 
buildings, $125,000. 

Agriculture. 

See State Agricultural Society, State Board of Agricultural 
College, State Crop and Live Stock Reports. State Live Stock 
and Sanitary Commission, State Veterinarian and Veterinary 
Board, State Board of Forestry Commissioners. Sheep, Forest 
Fires, Soil. Farms in Michigan; Barrels, Size of Fruit and Vege- 
table; Toll for Grinding Grain, Weight per Bushel of DlfEerent 
Products, Fruits, Apples, Beet Sugar, Peppermint Oil. Wheat, 
Celery, Potatoes. 

Agricultural Collegre. 

See "State Agricultural College." 




Au Sable B. 



Au Sable &N.W.R.R 



IOSCO 

Albion Oollege 

At Albion, belongs to Methodist Episcopal Churchj was organized 
in 1861, had 452 students during '98-'99 and has graduated 815 stu- 
dents. The grounds and buildings are valued at $100,000 and it 
has an endowment of $228,000. 

Alcona County 

AVas created in 1840, and first called Negwegon— a mongrel Indian 
name without special meaning. The name was changed to 
Alcona in 1843 and the county organized in 1869, with the county 
seat at Harrisville, where it now remains. Alcon was the name 
of a surgeon of great eminence at Rome in the first centur5^ 
Acres in county, 435,257. Population in 1860, 181; 1870, 766; 1880, 
3,107; 1890. 5,409; 1894, 5,418; 1900, 5,691. Votes cast at spring elec- 
tion of 1899. 647. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 849, Bryan 145. 



LUCE 



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MARQUETTE 



Alger County 

Was created and organized in 1885, with county seat at Au Train. 
In 1901 the county seat was transferred to Munising. It was 
named after Russell A. Alger, governor of Michigan from 3884 
to 1887. Acres in county, 588,759. Population in 1890, 1,238; 1894, 
1,385; 1900, 5,868. Votes cast at spring election of 1899. 1,065, Pres- 
idential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,016. Bryan 416. 



See Citizenship. 



Aliens. 



OTTAWA 



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VAN BUREN 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette fi. R. 2. 
R. & I. Ry. 4. Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. 

Copy rig fit 1901, by Silas Farmer 



3.2. 
KALAMAZOO 

L S. & M. S. Ry. 3. G. 



Alma Collegre 

Qkt Alma, belongs to Presbyterian Church, was organized in 1887, 
has 20 instructors, had 223 students during '97-'98, had 11 gradu- 
ates In class of '98. Has library of 15,312 volumes. Value of 

«"Ounds and buildings, $80,000. 

V*... Allegan County. 

This county was created in 1831 and organized in 1835. It is 
named from an ancient tribe of Indians inhabiting the Alleghany 
mountains. The county seat is Allegan. Acres in county, 530,029. 
Population in 1840, 1,783; 1850, 5,127; 1860, 16,091; 1870, 32,093; 1880. 
37,806; 1890, 38,961; 1894, 39,189; 1900, 38,812. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 6,720. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley, 5,597, 
Bryan, 3,283. 

:-lT 8!V: 



Alpeiia County. 

This county was created in 1840 under the name of Anamlckee, 
a mongrel Indian name without special meaning. In 1843 the 
name was changed to Alpena, a combination derived from the 
Indian word Penaisee, meaning a bird, and the Arabic prefix Al. 
The county was organized in 1857. The county seat originally at 
Fremont was soon changed to Alpena. Acres in county, 370,470. 
Population in 1860, 291; 1870, 3,011; 1880, 8,789; 1890, 15,581; 1894, 17,717; 
1900, 18,254. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 3,253. Presi- 
dential vote in 1900» McKinley 2,283, Bryan 1,435. 



R. 5 E. 



PRESQUE ISLE 




ALCONA 



Det. & Mach. Ry. 



Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Amendiuents to Constitution. 

See "State Constitution, Amendments to." 

Ancient Garden Beds. 

Wha,t we're known as ancient garden beds foriherly existed 
along the St. Joseph and Kalamazoo rivers in Cass, Calhoun. 
Kalamazoo and St. Joseph counties. For a dozen years or more, 
however, almost all traces of them have disappeared. The re- 
gions embraced in these mounds or beds covered from 20 to 300 
acres. The beds were arranged in both regular and fancifu\ 
shapes and the soil composing them was of the finest and richest 
loam. They are most generally believed to have been the work 
of some race that occupied the region prior to the Indians. 

Animals, Cruelty to 

See Cruelty to Animals. 

9 



See "Game." 



Animals, TVild. 



Antiquities. 

See Copper, Ancient Garden Beds, and Aboriginal Inhab- 
itants. 

Antrim County 

was created in 1840 under the name of Meegisee, an unmeaning 
mongrel Indian word. In 18-13 the name was changed to Antrim, 
the name of a county in North Ireland where the celebrated 
curiosity of Giants' Causeway is located. The county was or- 
ganized in 1863. The last change in the county limits was made 



CHARLEVOIX 




GRAND^ 



1 3. 

KALKASKA 
TRAVERSE 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 
I. Ry. 4. Det. & Charlevoix R. R. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



2. Elk Lahe. 3. G. R. <fc 



by an act of 1881. The county seat, originally located at Elk 
Bapids, is now at Bellaire. Acres in county, 305,927. Population 
in 1870, 2,409; 1880, 5,237; 1890, 10,413; 1894, 12,427; 1900, 16,568. Votes 
cast at spring election of 1899, 2,164. Presidential vote in 1900, 
McKinley 2,583, Bryan 737. 

Apples. 

There were produced in the state in 1899, 5,447,734 bushels of 
apples. Michigan has always been noted for the excellent quality 
of its apples, as well as for the number grown, and it was cer- 
tainly very fitting that the Legislature should adopt as the 
state flower the delicately beautiful, as well as suggestive, apple 
blossom. 

10 



Arbitration Board. 

See State Court of Mediation and Arbitration. 



Arbor Day. 

The Governor is authorized to name a day each year, called 
Arbor Day, on which special attention should' -be »lveii to the 
planting of shade and ornamental trees. i; 'rli li/^ jr-ijv' :;. /n 

•■ ; ^' ;, ■■"■ 'io'i :,:»iji'a: ^■■ 
Area of Micbigan. ■ .n ■' i ■,-i^■^■t>J':; bx:< 

The state contains 58,915 square miles, or 36, 459,584 ''a!&r«si'" if 
is 9,745 square miles larger than the state of New York; 13,700 
larger than .Pennsylvania; 17,855 liarger than Ohio; 22,'565 larger 
than Indiana, and 22,265 larger than Illinois. 

Ai-emac County 

Was created in 1831, merged into Bay county in 1867, and re^ 
created and organized in 1883. Tradition says that Arenac is an 
Indian word meaning beautiful and, that this region was so 



OGEMAW 

; E. 

•mBumm 
sCaTvers * 



IOSCO 




Ref.: 1. Log Road. 



«!■»■■ Il'lllt II ■! 1 I 

2 3. 
2. M. G. R. ».n la : Dft >&'Mtick. Ry. 

Copyright 1901: by Siias Farmer. 



named from the picturesque Rifle river. Its first county seat 
was Omer, but it is now Standish. Acres in county, 235,002. Pop- 
ulation in 1890, 5,683; 1894, 6,943; 1900, 9,821. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 1,412. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 975 
Bryan 800. 

Assemblies. 

The name assembly has come to mean, specifically, a sum- 
mer resort at which a regular program of entertainment and 
instruction Is provided, moral and religious addresses being 
given, interspersed with lectures and concerts. The more large- 
ly attended of these resorts are the following: 

Bay View Assembly.— This is located on Little Traverse Bayv 
Antrim County, just north of Petoskey. It is the oldest andv 
most largely and regularly attended summer gathering in the^ 

11 



state. The "corporation was organized in November, 187&, and 
the first meeting on the grounds held in the summer '■ of 1877. 
The grounds embrace 330 acres and are controlled by nine trus- 
tees, all of whom are connected with the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. The assembly, ^however, is undenominational , in char- 
acter. ConfiiBcted therewith is a suriimer school with instructors 
in almost all the higher branches of learning. A special charge 
is made for each of the classes, but tickets for the lectures 
and entertainments can be procured for the season or for single 
admissions. Besides the assembly, a camp-meeting is held .for 
several weeks. Hundreds of cottages, some highly ornate and 
attractive, are occupied by their owners, and opportunities for 
pure air and healthful recreation are plentiful. Spring water of- 
crystal clearness is abundant. , unj 

Epworth League Assembly. — This is located on the shore of 
L«ake MichJg;an, one and one-half miles north of Ludington 
with which it is connected by the Epworth League Railway. 
The grounds consist of 2^0 acres laid out in a very attractive 
munner, an^i the organization is controlled by 12 trustees. 
Since Its opening in 1894, it has been noted for its excellent 
hotel, largo auditorium and fine yearly programs. It has lots 
for sale and there are cottages to rent. Tenting facilities are 
attractive and rea.sonable. Members are given half-fare rates 
on the Pere Marquette R. R. during th« season. There are 
broad stretches of shelving beach, high bluffs, fine forest trees, 
an elevation of land known as Mt. Epworth, good fishing near 
bv, and the enchanting lake as continual attractions. 

Orchard Lake Assembley.— The Michigan Baptist Summer 
Assembly is held in the month of August in the buildings of the 
Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, near Pontiac. 
The first meeting was held in 1898. A program such as is com- 
mon to all assemblies is provided. 

Lake Orion Oamp-Meeting and Assembly.— This interdenom- 
inational meeting place, modeled along the same lilies as 
Chautauqua and Bay View, was opened in 1896, Its location in 
the heart of the lake region of Oakland County makes it very 
desirable as a place of resort. There are all the facilities for 
/ecreation common to resorts of this character. It is reached 
by electic railway fom Detroit, or D., G. ig;.'.'.&,iM. R. R. 

Asylums. 

See "State Asylums," "State Home for the Feebleminded and\ 
Epileptic," and "State Hospital for the Insane." 

Attorney-General. 

See State At]torney-General. 

**^ Anditor-Ge'Tieral. 

See State Auditor-General. 

Banks and Banking*. 

The first bank in Michigan was known as the Detroit Bank. 
This was almost wholly a speculative scheme. It was organized 
in 1806 and came to grief, or the holders of its bills did, within 
three years. 

The first regularly organized and managed bank in the state 
was the Bank of Michigan, at Detroit. It was organized in 1818 
and its business was closed in 1844. 

The "wild cat" banking mania of 1837-1844 prevailed in all- 
parts of the state. It was the natural outcome of a prosperous 

12 



and speculative period, brought to an abrupt termination by 
the forced return on the part of the existing banks, to specie 
payments ordered by President Jaclcson. In order to relieve the 
distress that followed this order and establish a value for lands, 
the Legislature, by Act of March 15, and amended Act of Decem- 
ber 30, 1837, provided for an unlimited number of so-called banks. 
Of the nominal capital of these "wildcats," only ten per cent in 
specie was required to be paid when subscriptions tO' the stock 
were made, and twenty per cent additional in specie when the 
bank commenced business. For the further security of the notes 
the stockholders were to give first mortgages upon real estate, 
to be estimated at its cash value by at least three county officers, 
and these mortgages were to be filed with the auditor-general 
as collateral security for the notes to be issued. First one and 
then three commissioners were appointed to superintend the or- 
ganization of these banks and attest the legality of their pro- 
ceedings, and upon the certificate of either of them, the auditor- 
general was to countersign and deliver to the bank circulating 
notes to the extent of two and a half times the amount of capi- 
tal certified to have been paid in. Under the Acts, at first twelve, 
and then any number of persons, upon signing an agreement 
to that effect, became a banking corporation, and almost any 
one might be a director. This monstrous banking system was 
welcomed alike by those who were hopelessly bankrupt and by 
those who saw a chance for unlimited knaVery ; and in a few 
months wherever two roads crossed, a bank was established. 
Many of the so-called banks had neither books nor office, and 
stock was transferred to, and represented as owned by persons 
who knew not that they were stockholders in these enterprising 
corporations. In most cases there was no coin to exhibit to 
the bank commissioner. "Specie certificates, verified by oath, 
were everywhere substituted, the identical certificates having 
been cancelled as soon as created by a draft for the same 
amount." In some cases certificates or specie would be bor- 
rowed to show to the commissioner. If specie, as soon as it had 
been examined in one bank, a fast team would take it to the 
woods where some other bank was located, and there it would 
again be counted as bank capital. The loan of specie by estab- 
lished corporations to these sham institutions became part of 
the regular banking business of the period, and banks put in 
operation by these fraudulent transactions were themselves In 
turn parents of similar offspring. In the language of an official 
report, "There is no species of fraud and evasion of law which 
the ingenuity of dishonest corporations has ever devised that has 
not been practiced under this Act." So utterly reckless did some 
of the operators become that they exhibited to the commissioner 
coin boxes filled with nails and window-glass, in lieu of specie. 
They hurried to New York in scores to urge the engravers to 
deliver without delay their circulating notes, which were issued 
to them by the auditor as rapidly as their so-called securities 
were perfected. 

The first bank established under the Act was the Farmers* 
Bank at Homer. Calhoun County. The articles were filed on 
August 19, 1837. In a little over four months nineteen more banks 
were created; in 1838 they were more plentiful than mushrooms 
and grew as rapidly. Forty-nine banks organized and nearly 
forty went into operation in one year, with a professed capital 
of Sl,745,000; thirty per cent was claimed to be paid in. In a few 
months two millions of dollars were distributed about the state 
of which probably not one ddllar was secured by bona fide 
capital, paid in for legitimate banking purposes. 

18 



Trade was immediately stimulated by the plentitude of the 
so-called money; the merchants took the notes eagerly, but sold 
them day by day, or deposited them with the older banks. 
When the latter sought to have them redeemed, various pre- 
tences were used to postpone a settlement; sometimes time 
drafts on the ii]ast were given, which were dishonored at matur-- 
ity. In order to make some use of the bills, the old banks were 
compelled to loan, and did loan, the bills of the new banks to 
persons whose credit could not command real money. At length 
the Supreme Court decided that the Banking Act was uncoix- 
stitutional. Of course all obligations under it were therefore 
void, and, like the gourd of Jonah, the Whole system withered 
in a night, and there was wailing and distress all over the land. 

To check these evil results the Legislature provided for the 
organization of new banks, and the suspension of specie pay- 
ments was legalized for a year. This legislation was repeated 
from time to time until 1841, but the millions of "wildcat notes" 
were dead beyond the hope of redemption, and were gathered 
and used as linings to packing cases; the children had them by 
the peck to play with; in some houses, room after room was 
papered with sheets of bills that had never been cut apart or 
signed. So sudden was the collapse that Mr. Hatch, a New York 
engraver, who came to Michigan to collect his money, lost 
$20,000 in uncollected bills. One of the "wildcat" banks, the Bank 
of Sandstone, was located in Jackson county, where a quarry of 
sandstone had been opened, the incipient quarrj^ being the sole 
business interest except the bank there established. The bank 
soon failed, and when its bills were presented for redemption, for 
every ten dollar bill a millstone was offered, for every five 
dollar note a grindstone, and for every dollar note a whetstone. 

"We now reach the panic of 1857. The beginning may be traced 
to the failure, on August 24, of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, 
followed on October 14 by the suspension of the New York banks. 
Simultaneously with the failure of the Trust Company the New 
York banks refused to discount, and began to call in loans, and 
as a result thousands of business men all over the land were 
ruined. The New York banks resumed within two months, but 
the evil of their suspension was past remedy. In 1860 the political 
and national crisis foreshadowed for many years was clearly 
near at hand. At the same time there was manifested very general 
distrust of Illinois and Wisconsin banks, many of which were 
known to be but little better than the banks of 1837. During the 
summer and fall of 1860 this distrust increased, and finally the 
discount on western money reached an average of from forty to 
sixty per cent. Meetings of business men were held from time 
to time to decide whether "stump-tail" currency, as it was 
called, should be received, but no definite rate of discount could 
be agreed upon, and the trouble increased apace. 

After the attack on Fort Sumpter on April 4, 1861, forty-tw< 
Wisconsin banks suspended. By this time it had become evident 
that a long and serious war was before us. 

The necessity of a currency to take the place of the broken 
and worthless western banks, and the monetary needs of the 
government because of the war with the south led Congress 
to provide for the issue of over a thousand million dollars of 
legal-tender notes, receivable for all debts due the Government 
except custom dues. These notes were called greenbacks, be- 
cause the backs were printed in green ink. As the war pro- 
gressed and prices advanced, the actual purchasing power of 
these notes declined; the uncertainty of the result caused gold 

14 



and silver to be more and more sought after, and coin was 
hoarded, and bought and sold on speculation, till at length, on 
June 11, 1864, gold reached the enormous premium of 285 per 
cent, and its purchasing power was more than three times that 
of a government note. Indeed, it was a common occurrence for 
a person with $1,000 in gold to obtain, in Canada, a $3,000 United 
States bond, drawing interest at six per cent. 

Next in order came the Act of February 25, 1863, which pro- 
vided for the organization of national banks, the capital stock 
of each to be not less than $100,000 in cities of over 100,000 persons, 
thirty per cent of the capital to be paid on commencing business, 
and United States bonds tO' the amount of $100,000 to be deposited 
with the United States as security for $90,000 in notes prepared 
by the government, and issued to the bank, the banks to be 
subject to taxation upon their circulation and deposits. The 
security these banks have afforded and the saving on the former 
system of irresponsible banks almost, if not entirely, equals 
the money cost of the war which brought the system into being. 

In 1901 there were in the state 85 national banks with nearly 
$12,000,000 of capital. 

Under law of June 21st, 1887, five or more persons may incor- 
porate as a State Bank with a capital of not less than $100,000 
except that in a city or village of not over 1,500 inhabitants a 
bank may be organized wdth a capital of $15,000; in a city or 
village of not over 5.000 inhabitants a bank may be organized 
with a capital of $25,000; and in places where the population does 
not exceed 20,000, capital to the amount of ,$50,000 is required. 
Shares of stock must have par value of $100 and 50 per cent of 
capital stock must be paid in before the bank may begin busi- 
ness, the balance to be paid in in monthly installments of at 
least 10 per cent of the whole amount of capital stock. Each 
state bank must be managed by not less than five directors, 
to be elected by the stockholders and to hold oflice for one 
year or until their successors are chosen. Each bank must 
report quarterly to the State Bank Commissioner and comply 
with other regulations provided by law. The State Bank Com- 
missioner is required to examine the affairs of each bank at 
regular intervals and see that the regulations of law are ob- 
served. There are in Michigan 220 State Banks with an- aggre- 
gate capital of $13,000,000. 

Baiilcrnptcy. 

See U. S. Referee in Bankruptcy. 

Baraga Cotiiity 

Was created and organized in 1875. The last change in the county 
limits was made by Act of 1885. The county is named after 
Rev. Fr. Frederic Baraga, Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie and Mar- 
quette from 1863 to 1868. The county seat is at L'Anse. Acres in 
county, 583,735. Population in 1880, 1,804; 1890, 3,036; 1894, 4,232; 1900. 
4,320. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 760. Presidential vote 
in 1900, McKinley 606, Bryan 332. 

Barbers. 

See State Board of Examination for Barbers. 

Barrels, Size of Fruit and Vegeta-ble. 

The law requires that the quantity known as a barrel of 
fruit, roots or vegetables shall be the quantity contained in a 
barrel made from staves 27 inches long and each head IQV2 inches 
in diameter, or ordinary flour-barrel size. 

15 




R. 31 W. 



iROisr 

ffef.:—1. D. S. S. & A. Rg. 2. C. M. & St P. Ry. 
3. Sturgeon River. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Barry County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1839. It is named after 
William T. Barry, Postmaster- General of the United States from 
1829 to 1835. The county seat is Hastings. Acres in county. 
353,065. Population in 1840, 1,078; 1850, 5,072; 1860, 14,041; 1870, 22,204; 
1880, 25,319; 1890, 23,783; 1894, 23,699; 1900, 22,514. Votes cast at sprhig 
election of 1899, 5,488. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,292, 
Bryan 2,896. 



Base Lines. 

See "Surveys: Base Lines." 

Battle Cx'eelc College . i; ^ ,,; W/, // 
At Battle Creek, belongs to Seventh Day Adventists, was or- 
ganized in 1874, has 30 instructors,, had 1,000 students durin,g 
'97-'98 and graduated 29. Has library of 3,000 voluines. Value of 
grounds and buildings, $165,000. < • 



KENT 



TONIA 



O 
<1 




5. 4. I R. 7 w. 

KALAMAZOO • CALHOUN 

Ref.T~1. M.C.R.R. 2. Thofnapple Riuer. : 
3. Pere Marquette R. R. 4. Chic. Kal. & Sag. /ty. 
_^ $r Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. 

', . Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Battles. 

The names and dates of several important battles wherein 
Michigan has been interested are as follows: 

Bloody Run— July 31, 1763. 

Brownstown— August 5, 1812. 

Buena Vista— February 22, 1847. 

Gettysburg— July 2, 1883. 

Kaskaskia— July 4, 1778. 
, Lake Erie— September 10, 1813. 
;;,', Miami— August 30, 1794. 

Niagara— July 24, 1759. 

Palo Alto— May 8, 1847. 

Quebec— September 8, 1760. 

Raisin— January 22, 1813. 

m 



Thames— October 5, 1813. 
Tippecanoe — November 7, 1811. 
Vicksburg, July 7, 1S63. 
Vincennes— March 5, 1779. , ■ 

Wyoming Massacre— July 3, m8. 

Bay Cotin'ty 

Was created and organized in 1857. It is so named because it 
borders on Saginaw Bay. The last change affecting its county 

R. 3 E. 



;i^' 




T 1-^ ^ n-ToilCebo— 
L i— Garfield Uv^,^^ 
M\Gafiiel€\ ^^^^^ 



Crump 



P 



% 



Cu mmii i^o 

l eav e r Wm^lin 
" — Lgchn e Q i — v<3r 

_2_ ;^ TledeU 



• or Li-'cdo ,-^ ^O'-J' 

I P.O. ^-i.=r*:5^ 



I 






SAGINAW 



Ref.:—1. M. C. 
Marquette R. R. 
kawlin River. 



R. R. 2. Det & Mack. Ry. 
4. Cin. Sag. & Much. R. ^,' 



Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmen 

limits was made by Act of 1SS3. The county seat is at Bay City, 
formerlv called Lower Saginaw. See also Arenac county. Acres 
in county, 284,735. Population in 1860, 3,169; 1870, 15,820; 1880, 38,081; 
1890. 56,412; 1894, 61,304; 1900, 62,378. Votes cast at spring election 
of 1899, 9,694. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,462, Bryan 5,090. 

Bays and Arms of Lakes. 

The principal bays, etc., are: 
Agate Harbor— Keweenaw county. 

18 



Anchor Bay— Macomb county. 

Au Train Bay— Alger county. 

Big Bay de Noqueue— Delta county. 

Big Bay— Marquette coiinty. 

Bete Grise Bay— Keweenaw county. 

Carver's Bay— Ontonagon county. 

Copper Harbor— Keweenaw county. 

Detour Passage — Chippewa county. 

Duncan Bay— Cheboygan county. 

Eagle Harbor— Keweenaw county. 

False Detour— Chippewa county. 

Good Harbor— Leelanau county. 

Grand Traverse Bay— Grand Traverse county. 

Grand Marias Harbor— Alger county. 

Green Bay — Menominee county. 

Hammond's Bay— Presque Isle county. 

Huron Bay— Baraga county. 

Keweenaw Bay— Baraga county. 

Little Bav de Noquette— Delta county. 

Little Traverse Bay— Emmett county. 

Munusco Bay— Chippewa count?'. 

North Port Bay— Leelanau county. 

Ogontz Bay— Delta county. 

Oronto -Bay— Gogebic county. 

Saginaw Bay— Bay county. 

Shelter Bay— Alger county. 

South Channel— Cheboygan county. 

South Bay— Alger county. 

St. Martin's Bay— Mackinac county. 

Straits of Mackinac— Mackinac county. 

Sutton's Bay— Leelanau county. 

Tawas Bay — Iosco county. ^ 

Thunder Bay— Alpena county. f^ 

Taquamenon Bay— Chippewa county. 

Trout Bay— Alger county. 

Train Bay— Alger county. 

Union Bay — Ontonagon county. 

"^aiska Bay— Chippewa county. 

TThite Fish Bay— Chippewa county. 

Wild Fowl Bay— Huron county. 

Beet Sugar. 

Michigan ranks second among the states in the production of 
beet sugar, California being first. 

A state bountv of one cent per pound was agreed to be paid by 
the state for seven years from August 30, 1S97, on all beet sugar 
made in the state which contained 90 per cent of crystallized 

The law also provided that producers shall be paid %i per ton 
for sugar beets containing 12 per cent of sugar and proportionate 
amounts for beets testing above and below this, as follows: 
10 per cent sugar, $3.33 1-3 per ton; 11 per cent. $3.66 2-3; 13 per cent. 
S4 S3 1-3; 14 per cent, S4.66 2-3; 15 per cent, $5.fj«?; 16 per cent, $5.33 1-3. 
Each per cent is also divided into ten fractions and for each 
fraction the price varies 31-3 cents; that is. a ton of beets test- 
ing 13.7 per cent would cost the company $4.56 2-3. 

The Michigan Sugar Company's factory went into operation 
October 20, 1898. As pro%-ided by the law of 1S97, the company was 
entitled to one cent bounty for everj^ pound of sugar manufac- 
tured. December 9th the company made claim for bount-«- 

19 



on 1,422,591 pounds, and a draft on the state treasury for 
$14,225.91 was delivered to the company. December 3lst, another 
claim for bounty on 1,422,516 pounds was made and the company 
received $14,225.16. As the Act of 1897 only provided for an appro- 
priation for the years 1897-98 no bounty was paid during 1899. In 
October, 1900, the Supreme Court decided that the Bounty Law 
was unconstitutional. 

Statistics for season of 1899-1900: 



Acres contracted for 
(1900-1901 season.) 



Pounds of granu- 
lated sugar 
manufactured. 



OS 00 nj 



a Oi oo CO 



« i> ^ 






Average amount 
paid per ton. 



Gross weight of 
beets received in tons. 



00 c< -H 00 eo ■«*< CO 



Number of em- 
ployes in factory. 



C« (M m iO O lO rt< 

C^ rH T— I T-4 C^ -,.-1 r-l 



(M Ti 0« 



Approximate 
cost of factory. 






■ o 

■ c8 

•T3 

: o 
; a 

• VI 

' <D 

O 



o 
O 

fl O '5 O 1^ 



iza 



S-i 

o 

-1.3 

o 

03 

a 

Oi 

o 

o 

d 
O 



: a 

• 08 



r.\\\ 






*- ?^ ^ 02 S,-^ 3 S 

§-5 0+3;3 c8 O c3 
Ph ^ <J K 



,®o^dg 

« m S ^ W • 



o 



o 
o 

u 
c3 

be 

3 
<I> 

*E 






Benzie Couixty 



-r ?■.>;{ 



Was created in 1863 and organized in 1869. The name is a cor- 
ruption derived originally from the name of the River Aux-becr 
scies, meaning Saw-Bill, and probably so called from the Saw- 

«2e 



Bill ducks seen there. The river was called by sailors the 
Betsies river and finally Benzles. The county seat was orig- 
inally at Frankfort, then at Benzonia and now is again at Frank- 
fort. Acres in county, 204,134. Population in 1870, 2,184; 1880. 
3,433; 1890, 5,237; 1894, 8,063; 1900, 9,685. Votes cast at spring election 
of 1899, 1,280. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,472, Bryan 628. 

Berrien Coniity 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1831. It was named after 
John M. Berrien, Attorney-General of the United States from 
1820 to 1831. The county seat, formerly at Berrien Springs, is now 
at St. Joseph. Acres in county, 363,216. Population in 1840, 5,011; 
1850, 11,417; 1860, 22,274; 1870, 35,119; 1880, 36,780; 1890, 41,285; 1894, 45,635; 
1900, 49,165. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 9,492. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 6,597, Bryan 4,956. 

LEELANAU 

R. 13 W. 




2.3. h 
MANISTEE 

Ref.:-1. Manistee & N. E. R. R. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 
3. Ann Arbor R. R. 

Copyriqht 1 90 T, by Si fas Farmer. 



See Show Bills. 



Bill Posting. 
Birds. 



There are many birds in Michigan common to the far north, 
to the sea coasts and also to the Southern States. This is 
doubtless owing in part at least to our extensive coast line 
and to the influence on our climate of the large lakes which 
almost surround the State. 

A bulletin of the State Agricultural College gives a list of 
332 birds found in Michigan, but many of these are very rare. 
Following is a list of 47 that are quite common in the State, 
and of manj'- of these there are several kinds: 

Bittern, blue-bird, blue-jay, black-bird, bobolink, brbwn 
thrasher, cat-bird, chickadee, crow, crossbill, duck, eagle, 
finch, goose, grebe (horned), gull, hawk, heron, humming-bird, 
king-bird, kingfisher, linnet, loon, martin, meadowlark, mock- 

21 



ing-bird, oriole, owls, partridge, pewee, plover, quail, rail, 
robin, scarlet tanager, snipe, sparrow, swallow, teal, tern, 
thrush, titmouse, tomtit, wagtail, warblers, woodcock, wood- 
pecker, wren, yellow-bird. See "Game." 

BirllLS ill State. 

In 1894 there were 59,889, of which 31,041 were male ajid 28,848 
female. In 1899 there were 41,818 births. 




3.. 1 5 6. 3. 

INDIANA 

Ref.l—I. Pefe Marquette R. R. 2. Dowagiac Creek. 3. M. 
C. R. /?. 4. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 5. M. B. H. & C. Ry. 6. St. 
Jos., South Berid & Southern R. R. from Benton Harbor to 
Buchanan, 

Copyright 1901, by Si las Farmer. 

Bishops and Dioceses. 

See Churches; Catholic, Roman; Episcopal, Protestant, and 
Methodist EJpiscopal. 

Black Hawk "W^ax. 
See War, Black Hawk. 

22 



Blind. 

See "State School for the Blind." 

Boundary of State. 

See State Boundary. 

Boundary Between tlie United States and Canada. 

Under the Treaty of Ghent, of Dec. 24, 1814, commissioners 
v/ere appointed to determine the boundary line between the 
United States and Canada, and on June 2, 1820, Colonels Hill and 
Barclay. British commissioners, and General Porter, American 
commissioner, with their secretaries, Dr. Bigsley, of the English 
and Major Praser, of the American Government, arrived at 
Detroit for the purpose of determining the boundary line.. 

Their report, Va^ in 1822, fixed it where it has since 
remained. 

CALHOUN 




ffjef,i-11. yif, c. 7?. /?. 2. L S. & M. S. Ry. 
3. Prairie River. 4. St. Joseph River. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Bounty on B6et Sugar. 

See Beet Sugar. 

Bounty on Wolves. 

See Wolves, Bounty on. 

Braneln County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1833. It was named after 
John M. Branch, Secretary of the U. S. Navy from 1829 to 1831. 
The county seat, originally located at Branch, is', now at Cold- 
water. Acres in county, 320,456. Population in 1840, 5 715 ; 1850, 
12,472; 1860, 21,197; 1870, 26,229; 1880, 27,941; 1890, 26,791; 1894, 26,207; 1900, 

23 



27,811. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,218. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 4,298; Bryan 3,416. 

Brick Clay. 

There is abundance of excellent brick clay in nunaerous local- 
ities in the state, so that this sort of building material is cheap 
and plentiful. 

Cadillac, Antoiiie Laiiiiiet de la Motlie 

As one of the very earliest French commandants in the 
country now included in Michigan and as the recognized 
founder of the earliest permanent settlement of Detroit, the 
name of Cadillac is especially worthy of remembrance. He 
was a soldier and a scholar, a student and a sage. Interested 
in all colonial affairs, he left his mark on the continent from 
Maine to Mobile. At once both courageous and considerate, 
his life and writings show that he was the peer of Penn in ability 
and of any of the puritans in daring. Equally at home on sea 
or land, he sailed along the eastern coasts and traversed the 
wildest regions of the continent, crossing the sea again and 
again in furtherance of the several enterprises in which he was 
engaged. Sententious and sensible in his utterances, he often 
gave a paragraph in a sentence, and unfolded many a truth 
in the form of a proverb. Possessed of large plans and lofty 
purposes in all his words and doings he exhibited a prescience 
far in advance of that displayed by many of his contemporaries. 
A very interesting and authentic account of his life is contained 
in Faj-mer's History of Detroit and Michigan. 

Callioiin County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1833. It was named after 
John C. Calhoun, Vice-President of the United States from 1825 
to 1833. The county seat is Marshall. Acres in county, 447,126. 
Population in 1840, 10,599; 1850, 19,169; 1860, 29,398; 1870, 36,571; 1880, 
38,452; 1890, 43,501; 1894, 47,472; 1900, 49,315. Votes cast at spring elec- 
tion of 1899, 9,614. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,226, 
Bryan 5,562. 

Canals, Abandoned 

In the earliest years of the state, during the flush times of 
1837, the State Board of Internal Improvements not only pro- 
jected various railroads but also several canals as well. Among 
the most pretentious of these was the "Clinton and Kalamazoo," 
which was to commence at Mt. Clemens at the east, cross the 
state, and terminate at the month of the Kalamazoo 
river. Detailed estimates for its construction were made and 
considerable monies expended, but the canal never went into 
operation. 

Another canal known as the Saginaw or Northern Canal, to 
be fourteen miles long, was planned to connect the waters of 
Saginaw and Grand Rivers, but no part of it was completed. 

Canal, Cliicag-o Drainage 

This canal, which connects Lake Michigan with the Des- 
plaines, Illinois and Mississippi rivers, thus making a complete 
water highway to the Gulf of Mexico, was begun in September, 
1892, and was first partly opened January 2, 1900, and fully opened 
on January 18, 1900. The channel is calculated to carry 300,000 
cubic feet of water per minute and is intended both to afford the 
best of drainage facilities for Chicago and also a wd,terway be- 

24 



tween the lakes and the southern coast. It has a denth of 22 
feet of water and is 150 feet wide at the bottoin^^ and is twenty 
miles iong. It cost $33,000,000 and was built by the city of Chicago 

Casial, L.ac Lia, Belle 

This canal connects the waters of Lac La Belle in Keweenaw 
county with the waters of Bete. Grise Bay. an arm o^ Lakl 
Superior It was built in 1S65 by a corporation which received 
a grant of 100,000 acres from the United States in aid of the wo^k 
Ihe canal was 100 feet wide at beginning and 75 feet wide at 
h«?. ""t? i^ ^1^* ^^^P- Jt ¥d Piers^ extending 600 feet in to the 
bay It has been practic?ally abandoned for many years as so 
much sand worked in tliat it was rendered almost uselS' ^''^ 



BARRY 



EATON 



M. 4.W. 




6. 4, 3. 

BRANCH ;mLIiS 

o , . n. . * BALE 

Sef.,-~1. Gd. Trunk Western Ry. 2.- Battle Cfeeh 3. L S. 
&M.S.Ry. 5. Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. 6. St. Joseph Riuer., ': ' 
7. Kalamazoo River. - 

Copyright 1901, by Siids Farmer. 

Canal, Mieliisran-L,ake Saperior Power Company 

+K^^i^^^ company, operating at Sault Ste. Marie, is engaged in 
^^ci°^%K'l^^'°'^. °^^ hydraulic water-power carial, which will 
be about 2y2 miles long, carrying the water fi^om the foot of 
Lake Superior (American side) around the rapids, emptying it 
into St. Mary's river, below the rapids. The 6aAal, generlllv 
speakmg, is designed to be 200 feet wide and to carry I fl Jt of 
nmning water. The development for which this p?oject?oh °s 
made is expected to result in about 60,000 hydraulic horse poWert 

25 



which will be produced by 320 water wheels, located in 80 different 
penstocks in a power house 1,350 feet long, situated on the St. 
Mars'^'s river opposite the old Indian agency below the business 
portion of the city. The company has a capital of $20,000,000. 

Ca,iial, Portagre Lalce 

This important ship canal connects the upper extremity of 
Portage lake with the western shore of Kev/eenaw Bay, 
Lake Superior. It was built by a private corporation who were 
aided by a grant of 481,000 acres of land given by the United 
States. It was about 2y2 miles long and 100 feet wide and was 
finished in 1873. The corporation collected a small toll for Its 
use but it was not a commercial success, although saving a 
detour of 120 miles around Keweenaw Point. On August 4th, 1891, 
the U. S. government assumed control of it. 

Canal, Sault Ste. Marie 

St, Mary's River or Strait connects the waters of Lake Su- 
perior with those of Lake Huron. Nearly opposite the city of 
Sault Ste. Marie there is a fall or rapid of about 18 feet in its 
descent and one mile in length, which forms a complete barrier 
to water communication between the lakes. For the improvement 
of navigation at this point the state began large public expen- 
ditures just after being admitted to the Union. On March 21, 1837, 
an Act was approved appropriating $25,000 for a survey with 
maps, profile and estimate of cost of construction of a canal. 
The estimates which were then presented called for a canal 
4,560 feet in length and 100 feet in width, save when it passed 
through rock, when it was to be 50 feet wide at the bottom and 
75 feet at the top. There were three locks proposed, each to 
be 100 feet long and 32 feet wide, the estimated cost being $112,544. 
A canflict as to the right of the state to pass through certain 
lands prevented any further action at that time. The growing 
necessity, however, for some means of overcoming this great 
obstacle to navigation was made increasingly apparent by the 
discoveries of iron and copper in the Lake Superior region and 
Congress by act approved August 26th, 1852, granted 750,000 acres 
of land to the -state of Michigan "for the purpose of aiding in 
constructing and completing a ship canal around the Falls of 
St, Mary." The state of Michigan, by an act approved February 
5, 1853, accepted the grant of land and authorized the governor 
to appoint commissioners to let the building of the canal, and 
agents to select the lands. The commissioners entered into 
contract with Joseph P. Fairbanks, Erastus Corning and others, 
for the building of the canal. This contract was subsequently 
assigned to the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Co., incorporated 
under an act of the state of New York, on April 12, 1853. The 
company was organized May 14th, 1853; and the canal was begun, 
pushed to completion and accepted by the commissioners and 
state of Michigan May 21, 1855. "The cana.1 was three-fourths of a 
mile long, 100 feet wide and contained two consecutive locks, 
each 350 feet long^ 70 feet wide and 13 feet depth of water. The 
lands granted for its building were in large part selected by and 
through the use of Farmer's large map of Michigan, scale 7% 
miles to an inch, which had just been completed. The disburse- 
ments on account of constructing the canal and selecting the 
lands, showed the total cost of the work to the company to be 
$999,802.46. From the date of its opening the lake traffic increased 
annually at such a rate that in 1870 the United States govern- 
ment began its improvements of the canal which resulted in the 

26 



construction of the Weitzel and Poe locks. The contract for 
the Weitzel lock was let October, 1870, and on June 9. 1881, the 
state transferred the old canal and lock to the United States. 
On September 1st, 1881, the first United States lock was com- 
pleted and ready for navigation, eleven years having been spent 
in Its construction. The cost of building the lock and deepening 
the canal was $2,510,000. The lock is 515 feet long between gates. 
80 feet wide, narrowing to 60 feet at the gates. The canal's 
If^S^^n IS 1% miles. Work on the Poe lock commenced May 4, 
1887. On Monday morning, August 3rd, 1896, the gates were 
operied to the commerce of the Great Lakes. The lock is 800 
feet long. Its width is 100 feet and it admits boats drawing 21 
teet when the water is at its mean level. The approximate cost 
of the entire work was $5,000,000. The power house is massive 
and substantial throughout. It is 81 feet 6 inches long and 80 feet 
9 inches wide. 

, n-'^^^ri,?^ *,'^® season of 1898, 4,598 vessels passed through the Poe 
lock. The locks are free to all boats. 

On the Canadian side there is also a lock and the freight ton- 
nage carried through the three locks during the season 1899 was 
enormously m excess of that of any previous year, being 25,255 810 
tons. In 1881 the first year that a record was kept, the freight 
tonnage amounted to only 1,567,741 tons. The locks are now the 
largest m the world and more tonnage passes through them than 
through any others. 

Canal, St. Clair Flats 

This canal, located at the northern end of Lake St. Clair, is 
one of the most important of the government's lake improve- 
ments. The water in the locality is generally so shallow that 
without the deeper channel, which this canal provides, traffic 
with the upper lakes, would be confined to vessels of compara- 
tively light draft. It was built in 1871 at a cost of $650,000, and 
has since been greatly improved. It is 8,200 feet long and 200 
feet wide. 

Canal, Stnrg^eon Bay 

This canal runs through Door County, Wisconsin, and con- 
nects Lake Michigan with Sturgeon Bay and Green Bay, thus 
cutting off nearly 60 miles of navigation. A company to build 
it was chartered by the State of Wisconsin in 1856, and succes- 
sive corporations were aided by the State of Wisconsin, but 
although the canal was finally completed it did not prove a 
successful venture from a business point of view, and it was 
turned over to the United States on April 24, 1893. It is 100 feet 
wide and 7,200 feet long. 

Canvassing; Votes. 

See "Elections: Canvassing Votes: General Rules;" also 
"Elections: County, Township, District and State Canvassing 
Boards.',' 

Capitals, Legrislative 

Under English rule the Legislature met at Newark, now 
Niagara, on September 17, 1792. Under the Northwest Territory 
the Governor and Judges who constituted the Legislature met 
at Marietta July 9, 1788, and subsequently at Vincennes and 
Cincinnati. Under the Territory of Indiana the Legislature con- 
tinued to meet at Cincinnati until the capital was moved to 
Chillicothe on November 3, 180(j?:' Under Michigan Territory and 
State the seat of the Legislature was at Detroit until it was re- 
moved to Lansing, the last session being held in Detroit on 
March 17, 1847. 

27 



: .1 Capital Puiiisliiweut. 

• "The last execution in Michigan took place at Detroit on 
September 24, 1830. Capital punishment was abolished in the 
state in 1S46. It is a curious fact that laws still in force define 
where prisoners sentenced to be executed shall so suffer, but 
there is no authority to inflict the sentence of death. 

Capital of State. 

Lansing was made the state capital in 1S47, the first session 
of the State Legislature held there began on January 3rd, 1848. 

It is located in the northwest corner of Ingham County. The 
place when laid out was called "Michigan," and during 
the early part of the session of 1848, the executive messages 
were dated from "Michigan." i_.'uring the session the name 
was changed to Lansing. The city nov/ includes the site of the 
former so-called Biddle City. The township was originally called 
Lansing after a town of that name in Tompkins County, New 
York. 

Capitol Baildingrs. 

Three buildings erected for the purpose have been used by 
the State Legislature. The first, located in Detroit, was built 
by the governor and judges under authority of an Act of Con- 
gress which gave them pov/er in connection with the laying out 
of the town of Detroit to erect a court house for territorial use. 
The erection of the building was, however, not begun until 1823, 
when it was contracted for at $23,000. It was located on what is 
now Capitol Park, and was first occupied on May 5th, 1828. It 
was destroyed by fire January 27, 1893. 

The second building erected as a state capitol was built at 
Lansing, in the summer of 1847, at a cost of §22,500 and was first 
used in January, 184S. 

The present state capitol was contracted for in 1873, ajid the 
cornerstone laid on October 2nd of that 3^ear, and the building 
was fully completed and occupied in Januarj-, 1879. It cost 
$1,427,743, and it is an interesting fact that of the amount appro- 
priated for its construction over $2,200 was not needed nor drawn. 
The biiilding is 34.5 feet long, 192 feet wide, and 26/ feet high. 

^ass County- 
Was created and organized in 1829. It was named after Gov. 
Lewis Cass, Secretary of War under President Jackson and 
Secretary of State under President Buchanan. The county seat 
is Cassopolis. Acres in countv, 312,894. Population in 1840, 5,710; 
1850, 10,906; 1S60, 17,895; 1S70, 21,097; ISSO, 22,008; 1S90, 20.953; 1894, 
21,176; 1900, 20,876. Votes cast at spring election of 1S99, 5,007. Pres- 
idential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,217, Bryan 2,826. 

Cass Statue at Wasliinstoii. 

See Michigan's Representative in Statuary Hall. 

Caucuses. 

See "Elections: Primaries." 

Celery. 

At Kalamazoo, fho largest celery center in the United States, 
there are some thirty firms engaged in shipping celery, and the 
industry of growing the crop requires nearly 3,000 acres of land 
and gives employment to 2,000 men. The daily shipments often 
amount to 40 or 50 tons. The annual product is valued at up- 



wards of $1,000,000. Muskegon is also a great celery center and 
hardly second to Kalamazoo. 

Muck soils found in the iipper peninsula, especially at New^ 
berry, Luce county, have also been found especially adapted to 
the growth of celery. It is also largely produced at Tecumseh, 
Mich. 

Cement. 

It has been fully demonstrated that no place in the whole 
country has superior material for the manufacture of the best 
Portland cement, and immense factories in Hillsdale, Branch, 
Lenawee, Lake and other counties are turning out hundreds of 
thousands of barrels of this article yearly. Besides those coun- 
ties mentioned, Jackson, Oakland, Genesee and Newaygo possess 
marl beds of requisite properties. 



VAN BUREN 




3.2. 



INDIAISTA 

Ref.:~T. M. C. R. R. 2. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 
3. C. C. C. &St. L. Ry. 

Copyright 1901, by SHas Farmer. 

Census. 

See "Population." The U. S. census is taken every ten years 
and the state census every fourth year thereafter. 

Central Mieliisaii Normal School. 

See State Normal School, Central. . • ;u - ..i ; 
Chandler-Dnnbar Water I*oWer i6li. 

This company, located at Sault Ste. Marie, was incorporated 
In 1891 with a capital of $150,000. The power is derived by building 
a dam out into the rapids of the "Soo" river, "with Lake Su-. 
perlor as the mill pond." They have about 20,000 horse-power 
practically ready for use and can increase to 35,000 horse-power. 

29 



Cliai'ities and Correctiou». 

See "County Agent of Charities and Corrections," "State 
Board of Charities and Corrections," "Private Charities," 
"State Asyhims," "State School for the Deaf," "State School 
for the Blind," "State Hospital for the Insane in U. P.," "State 
Soldiers' Home," "State Home for Feeble-minded and Epilep- 
tic," "State Industrial School for Boys," "State Industrial 
Homo for Girls," "State Public School," "State Prison," "State 
House of Correction and Branch of State Prison in U. P.," 
"State House of Correction and Reformatory." 

lUHi- ! iuni ciiarities, Private, Incorporated 

The following exist in Michigan: 

Bethesda Home, Kalamazoo. 

Bissell House, Grand Rapids. 

Bethel Hebrew Relief Society, Detroit. 

Children's Home Society, Grand Rapids. 

Children's Free Hospital, Detroit. 

Deaf and Dumb Asylum, North Detroit. 

D'Arcambal Home of Industry, Detroit, 

Dewing's Children's Home, Kalamazoo, 

Florence Crittenden Home, Detroit. 

German Protestant Home, Detroit. 

Hebrew Ladies' Society for Widows and Orphans, Detroit. 

Holland Union Benevolent Association Home, Grand Rapids. 

Home of the Friendless, Detroit. 

Home for the Aged, Detroit. 

Home for the Aged Poor, Grand Rapids. 

Home for the Friendless and Industrial School, Saginaw. 

House of the Good Shepherd, Detroit. 

House of Providence, Detroit. 

Industrial School, Detroit. 

Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, Grand Rapids. 

Lansing Industrial Aid Society, Lansing. 

Lutheran Home for the Aged, Monroe. 

McGregor Helping Hand Mission, Detroit. 

"Oak Grove" Hospital for the Insane, Flint. 

Polish Orphan Asylum, Detroit. 

Protestant Orphan Asylvim, Detroit. 

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Detroit. 

St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, Detroit. 

St. Luke's Plospltal and Church Home and Orphanage, Detroit. 

St. John's Orphan Home, Grand Rapids. 

St. Joseph's Retreat for the Insane, Dearborn, Wayne Co. 

Thompson Home for Old Ladies, Detroit. 

Union Benevolent Association, Grand Rapids. 

Woman's Protective Agency, Detroit. 

Woman's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, Detroit. 

Woman's Home and Hospital, Grand Rapids. 

Woman's Association of Charities, Bay City. 

Charlevoix County. 

Was created in 1840 under the name of Keshkauko, but in 1843 
was changed to Charlevoix. The first name had no particular 
significance, while Charlevoix was the name of a distinguished 
Jesuit missionary who visited this region in 1721. The county 
was organized in 1869, and its present limits date from an act of 
1895, and for municipal purposes Beaver Island and adjacent - 
islands are attached to it. The county seat has been located at 
the following , places in the order named: Charlevoix, East Jor- 

30 



dan, Boyne, and again at Cha^rlevoix. Number of acres In 
county, 265,215. Population in 1870, 1,724; 1880, 5,114'; 1890, 9,686; 
1894, 11,246; 1900. 13,956. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,316. 
Presidential vg^ in 1900, McKinley 2,2^6, ^ryan 779. 




CliarIeyo^7 

JVo)-/t'oorf| A 



^-:j;H^c£ :e^ q:^i;- :3: ; rrr±^=^;r:f=7:^ In^o<J«i|^''^ 



tl9f.:—1., Pere Marquette R. R; 2. Intermediatv Lake. 
S. Det. & Chdrlevoix R. ft. 4. Jordan River. 5. ,B. C. & 
S. e. R. R, 6. G. R. & I. Rf 

Copyright 1901, by $ilaa Farmer, 




A. K-oIj^ 

I South >(>* e,o 

ANTRIM 






GQ 



rrrfr j 5 

'EM'lftllT I p 

WMi«d O 

_X,alte g 

■ gill: 5 

^,.-— ji-ij 

5. 6. H. 4 W* 

(^TSIJGO 



f-i 



. Cteboysraii County. ^^■' 

Thi§ w§,.r*ctelted in 1840. The County'' o'/\Vyandot, which 
was also created in IStO, was merged into Cheboygan County in 
1853, when the latter was organized. The present limits of the 
county date froni 1873. The county seat, at first named Diincan, 
was renamed Inverness and is now called Cheboygan. Various 
origins are given for the name, Cheboygan. In Wisconsin the 
name Is spelled "Sheboygan," and seemingly good authority 
says that it is an Indian word, meaning something "hollow" 
or "perforated," as a "hollow bone" through which a noise 
could be miade, and that it expresses the itradition that a great 
noise coming underground from Lake Superior was heard in 
this locality. Some say that it means "a river at which rice 

31 



ia gathered;" others, that it signifies "a place of ore," and still 
others, that it has reference to the "inland route" between 
Cheboyg-an and Grand Traverse. Acres in county, 463,273. Pop- 
ulation in 1860, 599; 1870, 2,197; 1880, 6,524; 1890, 11,986; 1894, 13,900; 
1900, 35,516. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,562. Presi- 
dential vote in 1900, McKinley, 2,092; Bryan, 1,397. 




W 



3. 
OTSEGO 



I K. 1 £. 

{MONTMORENCY 



.".;f. r/ 



Ref.:—1. Black or Cheboygan Lake. 2. Det. & Mack. Ry. 
3. M. C. R. R. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



Chicago Drainage Canal. 

See Canal, Chicago Drainage. 

, ^- Children. 

"^ 5ft'' May, 1900, there were in the state, of school age, betwe^. 

5' ahd' 20, 721,698 children. 

32 



MQ.m.'. CiiPPewa County ,,.,„^|.r, 
Was created and org-anized in 1827. Its present limits date from 
1887. The county seat is Sault Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary) 
popularly known as "The Soo." The county was named after 
the Chippewa tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Michigan 
bemg known as "The Ruling People." The tribe was also some- 




3"oni 



33 



times called Ojibeways. Acres in county, 1,041,939. Population 
in 1840, 534; 1850, 898; 1860, 1,544; 1870, 1,690; 1880, 5,243; 1890. 12,019; 
1894, 15,322; 1900, 21,338. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,674. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,474, Bryan 892. 

Clinrcli Statistics. 
U. S. Census of 1890. 



Protestant and Jewish 

Roman Catholic 

Methodist 

Presbyterian 

Baptist 

Congregational 

Protestant Episcopal 

Lutheran 

Unitarian 

Universalist 

Disciples of Christ 

Jewish 

Adventists 

Spiritualists 

Christians 

Brethren (River) 

Brethren (Plymouth) 

Christian Union 

Church of God 

Church of New Jerusalem. 
Bvangelican Association . . 

Friends 

German Evangelical Synod 

Latter Day Saints 

Mennonites 

Reformer Episcopal 

United Brethren 

Christian Scientists .; 

Moravians 

Dunkards 





S-H 




<w 


ov 


o 




O . 


si 


t< _. CO 






•o a 


^ov 


0) O 0) 


^Xi 




8 32 


3 J^ ft 


ss 


BfS 


^si'O 


a^^ 


SOJ 


Zo 


^oa 


>UPh 


^^ 


4,392 


3,401 


$15,011,621 


347,243 


406 


360 


3,671,350 


222,261 


1,578 


1.198 


4,144,427 


101,951 


252 


243 


2,242,236 


25,931 


523 


466 


2,135,694 


39,580 


331 


299 


1,533,055 


24,582 


191 


177 


1,653,651 


18,136 


380 


307 


1,109,058 


62,897 


12 


13 


168,500 


1,904 


27 


26 


221,800 


1,549 


73 


49 


160,650 


5,788 


10 


9 


154,000 


3,693 


170 


72 


118,275 


5,724 


27 


1 


11,500 


2,565 


40 


29 


62,200 


1.834 


7 


2 


550 


52 


21 


— 


200 


466 


8 


3 


12,000 


436 


16 


10 


8,300 


373 


5 


4 


34,600 


163 


134 


97 


188,450 


6.677 


18 


17 


26,900 


1,458 


50 


43 


242,450 


10,926 


33 


6 


4,325 


1,540 


15 


7 


5,500 


356 


106 


114 


484,800 


15,404 


302 


183 


252,800 


10,803 


6 


— 


150 


125 


2 


2 


4,500 


168 


21 


17 


17,475 


844 



Cburcli or Sectarian Appropriations Forbidden by Con- 
stitution. 

The Constitution says: "No money shall be appropriated or 
drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or 
society, theological or religious seminary, nor shall property 
belonging to the state be appropriated for any such purposes." 



3^4 



Clinrcli Statistics. 
State Census of 1894. 

Value of 

No. of Seating Church 

Denomination. Edifices. Capacity. Property. 

Methodist Episcopal 993 294,614 14,263,835 

Baptist, regular 355 111,612 f9^HJ2 

Roman Catholic 352 150,369 4,539.386 

Lutheran 349 98,160 M33,675 

Congregational 276 87,635 l'^01,900 

Presbyterian 226 81,195 2,318,8a0 

Protestant Episcopal 136 40,827 1-680,745 

United Brethren 132 30,455 151,780 

Free Methodist 124 26,700 166,590 

Evangelical Association 110 30,455 332,675 

Seventh Day Adventists 71 16,790 125,775 

Freewill Baptist 68 17,810 122,650 

Christian Reformed 56 26,545 ^^^'^ 

Reformed Church in America... 49 20,270 302,450 

Wesleyan Methodist 49 10,050 65,450 

Disciples of Christ 47 13,925 180,900 

Union 42 8,475 45,975 

Christian (Christian Connection) 40 10,210 .68,800 

Methodist Protestant 35 7,785 59,400 

Universalist 25 7,250 172,300 

African Methodist 18 4,200 38,930 

Friends 14 3,625 21,790 

Dunkards (Gerrxian Baptist).... 13 4,150 26,700 

Church of God 12 2,600 10,800 

Mennonite 11 1,885 8,690 

Latter Day Saints (Mormon) .... 10 2,120 9,450 

Reformed Church in the United 

States 9 2,325 32,700 

Unitarian 9 3,555 137,500 

United Presbyterian 7 1,900 13,000 

Jewish 5 2,800 58,000 

Salvation Army 5 1,525 4,600 

Christian Adventist 4 1,100 7,900 

Church of New Jerusalem 

(Swedenborgian) 2 400 6.000 

Baptist (regular, colored) 2 450 3,000 

Evangelical Adventist 2 450 3,000 

Presbvterian Reformed (Coven- 
anted) .; 3 1,200 27,900 

Moravian 2 250 3,800 

The number of church organizations in the state June 1st, 
1894, was 3,936; church edifices, 3,715; and parsonages 1,679. The 
number of stone churches was 50, brick, 740, frame 2,894, and 
log 28, and for three the material was not reported. The seating 
capacity of churches was 1,138,832, and the total value of all 
church property $20,775,156, an average of $5,619 to each organ- 
ization. 

Cliiirclies: Seveiitli Day Adventists. 
The Michigan Conference of Seventh Day Adventists includes 
the entire state. It is presided over by one minister, who, with 
four others, constitute the executive committee. The state is 
further divided into thirteen districts, with an equal number of 
directors. In 1899 there were 175 churches connected with the 
Conference and 7,000 communicants. The national headquarters 
of the church are at Battle Creek, where they have also an ex- 
tensive prii:iting establishment. 

35 



Clmrclies: Baptist Regnlar. 

The Baptist Convention of the State of Michigan holds its 
annual meeting on the third Tuesday in October at such places 
as may be selected from year to year. There are connected 
with it the following 23 associations: Alpena, Chain Lake, De- 
troit, Flint River, Grand Rapids, Grand River, Grand Traverse, 
Hillsdale, Huron, Jackson. Kalamazoo River, Lenawee, Mar- 
quette, Osceola, Saginaw Valley. Shia.wassee, St. Joseph River, 
St. Joseph Valley, Swedish Northern, Swedish Southern, Wash- 
tenaw, Wayne and White River, which have from 8 to 36 churches 
each. In 1899 there were in the state 439 churches of this denom- 
ination, 286 pastors and 4,390 members. 

Cliorclies: Baptists, F'ree "Will. , 

The Michigan Association of Free Will Baptists includes all 
churches of that denomination in the state. Its annual meeting 
is held on the last Wednesday of October and it has as sub- 
divisions sixteen quarterly meetings as follows: Branch, Cold- 
water and North Branch, Cass and Berrien, Genessee, Grand 
Rapids, Hillsdale, Holland and White River, Lansing, Midland. 
Mecosta, Montcalm, Oakland, Osceola, Oxford, Sanilac and Van 
Buren. In 1S99 there were 111 churches, 100 ministers and 5,958 
members. They have a denominational college at Hillsdale. 

Cliurclies: Catliolic, Roman. 

There are three Roman Catholic dioceses and bishops in 
Michigan, as follows: Diocese of Detroit, established March 8, 
1833, comprises the lower peninsula south of the counties of Ot- 
tawa, Kent, Montcalm, Gratiot and Saginaw, and east of the 
counties of Saginaw and Bay; Bishop — Rt. Rev. John S. Foley, 
D. D., residence at Detroit. Diocese of Grand Rapids, estab- 
lished May 19, 1892, comprises the counties of the lower peninsula 
north of the southern line of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm and Gra- 
tiot and Saginaw counties, and west of the east line of Saginaw 
and Bay counties, and the adjacent islands; Bishop — Rt. Rev. 
Joseph Richter, residence at Grand Rapids. Diocese of Sault 
Ste. Marie and Marquette, established vicarate apostolic July 29, 
1853 and diocese 1857, comprises the northern peninsula; Bishop— 
Rt. Rev. Frederick Eis, D. D., residence at Marquette. In 1899 
the statistics of these dioceses were as follows: 

Detroit diocese, number priests, 300; churches, 1898; population, 
180,000. Grand Rapids diocese, number priests, 92; churches, 140; 
population, 90,000. Marquette diocese, number priests, 67; 
churches, 80; population, 65,000.. 

Cliurclies: Christian. 

The organization of the Christian or Disciples Churches under 
the name of the Michigan Christian Missionary Society in 1S99 
had 61 church buildings, 110 congregations, 74 nainisters and 9,229 
members in the state. 

Ctinrclies: Congresational. 

The Congregational Association of Michigan meets annually 
on the third Tuesday of May at such place as shall have been 
selected at the previous meeting. It has in the state in affilia- 
tion with it the following local associations: Cheboygan, De- 
troit, Eastern, Genesee, Grand Rapids, Grand Traverse, Glad- 
stone, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lake Superior, Lansing, Muskegon, 
North Central, Olivet, Saginaw, Sault Ste. Marie and Southern. 
In 1899 it had 339 churches, 305 mini-5ters and 32,247 members. 

36 



Cliiirclies: Episcopal, Protestant. 

There are three Protestant Episcopal dioceses and bishops in 
Michigan, as follows: Diocese of Michigan, organized m 18o5, 
comprises all that portion of the state lying east of the eastern 
line of the counties of Branch, Calhoun, Baton, Ionia, Montcalm, 
Isabella, Clare, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Antrim, Charlevoix and 
Emmett, together with the Island of Mackinac ; Bishop— Rt. Rev. 
Thomas Frederick Davies, D. D., LL. D., residence at Detroit. 
Diocese of Western Michigan, organized in 1874, is bounded as 
follows: On the north by Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mack- 
inac, on the east by the counties of Cheboygan, Otsego, Craw- 
ford, Roscommon, Gladwin, Midland, Gratiot, Clinton, Ingham, 
Jackson and Hillsdale. On the south by the northern boundai-y 
of Indiana; on the west by Lake Michigan. Bishop— Rt. Rev. 
George De Normandie Gillespie, D. D., residence at Grand Rap- 
ids. Diocese of Marquette, organized in 1895, comprises the north- 
ern peninsula of the state. Bishop— Rt. Rev. Gershom Mott Wil- 
liams, D. D., residence at Marquette. 

In the entire state in 1899 there were 100 parishes, 133 clergy- 
men and 22,690 communicants. 

Clmrclies: EJpiscopal, Reformed. 

This body has but one church in Michigan, located in Detroit. 

Cliurclies! Jewisli Congregations. 

The following cities contain Jewish congregations: Alpena, 
1; Bay City, 3; Detroit, 4; East Saginaw, 1; Grand Rapids, 2; 
Jackson, 1; Kalamazoo, 1, making a total of 13 in the state. 
There are no lists of members of these congregations. 

Clinrches: Evangelical Association. 

These German churches are connected with the Michigan 
Conference of the Evangelical Association. There are 65 
churches, 70 ministers and 7,259 members in the state (1899). 

ChnrcKes: Reformed of America. 

The churches in Michigan belonging to this body are con- 
nected with the Synod of Chicago. There are in the state 58 
churches, 44 ministers and 8,636 communicants (1899). 

Clinrclies: Reformed of tlie United States. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 18 churches, 11 ministers 
and 1,100 members. 

Ch-iirclies : Evangelical Synod of North America. 

Connected with this synod there are in the "Michigan Dis- 
trict" 63 German ICvangelical Protestant churches, with 44 min- 
isters, 1,870 families and 3,519 males entitled to vote in church 
affairs (1899). 

Clmrcltes: German Evangelical lintlieran Synod of 

Wisconsin. 

This body in 1899 had' in Michigan seven churches, seven min- 
isters and 1,534 communicants. ; • ;< 

Chnrclies! Bnifalo Independent Synod of German 

liutlieran. vfs'ii .,?» 
This body in 1899 had in Michigan four cMti'rches, three min- 
isters and 450 communicants. 

37 



Chtirclxes: Illluois Coiifere^ioe of Augnstaim Lntlieran 

Synod. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 49 churches, 20 ministers 
and 10,588 communicants. 

CliurcliLes: Evangelical Lutlieraii Independent Synod of 
Micliigran and Otlier States. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 48 churches, 36 pastors and 
5,364 communicants. 

Churches r iSuonii Finnish Independent Lutheran Synod. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 28 ciiurches, 12 pastors, and 
6,000 communicants. - • 

Chnrches: EngrUsh Evang'elical Lintheran Synod of 
Missouri and Other States. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 2 churches, 2 ministers, and 
300 communicants. 

Chnrches: The United NorTv^egian Lutheran of America. 

This body had in Michigan in 1899 13 churches, 813 communi- 
cants, and 13 pastors. 

Churches: Michigan District of the Missouri Synod of 
L'ltheran Church. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 143 churches, 108 ministers, 
and 35613 communicants. 

Churches: Evangelical Lutheran District Synod of 

Michigan. 

This body in 1899 had in the state 14 churches, 12 ministers 
and 3,200 communicants. ,uj j,. 

Churches: Hauges Norwegian Independent Synod of 
Lutheran Church. 

This body in 3899 had in Michigan 2 churches, one pastor and 
418 communicants. 

Churches: W'arthargh German Synod of Lutheran 

Church. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 2 churches, 1 minister and 75 
communicants. 

Churches; .Joint Synod of Ohio of Lutheran Church. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 25 churches, 23 pastors and 
6236 communicants. 

Churches: Lutheran Synod of Io-?va. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 24 churches, 19 ministers, 
and 5,716 communicants. 

Chui'ches: United Danish Lutheran. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 7 churches, 2 ministers, and 
432 communicants. 

Churches: Danish Evangelical Lutheran in America. 

This body in 1899 had in Michigan 10 churches, 6 ministers, and 
750 eommunicants. 

38 



Cliurclies: Novthern Inttitltia Synod of HJvanj^ellcal 
liHtlieraii CIiui'cli. 

This body in 1S99 had in Michigan 12 churches, 7 ministers, and 
1,000 communicants, '^\ f" 

Chnrclies: Metliedlst Episcopal. 

There are two conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
in Michigan, as follows: The Detroit conference includes that 
part of the State of Michigan in the lower peninsula east of the 
principal meridian as far north as the southern boundary of Ros- 
common county; thence west to the southwest corner of said 
county; thence north to the southern boundary of Charlevoix 
county; thence east to the southeast corner of said county of 
Charlevoix; thence north to the Straits of Mackinac; and it 
also includes the upper peninsula. 

This conference is divided into seven districts as follows: 
Ann Arbor, Bay City, Detroit, Flint, Lake Superior, Port Huron, 
and Saginaw. 

The total number of churches in the conference in 1899 was 
501; ministers, 376; members, 47,547. 

The Michigan conference includes the State of Michigan in 
the lower peninsula west of the principal meridian as far north 
as the southern boundary of Roscommon county; thence west to 
the southwest corner of said county; thence north to the south- 
ern boundary of Charlevoix coiinty; thence east to the southeast 
corner of said county; thence north to the Straits of Mackinac, 
including Mackinaw City. 

This conference is divided into seven districts as follows: 
Albion, Big Rapids, Grand Rapids, Grand Traverse, Kalamazoo, 
Lansing and Niles. 

The total number of churches in the conference in 1899 was 
550; ministers, 328; members, 48,864. 

The German M. E. churches in the state are connected with 
the Ohio conference. 

A branch of the publishing house of the church is located at 
Detrpit^ where all the publications of the church can be procured. 

CIiTirch.es: Metliodist Episcopal, German. 

Those in Michigan are connected with the Central German 
Conference of the M. E. Church. In 1899 there were in the state 
31 churches, 19 ministers and 2,360 members. 

Cliurclies: 3Ietliodi§Jt Eipiscopal, African. 

This body had 27 churches, 23 ministers and 1,515 members in 
Michigan in 1899. 

Clinrclies: Free Metbodist. 

This body has three conferences in Michigan, namely: The 
Michigan, which includes all the state south of the Base Line, 
and in 1899 had 19 churches, 28 ministers and 959 members; the 
East Michigan, which includes all of the lower peninsula north 
of the Base Line and east of the boundary line between Eaton 
and Ingham counties extended north parallel with principal 
meridian to the Straits of Mackinac, and had 41 churches, 57 
ministers and 1,705 members; the North Michigan conference, 
which includes all of Michigan north of the Base Line and west 
of the west boundary of the East Michigan conference, had 38 
ehurches, 49 ministers and 1,806 members. Totals: churches, 98; 
ministers, 134; and members, 4,470. 

39 



Cliurclies: Mefhodist Protestant. 

There are two conferences of this church in Michigan known 
as the Michigan and "West Michigan, the principal meridian be- 
ing the dividing line between them. The total number of 
churches in 1S99 was 111, ministers 94:, and members 4.717. 

Clmrclies: Metliodist, TVesleyan. 

There are two conferences of the Wesleyan Methodist Church 
in Michigan, the boundary line running from the northwest 
corner of Ottowa county due east to the west line of Genesee 
county, then north to Saginaw City, and along the Saginaw 
River to Saginaw Bay. The portion south of this line is known 
as the Michigan conference, and the portion north of it as the 
North Michigan conference. The latter in 1899 had 42 churches, 
29 ministers and 774 members ; the former, 6.3 churches, 54 min- 
isters and 1,801 members. Total: 105 churches, S3 ministers, and 
2,575 members. 

Churelies: Mora,vian. 

The Moravians made their first appearance in Michigan in 
November, 1781, being brought to Detroit from near Sandusky, 
O., by the English commander, because they were believed to be 
communicating with the Americans. They were soon released, 
but in April, 17S2, were again brought to Detroit, and this time 
were compelled to take up their residence near Mt. Clemens, 
where they built the first Protestant church in Michigan. After 
remaining here four years thej- were allowed to return to Ohio. 

Clmrehes: Mieliigran Association of tlie IVevF Jerasaleni. 

This body had three churches in Michigan in 1S99. 

CImrclies: Presbyterian. 

The Presbyterian Synod of Michigan which meets in October 
of each year includes nine presbyteries. Their names and the 
counties included in each are as follows: 

Detroit— Wayne, Washtenaw, Livingston, Oakland, Macomb 
and St. Clair (below Marysville) counties; Flint— St. Clair (above 
Marx^sville), Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Sanilac, and 
Huron counties; Grand Rapids — Ionia (excepting Sebewa and 
Danby Tps.), Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon, Montcalm, Mecosta, 
Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, and usceola counties; Kalama- 
zoo — Allegan, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph. Van Buren, Cass, and 
Berrien counties; Lansing— Jackson, Calhoun, Ingham, Eaton, 
Barrj', Clinton counties, and Sebawa and Danby Tps. of Ionia 
county; Monroe— Branch, Hillsdaje, Lenawee, and Monroe coun- 
ties; Petoskey — Missaukee, AVexford. Manistee, Benzie. Lee- 
lanau, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Antrim, Otsego, Charlevoix, 
Cheboygan, and Emmet' counties; Saginaw — Bay, Saginaw, Gra- 
tiot, Isabella, Midland, Clare, Gladwin, Arenac, Iosco, Ogemaw, 
Roscommon, Alcona, Oscoda. Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, 
and Presque Isle counties; Lake Superior — All the counties in 
the upper peninsula excepting Gogebic. The number of churches 
in the state in 1S99 was 259, ministers 252, members 31,048. 

CImrclies: Presbyterian, United. 

The United Presbyterian churches in Michigan are con- 
nected with the Synod of Ohio, that synod extending over the 
eastern half of Ohio and including the presbyteries of Mansfield, 
Muskingum, Steubenville and Detroit. In 1899 there were in 
Michigan 16 churches, 15 ministers, and 966 members. 

40 



Cliurclies; UnitRVian. 

This body in 1899 had in the state 12 churches, 11 ministers and 
about 1,860 members. : ,- ■. 

Cliurclies: Universalist. 

The body associated as the Universalist State Convention in 
1899 had 24 churches, 17 ministers and 1,500 members in the 
state. ' ; 

Circuit Court. ;.^ - 

See both United States and County Circuit Cotirts' ' 

Circuit Court Commissioner. 

See County Circuit Court Commissioner. 

Cities. 

There are seventy-nine incorporated cities in the state. Their 
boundaries are indicated on Farmer's Sectional Map of Michigan. 
See also "Population of Cities." 

Citizensliip, United States 

Any alien may become a citizen of the United States by com- 
plying with the following conditions: 

1. He must first declare his intention to become a citizen 
and to renounce his foreign allegiance before the clerk of some 
court of record. He may do this at any time after his arrival 
in the United States, and this is all that is nfecessary to enable 
him to take up a homestead upon United States land. 

After a continued residence of Ave years in the United States, 
and at least two years after his declaration of intention, he may 
become a citizen by taking the required oath in open court of 
record in any state or territory in which he has lived for one 
year preceding. 

2. Any alien of the age of 21 years who has served one year 
or more in the United States army (regular or volunteer), and 
has been honorably discharged, can become a citizen by showing 
these facts and proving that he has resided in the United States 
for one year preceding his application. 

3. Any alien who has resided continuously in the United 
States for five years, three years at least of which must have 
been during his minority, may become a citizen of the United 
States without any previous declaration of intention. 

4. The minor children of naturalized aliens are, if residents 
of the United States, citizens thereof. 

5. The widow and children of any alien who dies after the 
declaration of intention but before full naturalization, are con- 
sidered citizens of the United States. 

Q. Any alien who, having declared his intention to become 
a citizen, shall serve three years on any merchant vessel of the 
United States, may at the end of that time become a citizen by 
application to the clerk of any court of record and the produc- 
tion of his certificate of discharge and good conduct. 

City Officers. sn. 

As cities of different needs and coriditidris^ are incorporated 
by special charters granted to each by the State Legislature, the 
kind and number, names, duties, salary and mode of election or 
appointment of city officers are very liable to differ in different 
cities. 

41 



Clare County 

Was created in 1840 under the name of Kavkakee. The name 
was changed to Clare in 1843. There was no particular propriety 
in the first name. The present name is that of a county in Ire- 
land, the great emigration from that country in 1843 making Irish 
names very popular. The countj^ was organized in 1871. The 
county seat, originally at Farwell, is now at Harrison. Acres In 
county, 364,020. Population in 1880, 4,1S7; 1890, 7,558; 1S94, 7,976; 1900 
8,350. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,328. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinLey 1,1S0, Bryan 643. 



MISSAUKEE I ROSCOMMON 

K. 3 W. 







ISABELLA 

Ref.: — 1. Ann Arbor R. ff. 2. Muskegon River. 
3. P9re Marquette R. R. 4. Tobacco River. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Climate. 

The entire state is greatly and favorably affected by its 
being so largely surrounded by water. 

This is especially true of the western portion of the lower 
peninsula because of the immense body of water known as Lake 
Michigan, which borders on the west. Warmed up by the sum- 
mer's heat of sun and wind, the water yields up a portion of its 
heat in constantly ascending vapor, which the westerly winds 
bring directly to the Michigan shore, softening almost past 
credibility the climate along the whole eastern shore of Lake 
Michigan. For at least ten miles inland and also around Grand 
Traverse Ba3'", for a distance ranging from three to five miles, 
damaging frosts either in spring or fall seldom occur, and the 
same is true upon the hillsides and ridges of the rolling lands 
of the interior. See also Rainfall and Snowfall. 

42 



Clinton Comity 

Was created in 1831 and organized in 1839. It was named after 
De Witt Clinton, Governor of New York, and pi-ojector of the 
Erie canal, completed to Buffalo in 1825. The county seat 
originally at De V^ltt, is now at St. Johns. Acres in county.' 
364,895. Population in 1840, 1,614; 1850, 5,102; 1860, 13,923; 1870, 22,852' 
1880, 27,534; 1890, 26,509; 1894, 26,262; 1900, 25,136. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 4,866. Presidential vote In 1900, McKinley 3 787 
Bryan 2,925. ■'. • ■> 

GKATIOT 





EATON ! INGHAM 

/?t>/,; 7. Ma/jle River, r 2. Ann Arbor R. R. 
3. M. C. R. R. 4. Grand Riuer. 5. Stoney 
Cret'ft. 6. D. G. H. & M. Ry. 7. Pere Marquette R. R. 
CufHjrlght 1901. by Silas Farmer. 
Coal. 
It is estimated by geologists that one-fifth of the lower 
peninsula of Michigan is underlaid by coal-bearing deposits. The 
total area of the coal basin covers nearly 9,000 square miles 
running from Jackson county on the south to Roscommon county 
on the north, and from Huron county on the east to Mecosta 
county on the west. Not all of this area contains coal in veins 
profitable for working, but the rich finds in the Saginaw valley 
are believed to be an index of What will follow. There are now 
more than 200,000 acres under lease, the yield per acre being esti- 
mated at 4,500 tons. On January 1st, 1901, there were 31 mines 
in operation, thirteen in Saginaw county, eight in Bay five in 
Eaton, two in Shiawassee, one in Huron, two in Jackson county 
They may be seen at Saginaw, St. Charles, Sebewaing and Grand 
Ledge. It is said that Michigan now produces 60,000 tons of coal 
per month at an average value of $1.44 per ton. 
See also State Inspector of Coal Mines. 

43 



Coarnomeiis of State. 

The state is favored with five different popular cognomens. 
It is called the Lake State, because almost surrounded by the 
Great Lakes, and containing thousands of small lakes. The 
Peninsular State because so nearly surrounded bj' the waters 
of the Great Lakes. 

The Wolverine State, after the animal called the 
wolverine, which once was numerous in this region. There 
is now not much proprietj' in this name, which was fastened on 
the state at an early day. They are now rarely found, but in 
the fall of 1900 a number were seen in Antrim County. The wol- 
verine is about a foot high, weighs from 25 to 30 pounds, 
and has a stout body two and one-half feet long, with 
arched back. Its legs are short and thick and its claws strong 
and sharp. Its foot-prints resemble those of a bear, and the 
hind feet are about four inches broad. The tail is short and 
bushy, the head broad and rather pointed, with jaws resembling 
those of a dog, the eyes and ears small, and the fur generally 
of a dark brown, with lighter stripes on each side. 

The Mitten State, from the general resemblance of the outline 
of the lower peninsula to a huge mitten, the thumb being defined 
by the waters of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. The Summer 
State is the latest cognomen bestowed upon Michigan. It is one 
that cannot possibly be as appropriately applied to any other 
state. No other has or could have so many beautiful resorts 
wherein to avoid the heat of summer. "With Great Lakes almost 
surrounding it. with thousands of lakes within it, and with its 
health-giving climate and natural scenerj-, Michigan stands pre- 
eminent as the Mecca of the summer tourist. 

That portion between Lakes Huron and Michigan is known 
as the Lower Peninsula, and that lying between Lake Superior 
and Lakes Huron and Michigan, the Upper Peninsula. 

Colleg-es. 

See "Denominational Colleges." 

Colonial Claintants of Blicliisrau. 

The question as to what state, by virtue of its original 
colonial charter, possessed this portion of the west, has been 
frequentlj' discussed. The claim of Virginia seems as well 
founded as that of anj' of the other states, and her claims were 
fortified by the fact that she was the only colonial state that 
ever attempted to exercise authority or jurisdiction in the terri- 
tories north and west of the Ohio. In October, 1778, as appears 
by the Statutes at Large (Vol. IX., page 557), the Assembly of 
v'irginia organized the territory on the west of the Ohio, adjacent 
to the Mississippi, into the County of Illinois, and appointed 
Colonel John Todd military commandant. It is also shown by a 
letter from Winthrop Sargent, addressed to the President on 
July 31, 1790, and quoted in American State Papers, Public Land 
Series, Vol. I., that Todd transferred certain powers to a Mr. 
Legras, and that a court was held at Vincennes and various acts 
performed under direction of its judges. This would seem to 
be almost conclusive evidence of the rights of Virginia. 

Dissensions in regard to the claims of the several states 
hindered the formation of the Union; but all of the states finally 
surrendered their claims. 

To prepare the way for the cession, a law was passed in 
October, 1780, providing that the territory to be ceded should be 
disposed of for the common benefit of the whole Union; that the 

44 



states ,erected therein should be of suitable extent, not less 
than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles 
square. After the passage of this law, on March 1, 1781, New 
York released her claims; Virginia, on March 1, 1784; Massachu- 
setts, on April 19, 1785; and Connecticut, on September 14, 1786, 
and May 30, 1800. 

Colored. Citizens. , , ,\ 

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United 
States, which, on March 30. 1870, the Secretary of State declared 
fully ratified, made them citizens and voters. The restrictive 
word "white" was stricken from the Constitution of Michigaii 
by a vote of the people on November S, 1870, and the votes of the 
colored citizens were first cast in the state on the same day. 

See also "Slavery in Michigan" and "Schools, Colored Children 
in." . ■ 

Comniissioiiei' of HighTvays. 

See Township Commissioner of Highways. 

Compiled. La^^vs. 

See State Compiled Laws. 

Cons'i'essional Districts. 

See United States Congressional Districts. 

Conspii'aey of Poiitiac. 

See Wars. 

Constables. 

See Township Constables. 

Constitutional Amendments. 

See "S'tate Cnnstitational Amendments.'' 

Constitutions. State 

See "State Constitution," "State Constitution of 1835 and 
1850," "State Constitution, Amendments to," and. "State Consti- 
tution, Revision of." - -' . 

Contagions Diseases, Pi'evention of. 

The State Board of Health is required to furnish data, and 
teachers in public schools are required to teach the best methods 
of preventing contagious diseases. 

Copper. 

The first discovery of copper was made at the Minnesota 
mine in 1847. Attention was attracted by the pits of the pre- 
historic miners. In one of the pits was a mass of native copper 
weighing six tons. The ancient miners had lifted it upon tim- 
bers five feet from the bottom of the pit. The tiinbers which 
had been placed beneath had decayed, the earth about the mass 
holding it in place above the pit's bottom. Growing from the 
earth which covered the mass was a hemlock tree which showed 
395 annual rings of growth. Many stone hammers and a copper 
chisel were found in the pit. To this mine belongs the distinction 
of having yielded the largest mass of native copper ever taken 
from the earth. It was found in 1855 at a depth of about 220 feet, 
and weighed a trifie over 563 tons, requiring the services of forty 
men for six 'months to cut it into pieces small enough to permit 
of hoisting to surface and transportation to the east. As copper 

45 



was then worth about 50 cents per pound, the value of this 
nugget was upwards of $500,000. ^ • ., 

The Calumet and Hecla mine is one of the largest producers 
in the world and the only one in which copper is found in a pure 
state. Its equipment is unequaled by any other in the world; its 
shafts are the deepest — the vertical shaft being 4,900 feet in depth; 
and its stamp mills on the shore of Torch Lake treat somewhere 
about 2,000,000 tons of rock per year. It has an 8,000 horse-power 
hoisting engine at the Red Jacket shaft, fed with steam from 
ten boilers of 1,000 horse-power each. The mine has yielded to 
the company up to the year 1899, 1,265,426,320 pounds of ingot 
copper and has paid in dividends to June 28, 1899, the magnificent 
sum. of $60,850,000. 

Michigan's product of refined copper for 1898 was 76,830 tons, 
being 58 per cent of the world's supply for that year. 

Corn. 

The corn crop of 1899 amounted to about 38,253,265 bushels. 

Coroner. 

See County Coroner. 

Correction Lines. 

See "Surveys, Correction Lines." 

Counties of Micliigan. 

It Is an interesting fact that when this region was a territory 
all of Michigan was at one time included in the County of 
Wayne. Under the state constitution, unless by vote of the elec- 
tors, no county can be created containing less than sixteen gov- 
ernment townships. 

At the present time the state contains only 83 counties, 
every one of them being fully organized with county seats and 
county officers. 

Each county is traversed by one or more railroads and half 
of the counties border on some one of the Great Lakes. 

The derivation of the county names, the date of organization 
of each county, names of the county seats, number of acres in 
each county, census by decades and number of votes cast at 
spring election of 1S99, are given in connection with the names 
of the several counties in their alphabetical place. , 

Counties are created when boundaries are first defined and 
a name given. They are organized when they are given power 
to elect county officers. New limits are defined for a county 
when territory is added to or taken from a county. Counties 
are often created many years before they are organized and in 
the interim before organization they are attached to, and under 
the control of, some other county, and for all practical purposes 
are no more in existence than if they had never been created. 

seats are as follows: 

Co. Seat. 
Bay City, 
Frankfort. 
St Joseph. 
Coldwater. 
Marshall. 
Cassopolis. 
Charlevoix. 
Cheboyg^an. 

46 



The names 


of the counties 


and county 


Co. Seat. 


County. 


Alcona. . 


Harrisville. 


Bay. 


Alger. 


Munising. 


Benzie. 


Allegan. 


Allegan. 


Berrien. 


Alpena. 


Alpena. 


Branch. 


Antrim. 


Bellaire. 


Calhoun. 


Arenac. 


Standish. 


Cass. 


Baraga. 


L'Anse. 


Charlevoix. 


Barry. 


Hastings. 


Cheboygan. 



County. 
Chippewa. 
Clare. 
Clinton. 
Crawford. 
Delta. 
Dickinson. 
Eaton. 
Emmet. 
Genesee. 
Gladwin. 
Gogebic. 
Grand Traverse. 
Gratiot. 
Hillsdale. 
Houghton. 
Huron. 
Ingham. 
Ionia. 
Iosco. 
Iron. 
Isabella. 
Jackson, 
Kalamazoo. 
Kalkaska. 
Kent. 

Keweenaw. 
Lake. 
Lapeer. 
Leelanau. 
Lenawee. 
Livingston. 
Luce, 
Mackinac. 
Macomb. 



Co. Seat. 
Sault Ste. Marie. 
Harrison. 
St. Johns. 
Grayling. 
Eiscanaba. 
Iron Mountain. 
Charlotte. 
Harbor Springs. 
Flint. 
Gladwin. 
Bessemer. 
Traverse City. 
Ithaca. 
Hillsdale. 
Houghton. 
Bad Axe. 
Mason. 
Ionia. 

Tawas City. 
Ci-ystal Falls. 
Mt. Pleasant, 
Jackson. 
Kalamazoo. 
Kalkaska. 
Grand Rai)ids. 
Eagle River. 
Baldv/in. 
Lai>eer. 
L«sland. 
Adrian. 
Howell. 
Newberry. 
St. Ignace. 
Mt. Clemens. 



County. 
Manistee. 
Marquette. 
Mason. 
Mecosta. 
Menominee. 
Midland. 
Missaukee. 
Monroe. 
Montcalm. 
Montmorency. 
Muskegon. 
Newaygo. 
Oakland. 
Oceana. 
Ogtimaw. 
Ontonagon. 
Osceola. 
Oscoda. 
Otsego. 
Ottawa. 
Presque Isle. 
Roscommon. 
Saginaw. 
Sanilac. 
Schoolcraft. 
Shiawassee. 
St. Clair. 
St. Joseph. 
Tuscola. 
Van Buren. 
Washtenaw. 
Wayne. 
Wexford. 



Co. Seat. 
Manistee. 
Marquette. 
Ludington. 
Big Rapids. 
M.enomir.ee. 
Midlard. 
Lake City. 
Monroe. 
Stanton. 
Atlanta. 
Muskegon. 
Newaygo. 
Pontiac. 
Hart. 

West Branch. 
Ontonagon. 
Hersey. 
Mio. 

Gaylord. 
Grand Haven. 
Rogers. 
Roscommon. 
Saginaw. 
Sanilac Center. 
Manistique. 
Corunna. 
Port Huron. 
Centerville. 
Caro. 

Paw Paw. 
Ann Arbor. 
Detroit. 
Cadillac. 



Counties, Elxtinct 



In early territorial days a number of counties were given 
very awkward and unpronounceable Indian names, but these 
were soon displaced by the names they have borne since, the 
counties themselves having been in existence continuously. 

Four counties, however, were created and subsequently 
obliterated. Manitou County, consisting of the Beaver and Man- 
itou Islands, was created in 1855. In 1895 the islands were merged 
into the Counties of Leelanau and Charlevoix. Washington 
County was created in 1867 out of Marquette County, but the 
Svipreme Court held the act invalid as the county included no 
organized townships. Wyandotte County, created in 1840, 
was merged into Cheboygan County in 1853. The County of Isle 
Royale was created in 1875, but since 1897 the island has formed 
part of Keweenaw County. 

County Officers. 

The following officers exist or may exist in each county in 
the state. The time and mode of their election or appointment 
and the duties and salaries of each officer are given in connection 
with the name of each office, which will be found in its alpha- 
betical location: 

County Agent of Charities and Corrections. 

County Auditors. 

County Board of Supervisors. 

County Board of Election Commissioners. 

47 



County Board of Canvassers. 

County Board of Jury Commissioners. 

County Clerk. 

County Commissioner of Schxools. 

County Circuit Courts. 

County Circuit Court Commissioner. 

County Coroner. 

County Drain Commissioner. 

County Game and Fish Warden. 

County Judge of Probate. 

County Notaries Public. 

County Physician. 

County Prosecuting" Attorney. 

County Register of Deeds. 

County Sheriff. 

County School Examiner. 

County Soldiers" Relief Commiosion. 

County Superintendent of Poor. 

County Surveyor. 

County Treasurer. 

County Agent of Cliarities and Corrections. 

The Governor may appoint in ea,ch county a person desig- 
nated as above to hold office at the pleasure of the executiA'e, 
who shall investigate complaints against any child under 16 
years of age, their parentage and surroundings and report to 
judges of the county on the advisability'' of binding them out or 
sending them to the reform school, and on order from the court 
the child may be bound out or committed to one of the reforma- 
tory institutions. Jt is the dutj- of the agent to visit any children 
so disposed of and to report his acts yearly to the State Board 
of Charities and Corrections. 

He is paid $3 for each case investigated, and his necessary 
official expenses, but not more than $3 per day. The amount paid 
in any one year may not exceed $100 for counties with a popula- 
tion of 30,000 or under; in counties of over 30,000 and under 80,000, 
$200; in counties of over 80,000. $300. In counties of 100,000 or over 
he may have one assistant, the amount paid both not to exceed 
$500. 

Connty Anditors. 

Owing to the singular presence in the state constitution of 
a special provision for county auditors in "^^ayne county, that 
county has county officers unknown to any other county. Their 
duties are indicated in the title of the office. They are paid 
$3,500 per year. 

County Boards of Supervisors. 

This board is composed of the several township supervisors 
in the county and meets annually on the second Monday of 
October, and may also hold special sessions. To a certain 
extent they possess both legislative and executive powers. They 
elect their own chairman, but the County Clerk acts as Clerk 
or Secretary of their meetings. A majority of all the supervisors 
of the county constitutes a quorum. 

In general their duties consist of the examination of the 
Treasurer" s accounts, the care of, and if need be, the construc- 
tion of county court houses, jails, etc. They determine com- 
pensation for services of any sort rendered the county and 
adjust all claims against the county. They apportion the state 
and county taxes to the several townships. They have power 

48 



to authorize the building or repair of bridges, to lay out or dis- 
continue roads, and to permit or prohibit the erection of dams. 
They appoint the County Superintendent of Poor, Physician, 
School Examiner, and Drain Commissioner. 

Every tenth year after 1895, when a county because of its 
inhabitants is entitled to more than one representative in the 
State Legislature, the Board of Supervisors of such county 
divides the county into state representative districts. It also 
has power to create new townships and define their boundaries 
and to determine the location of the county seat. 

Special acts for different cities provide that a certain num- 
ber of the aldermen may act as supervisors on the Board of 
Supervisors of the county in which the city is located. 

See Township Supervisor. 

County Board of J-avy Comiuissioxiers. 

These boards, by special laws, are provided for the Counties 
of Wayne, Saginaw, St. Clair and Macomb. It is their duty to 
make lists of jurors for courts in their counties. They are paid 
ten cents per mile for going to and from their meetings, and 
the secretary they elect may be paid, not to exceed $350 pery-S5#ar. 

County Clerk. 

This officer is elected at the general fall election for a term 
of two years and must have his office at the county seat. He 
is paid by legal fees and also such additional sums as the Board 
of Super-visors may prescribe. He acts as clerk of the Board 
of Supervisors and of the Circuit Court, is the custodian of gen- 
eral county records, records all corporation articles, issues and 
records marriage licenses, distributes the notarial commissions, 
distributes laws received from Secretary of State to the several 
officers entitled to them, draws out lists of petit jurors, issues 
certificates for wolf or sparrow bounties. By virtue of his office 
he is one of the Board of Election Commissioners of the county, 
and also of the Board of County Canvassers. 

County Circuit Courts. 

These courts sometimes include only a single county in their 
jurisdiction and require several judges. A large county popula- 
tion would necessitate this, but where counties are less populous 
a single court with but one judge sometimes includes several 
counties. Judges of these courts are elected for six years at a 
spring election. The general salary paid by the state is $2,500, 
but in certain circuits, because of amount of business, larger 
salaries are allowed to be paid by the County Board of Auditors 
or Supervisors. These courts have jurisdiction in cases of a 
civil and criminal character and in appeals frora justice's courts. 

The County Clerks are Clerks of the Circuit Courts of their 
respective counties. Their salary is fixed by the Board of Su- 
pervisors. 

See Judicial Circuits. 

County Circuit Court Commissioners. 

These officers are elected at the general state and county 
elections in November for terms of two years. One is elected 
in each county except in the case of counties having a popula- 
tion of 20,000 or more, where two are elected.- Their duties are 
chiefly the issuing of such papers, writs and executions as might 
be issued by the judge of a circuit court and in the hearing of 



cases for non-payment of rent and of the sale of property under 
an order of court. They are paid by the fees established by 
state law. 

County Comixiissioiier of Schools. 

This officer is elected at the annual election on the first 
Monday of April for a term of two years. He is one 
of the three members of the Board of School Examiners, 
keeps a record of all examinations of teachers, receives the insti- 
tute fees provided for by law and pays them over to the County 
Treasurer, keeps a record of all certificates granted or revoked, 
visits all the schools in the county at least once a year and exam- 
ines into the discipline, instruction and progress of each, counsels 
the teachers and strives to advance the interests of the schools 
generally. He acts as the medium of conveying and carrying 
out the directions of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
and in counties containing fifty districts must be paid not less 
than $500 per year. 

County Coroners. 

Two coroners for each county are elected at the general fall 
election for terms of two years each. In Wayne County they 
receive a salary of $2,000; in other counties they are paid by fees. 
In cases of death without any attending physician he is author- 
ized to summon a jury of six men and hold an inquest. He is 
allowed $3 for such service, besides mileage of 6 cents per mile 
and 25 cents for each subpoena served, and may charge 10 cents 
for each witness sworn, but the total charge for swearing wit- 
nesses in any one case shall not exceed 50 cents. He may dis- 
pose of bodies of unclaimed dead to medical colleges in Michigan. 

Conuty Drain Comiuissiouer. 

This officer is appointed by the Board of Supervisors every 
two years, the term beginning in January of years ending with 
an even figure. He has jurisdiction over all drains in the county, 
lays out new drains and reports his assessment of the benefits 
of such drains to the County Clerk for purposes of taxation. He 
is paid $3 per day for time spent in his duties. 

County Election Commissioners. 

See Election Commissioners of Counties. 

County Game and FisJi Warden. 

One or more officers with this title may be appointed for each 
county by the State Game and Fish Warden. The various Boards 
of Supervisors determine their compensation, excepting in 
Wayne County, where the Board of County Auditors may do so. 

County Juds^e of Probate. 

This officer is elected at the regular fall elections for a term 
of four years, and must keep his office at the county seat. The 
amount of the salary he receives is practically at the discretion 
of the Board of Supervisors. He has the general oversight of 
the property of deceased persons and of the actions in law of 
administrators, executors, guardians and dependent children. He 
may give orders for the committment of insane persons to an 
asylum and is a\ithorized in certain cases to change the name 
of adults. By virtue of his office he is one of the Board of Elec- 
tion Commissioners and President of the Board of County Can- 
vassers. He also appoints the members of the County Soldiers' 
Relief Commission. 

50 



County Physician. 

This officer is appointed at the option of the Board of Super- 
visors and receives such compensation as they see fit to provide. 

County Prosecuting Attorney. 

This officer is elected at the regular state elections in Novem- 
ber for a term of two years and receives such compensation as 
the Board of Supervisors may prescribe. He appears for the state 
or county in all cases in which either is interested and reports 
yearly to the Attorney-General concerning the cases in which he 
has appeared. 

County Reg'ister of Deeds. 

This officer is elected at the regular state elections in Novem- 
ber for a term of two years and must keep his office at the county 
seat. He is paid by the fees prescribed by law. It is his duty to 
receive and record all deeds, mortgages, mechanics' liens, the 
discharges of mortgages, and to receive and file plats of all sub- 
divisions of property in the county. 

County School E^xaminer. 

When this office was first created, the Board of Supervisors 
appointed twO' school examiners, one for one year and one for 
two years, and since then one is appointed each year at the Oc- 
tober meeting for a two-years' term. These two examiners with 
the County School Commissioner constitute a Board of School 
Examiners. They examine candidates for the position of teacher 
twice a year at the county seat and grant certificates of author- 
ity to such as pass. They may also hold two additional exam- 
inations at such places as they see fit. They are paid $4 per day 
for time spent. They collect for certificates issued to male teach- 
ers $1, to female teachers, 50 cents. These latter fees are paid 
over to the County Commissioner of Schools, and by him trans- 
mitted to the County Treasurer and may be drawn upon by the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction to pay expenses of Teach- 
ers' Institutes. 

County SheriflP. 

This officer is elected at the regular general election for a 
term of two years and must keep his office at the county seat. 
The same person cannot hold the office for more than four con- 
secutive years in every six. He is paid by fees for serving legal 
papers and by profits on the board of the prisoners. In the Upper 
Peninsula he may be paid a salary by the County Board of Super- 
visors. It is his duty to preserve the peace, see that the laws 
are executed, quell riots, summon jurors, attend the circuit court 
sessions, and serve papers issuing therefrom. He has charge of the 
jail and is required to keep a full record concerning the sex, age, 
occupation, etc., of each prisoner, the cost of keeping them, and 
report the details yearly to the Secretary of State. 

County Soldiers' Relief Commission. 

This consists of three persons appointed by the Judge of Pro- 
bate. The first three were appointed for terms of one, two, and 
three years respectively, so that now one is appointed every year 
for a term of three years. This commission disposes of the tax 
of 1-10 of 1 mill laid for the purpose of the relief of honorably 
discharged soldiers, their widows and children, and reports year- 
ly to the Board of Supervisors. 

51 



County Superintendents of Poor. 

These officers to the number of three for each county are 
appointed by the Board of Supervisors. The terms of the original 
appointees were one, two and three years, respectively, and now 
one is appointed at the annual meeting for a term of three years. 
They have charge of the County House and its maintenance and 
administration, and general supervision in all matters pertaining 
to the poor of the county. They present yearly to the Board of 
Supervisors an estimate of the amount needed for the year and 
are entitled to receive $1.50 per day for actual services in addition 
to receiving expenses incurred in performing their duties. Dead 
bodies of paupers are allowed to be sold to medical colleges. 

County Surveyor. 

These officers are elected at the general fall election for terms 
of two years and are paid by fees for work performed. They 
make the surveys for highways and, when requested, establish 
corners and farm or other lines. Their pay is limited to $4 per 
day for services including the time spent in going to and coming 
from the place of such service. 

County Treasurer. 

This officer is elected at the general fall election for a term 
of two years. The same person can only serve four years out of 
six in succession. His compensation is determined by the 
Board of Supervisors. He must keep his office at the county seat. 
He collects all taxes and receives all monies due the county from 
any source, and pays out the same on order of the Board of Su- 
pervisors, signed by the clerk and countersigned by the chairman 
of said board, or in "Wayne on order of the Board of Auditors. 
He receives the state and county taxes from the Township Treas- 
urers, sends the Auditor-General a list of all lands on which the 
state taxes have not been paid, and conducts sales of land for 
non-payment of taxes. It is his duty to collect the liquor taxes 
on or before May 1st of each year and to report every month and 
also annually in December the name, place of business, date of 
payment and amount of tax paid by each person engaged in the 
liquor traffic. By virtue of his office he is one of the Board of 
Election Commissioners of the county. 

County Notaries Public. 

The governor may appoint any number of these officers in 
each county. They hold office for four years. They must be 21 
years of age and residents of the county and make a written 
application for appointment, which must bear the endorsement 
of some member of legislature or county or probate judge. They 
are required to pay a fee of $1 to the State Treasurer. The com- 
missions are sent to and delivered from the office of the County 
Clerk before whom the recipient takes the oath of office, and 
must pay an additional fee of 50 cents. They are required to give 
bonds in $1,000 for the faithful discharge of their duties. These 
duties consist in drawing affidavits and taking acknowledgments 
of legal papers, for which they are paid nominal fees. 

CraTvford County 

was created under the name of Shawano in 1840. The name was 
changed to Crawford in 1843. Shawano was the name of an Indian 
tribe. It was named Crawford after Col. Wm. Crawford of the 
U. S. army, who, while in pursuit of Indians near Sandusky, 
Ohio, became separated from his command, was captured and 

52 ' 



burned by them June 11, 1782. The county was organized in 1879. 
The county seat is Grayling. Acres in county, 359,459. Popula- 
tion in 1880, 1,159; 1890, 2,962; 1894, 2,680; 1900, 2,943. Votes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 452. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
441, Bryan 253. 

OTSEGO 




2. R. 1 W. 

ROSCOMMON 

Ref.:—1. Detroit & Charlevoix R. R. 2. M. C. R. R. 
3. Au Sable River. 4. /'Manistee River. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Crop and Live Stock Reports. 

The Secretary of State is required each year to obtain month- 
ly statements as to the condition of live stock, condition and pros- 
pects of the growing crops, and as soon after the harvests as pos- 
sible, statements as to the yield of wheat and other farm and 
fruit products; the quantity of wheat, wool, apples and other pro- 
ducts marketed, and the quantity remaining in farmers' hands. 
And to prepare a monthly abstract of the information thus ob- 
tained, the number of townships from which reports have been 
received, and publish a sufficient number of copies of the same 
to furnish a copy to each member of the legislature, to each cor- 
respondent furnishing information and 1,000 copies for general 
distribution. 

Cruelty to Anixuals. 

Cruelty to animals, including the keeping of animals of any 
sort for fighting purposes, is punishable by fine and imprison- 
ment. 

Places where baiting or fighting is suspected to be going on 
may be searched by any sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable or pub- 
lic olflcer after providing himself with a search warrant from the 
proper magistrate. 

53 



Animals being transported on trains must be unloaded for 
food and rest 5 consecutive hours in every 33 unless the car 
in which they are being carried is arranged for giving them food 
and has proper space for rest. 

Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals may designate 
one or more persons in each county to discover and prosecute 
offenders and it is the duty of the sheriff to appoint such persons 
deputy sheriffs with power to act in cases of cruelty to animals. 

Curiosities in Micli.i|?a.ii, Natural. 

See Pictured Rocks, Mackinac Island, Sand Dunes. Geological 
Peculiarities, Singing Sands, Indian River, 

Customs. 

See U. S. Collector of Customs. 

Dairy and Food Commission. 

See State Dairy and Food Commission. 

Days of Grace. 

On notes, drafts or bills, due on demand, days of grace are not 
allowed by law. 

Deaf. 

See "State School for the Deaf" and "Schools for Deaf." 

Deaths. 

The number of deaths in the state in 1900 was 33,320. 

Delegates to Congress. 

See Territorial Delegates to Congress. 

Delta County- 
was created in 1843 and organized in 1861. It was so named be- 
cause the outline of the land in the southern portion afforded a 
reminder of the Delta of the Nile. The county seat was orig- 
inally at Gena, now known as Masonville. It is now at Es- 
canaba. Acres in county, 742,775. Population in 1860, 1,172; 1870, 
2,441; 1880, 6,812; 1890. 15,330; 1894, 19.262; 1930, 23,881. Votes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 2,370. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
3,081, Bryan 1,213. 

Denominational Colleges and Seminaries. 

See Albion, Alma, Adrian, Battle Creek, Detroit, Hillsdale, 
Hope, Kalamazoo, Olivet, and Suoini Colleges; also Holland 
Theological School and German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary. 

Denominational Statistics. 

See Church Statistics. 

Dentistry. 
See State Board of Examiners in Dentistry. 

Detroit. 

As the oldest and largest city in the state, and as the former 
state capital, Detroit claims special attention. 

Romance and religion, ambition and animosity, the disciples 
of Mars and the devotees of merchandise, all alike had a part 
in the plans which led to the founding of Detroit. Its earlier his- 
tory is the earlier history of France and is duplicated in its old- 

54 



nr'SSiin^n^'V^^^ff.V J^'^' Wisdom, wantonness and war were all 
?fty"is''noV20o'?ea?sTld.°' ''' ^^''- ^°^^^^*^ '""'^ ^4. 1701. the 
fA«/"r^i^°^* ^^^ that pertains to city affairs progress is mani- 
fest. The city owns all the property it uses, and keens its build- 
ings m good condition. The stranger will find no Slbly schools 

The totiw« nJ^^f'^r "-l-^^P^ ^^?^^? h^^«^« ^^^ poSce^statiSSL 
ine total value of the city property is upwards of $20,000,000. For 

ALGEE 
2. 



t 




-y. C&N. W. Ry. 2. Minn. St. Paul & Soo R,j. 
3. Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

^^I'^c^lta^^ taxation the real estate in the city is valued at about 
$170,000 000, and the personal property at about $70 000 000 The 
\^U ?4Srnn^ IS ab9ut $16 per $1,000. The total bonded city deM 
IS $4,830,000, and the sinking fund amounts to nearly $1 500 000 

There are over 500 policemen. 476 firemen, nearly 40 enSne and 
hook and ladder companies, an electric likhting plant rSnniSg 

55 



over 6,000 lights, and four immense engines at the water works 
which pump nearly 40,000,000 gallons daily, and they could pump 
several times that amount if necessary. The House of Correc- 
tion, owned by the city, is well worth a visit. Instead of being 
an expense, it brings an average revenue of $20,000 a year to the 
city. 

Of public school buildings there are 70 with nearly 900 teachers. 
Besides these are numerous medical and business colleges; also 
parochial and private schools, and taken in connection with su- 
perb high schools and public library, they afford educational ad- 
vantages which are unexcelled. 

The city is especially noted for its broad and cleanly streets, 
its wide and well-kept walks, its numerous and thrifty shade 
trees, its extensive and beautiful lawns and gardens, the number 
and attractiveness of its park and public squares, the varied and 
tasteful architecture of its residences, the stability of its mer- 
cantile life, and the range and extent of its manufacturing 
interests. 

In all kinds of merchandise and manufactured articles, Detroit 
affords the best of opportunities to buyers. It has abundance 
of capital, first-class transportation facilities, and in the man- 
ufacture of many articles leads every other city in the United 
States, both in amount and quality. The value of our yearly out- 
put of manufactured articles approximates $100,000,000. We make 
immense quantities of boots and shoes, boxes, burial caskets, 
cars, cigars, clothing, capsules, drugs, electrical apparatus, furs, 
furniture, fertilizers, glass, harrows, matches, organs, phis, pearl 
buttons, emery wheels, safes, salt, soda ash, soap and ships of all 
kinds. Not far from 40,000 persons are employed in factories. The 
banking capital of the 20 National and State Banks is upwards 
of $10,000,000. About $5,000,000 worth of goods are exported an- 
nually. 

Detroit Collegre. 

This is at Detroit, belongs to Roman Catholic Church, was or- 
ganized in 1877 and incorporated in 1881. The value of the prop- 
erty is $60,000. In 1899 there were 225 students and since it was 
founded it has graduated 142 persons. 

Detroit River. 

Over this beautiful waterway pass greater quantities of grain 
and mineral than pass over any other sheet of water in all the 
world. The river is 27 miles long, from one-half to three miles 
wide, with an average width of one mile. It is from 20 to 60 feet 
deep, with smooth yet rapid current, and with beautiful islands 
decorating almost its entire length. As it never overflows, it is 
never a menace, but always a joy and blessing. Yachts, sail boats, 
barges, ferries, and great steamers ply and fly over its silver and 
blue, and in the season of summer travel it is a panorama of 
beauty, gay with music, streamers and happy voyageurs. 

Dickinson County 

was created and organized in 1891. It was named after Don M. 
Dickinson, Postmaster-General under President Cleveland. The 
county seat is Iron Mountain. Acres in county, 491,917. Popula- 
tion in 1894, 14,700; 1900, 17,890. Votes cast at spring election of 
1899, 1,649. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,857, Bryan 453. 

Distances, Air liine. 

By referring to Farmer's Sectional Map one can easily 
determine the distance between any two places. EJach of the 



smaller squares on the maps, is a mile long on a side, and each 
ot the larger squares (oontammg 36 of the smaller squares) is 
SIX miles long on a side One should merely count the number 
of either large or small squares between the places and de- 
termine their distance apart accordingly. Or one can arrive 
at the same result by bearing in mind the scale of the maps 
Sfstancls """^ ^^^""^ ^^- ^^® ^^^° "Railroad Station? and 

MARQUETTE 




Anto; 



R. 38 W. 

WISCONSIN 

Ref.:—7. C. M. & St. P. Ry. 2. Escanaba River. 
3. Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. 4. Ford Riuer. 
5. C. & N. W. Ry. 6. I^etwminee Riuer. 7. Micl^- 
igarntfie Riuer. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Disti'ict Court. 

See United States District Court. 

Divorces. 
Number of In state in 1898, 1,808. 

m 



Dos Tax. 

See Tax on Dogs. 

Drain. Commissioner. 

See County Drain Commissioner. 
Druggists. 
See State Board of Pharmacy. See also Liquors, Sale of 
D-«velling:s in Michigan. 

Year. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 

^Dweflinls 71.616 150.952 237,036 321.514 

^!)Te?l1ng" 5.35 4.96 5.00 5.09 

Eastern Micliigan Asylum. 
See State Asylums. 

IONIA I CLINTON 




1890. 1894. 
434,370 483,685 
4.82 4.63 



elta 



4. 
CALHOUN [JACKSON 

ffgf^:—1. Grand River. 2. Pere Marquette 

R. R. 3. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 4. L S. & 

Ml S. Ry. 5. Thornapple River. 6. M. C. R. /?. 

7. Battle Creek. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. 

Eaton County 



Ejducational. 

+ i^^o.^P^??^^' ^*^^® Normal College; State Normal School, Cen- 
tral; State Normal School, Northern; State University; State Re- 
gents of University, State Board of Education, State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, Adrian College, Albion College, 
ni^f" College, Battle Creek College, Detroit College, Hillsdale 
College, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, Olivet College, Suomi 
College, Holland Theological School and German Evangelical 
-Lutheran Semmary, Township School Inspectors, Township 
Board of Education, County Commissioner of Schools, County 
School Exammer: 

Blectious: Political Parties and Campaigns. 

The American system of government is based upon the sup- 
position that the people will always feel enough interest in the 
managenient of local and national affairs to provide for certain 
Preliminaries for elections without being required to do so by 

The primary elements in all elections are the nominations, 
and these are usually arranged by self-appointed committees, or 
by committees appointed at a political meeting. A caucus is held 
and nominations made viva voce, by ballot, or by selecting dele- 
gates to a nominating convention. 

The expenses of conventions and public meetings, including 
the printing of tickets, etc., are voluntarilv provided for bv the 
varwus candidates.. The expenses directly connected with the 
holding of an election, such as the providing of polling places 
publishing registration lists, and paying inspectors and clerks 
are defrayed out of the public treasury. 

The earliest political parties in the United States were known 
as Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists held strong- 
ly to the constitution and the Union and subordinated the states 
thereto, while the Anti-Federalists greatly favored state rights 
and more independence on the part of the several states. 

In the course of time, as new political issues arose, the Fed- 
?o^o^^^®^^T?r^^-^"^® known as National Republicans, and then about 
^^^^^^fJ^^'S^'.^y^^tually most of those in the north affiUated 

Til^Ji" S'^S^^^'^^l'"'^'' P.^''^-^' ^^*^^ ^^1^ "« fi^st national inven- 
tion in 1856. The preliminary meeting which resulted in the 
adoption of this name was held at Jackson, Mich., on Feb 22 
1854, and at the state convention at the same place, July 6 1854' 
the name was formally adopted. Michigan was the first 'state 
to elect a Republican state government, which it did in the fall 

'^^^^ -^5.*^"^^?.®^^^^?.*^' strange to say, were soon given the 
name of Repubhcans" and later on were called "Democratic Re- 
publicans" and finally "Democrats." cmuuiauc ±te 

There have also been various party names applied to smaller 
organizations, such as "Greenbackers," "Free Silverites " "Podu 
lists," and "Prohibitionists," but none of them have' achieved 
success in national issues. 

We of the present day have little realization of the intensitv 
of the party feeling that existed, especially between the vears 
1830 and 1844. In the effort to win a victory at the polls anv and 
every method was deemed legitimate. Voters by the dozen and 
even by the hundred, were imported, previous to elections' and 
their expenses paid. Many other methods employed in 'those 
days to influence votes were no better than those more recentlv 
in vogue. -^ 

The Republican party was the first to make use of regularly 

59 



officered political companies, known as "Wide Awakes" and 
"Tanners." They were uniformed in caps and capes, and being 
well drilled, presented an attractive appearance. 

Elections; Votes Cast in 1899 and 1900. 

The total number of votes cast in the state at the spring elec- 
tion of 1899 was 400,207. At Presidential election in 1900, McKmley 
316,269, Bryan 211,685; all others 16.421. 

Elections: Primaries or Caucnses. 

Every person who falsely personates or votes under the name 
of any other person, or conceals or destroys ballots cast or com- 
mits any other fraud or wrong at a primary election is deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor. , ^ . 

Any lawful voter may challenge the right of any person to 
vote at a primary election, who may be examined and sworn as 
to his right to vote at the primary of the party holdmg the 
caucus. If he swears falsely he may be punished for perjury. 

At least five days' notice of primary elections must be given 
by publication in one or more daily newspapers in places where 
said papers are published, and in other cases by posting up 
notices in at least three public places in the precinct for which 
the primary election is to be held. The time for holding is only 
provided for as followa: Cities of 30,000 and over, 2 to 8 P. M.; 
less than 30,000, 4 to 8 P. M. 

No primary election can be held m any saloon or bar-room, 
or in any place adjacent thereto. 

Elections, Primary, in Cities of 15,000 to 150,000. 

The following regulations are provided by state law for cities 
of 15,000 to 150,000 inhabitants, but any city of less than 15,000 may 
conduct its primaries in the same way, provided the Common 
Council so directs at the request of the voters of such city. 

The time for holding the primaries is determined by the 
principal committee of the party having charge of the particular 
purpose for which the primary is called. 

No two parties can hold their primaries on the same day, 
and the chairman of the city committee of any one party must 
notify the City Clerk or Recorder of the time fixed for said 
primary, within 24 hours after the same is determined. 

Notice of primaries to be held must be given by the city or 
ward committee of the respective parties five days in advance 
of holding them by notices in newspapers and posters placed in 
public places. The primaries must be held from 2 to 8 P. M. in 
cities of more than 30,000 inhabitants, but in cities of less than 
30.000, mav be held between 4 and 8 P. M. 

Primaries must be held in each ward, and those of any one 
party in the several wards at the same time. 

In cities of 50,000 and not over 150,000 primaries may be held 
in the voting precincts. ... 

Any ward or precinct not holding its primary cannot be repre- 
sented at the general convention or election of the party so fail- 
ing to hold primary. ^ ^ ^ ^ -r ^ * 

Each primary is presided over by a Board of Inspectors, or 
which a member of the ward committee shall be chairman, asso- 
ciated with two voters, residing in the ward, who belong to the 
same party. , . . . , 

The ward committeemen and primary inspectors above men- 
tioned are elected for two years at a primary election. If a mem- 
ber of the primary inspectors' board is not present at the open- 

60 



ing of a primary, the vacancy is filled by viva voce vote of the 
electors present. 

No one caui vote at primary elections whose name does not 
appear upon the registration list of the last preceding regular 
election or upon the registration books of the party unless he 
makes oath that he is a qualified elector belonging to the party 
in whose interest the caucus is held. 

The name and residence of every voter at a primary election 
is required to be registered at the time his vote is deposited. 

Ballot boxes for primaries are to be provided by the Common 
Council. The inspectors must provide ballots of uniform color, 
not less than 3x6 inches, with the names of all the delegates to 
be voted for written or printed on said ballot. The names of the 
requisite number of delegates to be voted for must all appear on 
one ballot. 

It is unlawful for any voter to solicit or receive from any 
person any money, or promise .any place or position for his vote 
or support. 

It is unlawful to convey voters to the primaries unless they 
are physically unable to walk. 

Primaries can not be held in a saloon or room adjacent there- 
to. Fraud of any kind at a primary is punishable by fine and 
Imprlsonnfient. 

Assemblages of voters of any political party duly convened 
must not be interfered with by those of any other party. 

E^lections, Time of Koldixigr. 

"General" elections for state officers, representatives in con- 
gress, county officers and President of the United States, are 
held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in 
those years ending ^ith an even figure. 

"Spring" elections are held on the first Monday of April in 
years ending with an odd figure. On that day one judge of the 
supreme court and two regents of the university are voted for 
in the several townships and wards. On that day in the year 1899 
and every sixth year thereafter one circuit judge is voted for in 
each of the several judicial circuits. The names of candidates 
for these offices all appear on one ballot, which is received in a 
special ballot-box, and the same rules apply to spring elections 
as govern general elections. 

The annual meeting of townships is held on the first Monday 
In April. 

The annual meeting of villages is held on the second Monday 
in March. 

The annual city election of fourth class cities is held on the 
first Monday In April. 

Other cities elect their officers at the time provided in their 
charters, which usually coincides with the time of the general 
state election. 

Special elections may be held when there is a vacancy in the 
office of Senator or Representative in the Legislature, Repre- 
sentative in Congress, Judge of the Circuit Court, Regent of the 
University, member of the State Board of Education, or when 
there has been no choice at general election for Representative 
in Congress. 

Special elections cannot be held within three months of the 
next general election unless the Governor so orders. 

Elections: Who Jflay Vote. 

The right to vote is conferred on two classes: 

1. Males over 21 years of age who are citizens (that is, natives 

61 



or naturalized aliens) and have resided in the state three months 
and in any township or ward 10 days preceding any given election. 
2. Male aliens of 21, not yet fully naturalized, who have re- 
sided in the state two years and six months, have declared their 
intentions to become United States citizens six months preceding 
any election, and have lived in any township or ward 10 days 
preceding such election. (See Citizenship, U, S.) 

Ejections: Instmctions to Voters. 

Chairmen of conamittees and candidates named on the of- 
ficial ballot may procure fac-similes of the official ballots printed 
on red, yellow or blue paper for the purpose of instructing the 
voters. But such ballots must have printed at their head the 
words, "Instruction Ballot." 

It is the duty of the Secretary of State to furnish printed in- 
structions for voters in large type upon cardboard to the County 
Clerks of each county, and the County Clerk must furnish such 
cards to the City and Township Clerks to be placed three on the 
outside and two on the inside of the voting place, and one in each 
polling booth. If stated by the clerk of the county that such 
instructions are needed in any particular foreign language, it is 
the duty of the Secretary of State to furnish them. 

All voting is done by secret ballot, and a voter on entering 
the polling place is handed a ballot bearing on the back the 
initials of one of the Inspectors, and immediately retires to a 
booth where he proceeds to mark his ballot according to the fol- 
lowing Instructions, which are printed at the head of each ballot: 

In all cases stamp a cross (X) in the circle under the name 
of your party at the head of the ballot. If you desire to vote a 
straight ticket nothing further need be done. 

Where only one candidate is to be elected to any office, and 
you desire to vote for a candidate not on your party ticket, make 
a cross in the square before the name of the candidate for whom 
you desire to vote on the other ticket. 

Where two or more candidates are to be elected to the same 
office, and you desire to vote for candidates on different tickets 
for such office, make a cross in the square before the names of 
the candidates for whom you desire to vote on the other ticket; 
also erase an equal number of names of candidates on your party 
ticket for the same office for whom you do not desire to vote. 

If you wish to vote for a candidate not on any ticket, write 
or place the name of such candidate on your ticket opposite the 
name of the office. 

Before leaving the booth, fold the ballot so that the initials 
may be seen on the outside. 

On leaving the booth, the voter hands his ballot to the In- 
spector in charge of the ballot box, who announces the voter's 
name; thereupon the poll clerks enter his name upon their re- 
spective poll lists opposite the number showing the order of his 
vote, and the Inspector then deposits the ballot and says "voted," 

No voter to whom a ballot has been delivered is permitted to 
leave the room without voting or returning the ballot to the 
Inspector. 

No ballots can be distributed outside of the railing and no 
ballot placed in the box unless it has been properly Initialed on 
the back. 

If a voter makes oath that he cannot read English or is physi- 
cally unable to mark his ballot, or if his disability is manifest to 
the Inspectors, an Inspector designated by the board In the pres- 
ence of a challenger of each political party, may mark the ballot 
tor him. 

62 



If a voter unintentionally spoils a ballot, he may obtain a 
new one, but the Inspector must give such spoiled ballots, to- 
gether with those unused, to the Township or City Clerk. 

Etlection Inspector's: General Rules. 

In case there are not four Inspectors present at the opening 
of the polls, or in case some of them do not remain during the 
election, the electors present may choose viva voce from among 
their own number enough to constitute a board of four inspectors. 

On the day of election the polls shall be opened at 7 A. M., 
and shall continue open until 5 P. M. In townships the polls may 
be closed from 12 to 1 P. M. if the inspectors so choose. 

Inspectors shall cause to be announced the opening of the 
polls and also the closing of polls, at 1 hour, 30 minutes and 15 
minutes before closing. 

It is the duty of the Election Inspectors to provide a railing 
and appoint, at the opening of the polls, a gate-keeper, so that 
but as many persons as there are booths in which to prepare 
ballots, shall be admitted at one time to the polling place. 

Each booth must be so constructed that each voter in pre- 
paring his ballot shall be concealed from all other persons. 

The Board of Election Inspectors must designate one of their 
number, who shall write his initials in ink on the upper left-hand 
corner of the back of each ballot. 

Each political party may have two "challengers" at each 
place of voting, inside the polling place, who have the right to 
inspect the poll list and challenge any one whose right to vote 
may be doubted, and who have the right to remain until the 
canvass of the vote is entirely completed. 

At any election the ballot of a person who has been chal- 
lenged and who has sworn that he is a legal voter, if received 
by the inspectors, shall be marked by the inspectors with the 
number corresponding to the voters' number in the poll list. 
This number must be wholly concealed without being defaced by 
a slip of blank paper pasted over it. 

Eilections, Notification of. 

When a vaca,ncy occurs 30 days before a general election in 
the office of Judge of the Supreme Court, Judge of the Circuit 
Court, Regent of the University, or member of the State Board of 
Education, then the Secretary of State must cause a written 
notice to be sent to the Sheriff of each county where elections 
should be held to fill such vacancies at least 20 days before the 
election is to be held. 

In the case of general elections the Sheriff gives to the Town- 
ship Clerk of each Township and to one of the Inspectors of 
Election of each ward in any city in the county, 20 days' notice 
of the offices to be filled. On receiving notice of a general or 
special election, the Township Clerk or Inspector of Elections 
gives notice in writing of the time and place at which such 
election is to be held, with a list of the offices to be filled, which 
notice shall be posted up in at least three of the most public 
places in each township or ward. 

Whenever a proposed constitutional amendment is to be 
submitted to the people, the Secretary of State should notify 
the County Clerks at least 15 days before the election. Between 
July 1st and September 1st preceding a general election the Sec- 
retary of State must notify the Sheriff of each county in writing 
of the state officers to be then elected and also of the number 
of Senators and Representatives to the Legislature to be elected 

63 



in each county, specifying the number and boundaries of each 
district. He also notifies the several Sheriffs of any special 
election to fill vacancies ordered by the Governor, \rith the time 
of holding said election, the cause of such vacancy, the name 
of the office to be filled, and the time when the term of the 
person elected to that office shall expire. 

In the case of general, spring, or special elections the Sheriff 
shall notify the Township Clerk of each township and one of 
the Inspectors of Election in each ward of any city in the county 
that such an election is to be held. Special elections for certain 
county officers may be ordered by the Board of Supervisors of 
the county, who shall give notice to the Township Clerk of each 
township and to one of the Inspectors of Election in each ward 
of any city in the county. . 

Elections: Canvassing of Votes: General Rules. 

Immediately on closing the polls the Board of Inspectors shall 
proceed to publicly canvass the votes, the poll lists are first com- 
pared and corrections made until they are made to agree. The 
ballot box is then opened and the whole number of votes counted. 
If the ballots are in excess of the number shown on the poll list 
they are replaced in the box and one of the Inspectors shall draw 
out and destroy as many unopened ballots as are equal to such 
excess. The Inspectors then select and count the "straight" 
tickets and note the number for each candidate on these. All 
other tickets are laid on a table and cotmted in regular order in 
the manner most convenient for the determination of the result 
of the election. 

Any ballot which does not have the initials of the inspector 
or which has any distinguishing mark or mutilation shall not 
be counted. , 

Any ballot so marked as to make it Impossible to determine 
the elector's choice of candidates shall be void as to the candidate 
or candidates affected. All such ballots must be kept separate 
and marked "not counted" to distinguish from other ballots. 

The votes for the several candidates are noted on a "tally 
sheet" containing the names of all ca.ndldates. 

After the ballots are counted they, together with the tally 
sheet, are placed in the ballot box. which is sealed in such a 
manner that it cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The 
box is then placed in charge of the Township or City Clerk, but 
the ke^'- remains in the hands of the chairman of the Board of 
Inspectors, and the seal in the hands of another Inspector. 

After the tickets have been counted the number of votes for 
each candidate shall be publicly declared by one of the Inspectors. 
The Inspectors shall then file a duplicate "tally sheet," certified 
and signed bv them, with the Township or City Clerk. 

The Inspector shall then prepare duplicate statements of the 
result of the election, certified and signed by them, and send these 
to the Township or City Clerk, who files one in his office and 
sends the other, together with one of the original "tally sheets," 
to the County Clerk. 

One of the poll lists shall be delivered to the Township Clerk 
and the other to the County Clerk, which lists shall be filed and 
preserved bv them in their respective offices. In a city the ballots 
and one of 'such poll lists and statements shall be delivered to 
the City Clerk, and shall be kept and preserved by him. 
EJlection Polls, Adjonrnment of. 

If the polls have been adjourned at noon or any other time 
provided for by law, the clerks must immediately compare the 

64 



poll lists and under the direction of the Board of Inspectors cor- 
rect mistakes until they correspond in all respects; the ballot box 
is then opened and the poll list placed therein, the box locked, 
and at least live minutes before the removal of the same, the 
opening's in the box shall be so covered and sealed with the elec- 
tion seal as that the box cannot be opened without breaking the 
seal. The key is then delivered to one of the Inspectors, the box 
to another and the election seal to another. The box shall not 
be reopened until it has been publicly exposed for five minutes be- 
fore the reopening of the poll. 

On the reopening of the poll the seal may be broken, the box 
opened, the poll list taken out and the box again locked. 

Elections: To^vnsliip Aiiriiial 3Ieetins-. 

At the annual town meeting, held the first Monday in April, 
for election of township officers, the inspectors of election are 
the supervisor, two justices of the peace who do not hold the 
office of supervisor or town clerk, and whose term of office will 
first expire, together with the town clerk and the assessor, if 
there be one. The town clerk must keep faithful minutes of all 
the proceedings and a list of persons voting at the election. 

The polls shall be opened at 9 A. M. and closed bet^ween the 
hours of 3 and 6 P. M., and one hour's notice must be given 
before closing the polls. 

At 1 P. M. any officers to be chosen by viva voce vote shall be 
elected and any other business transacted. After the election the 
inspectors count the ballots and compare theih with the clerk's 
poll list and draw up and certify a statement of the result of 
their canvass and deposit the same with the Town Clerk, who 
must send a copy of such statement to the County Clerk. Within 
two days after the annual election the Town Clerk must notify 
any persons elected at such election. 

Elections, ToTvnsliip 

The Township Board of each Township constitutes a board 
of election commissioners for such township. Names of candi- 
dates must be given by party committees to these election com- 
missioners not less than five days before each election. These fur- 
nish ballots for local offices only, etc., in the same manner as 
election commissioners of counties. See Election Commissioners 
of Counties. 

The Township Registration Board consists of the Supervisor, 
Trea.surer and Clerk of the Township, and provides the Registers 
to receive the names of qualified electors. 

It meets the Saturday next preceding the general election, 
the annual township meeting and any special election. The 
Board of Registration shall be in session at the office of the 
Township Clerk from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. for the purpose of com- 
pleting a list of the qualified electors of such township; and 
every person who is a qualified elector is entitled to have his 
name entered, if it does not already appear on the registration 
list, the board having the right to question the person applying 
so as to assure the legality of his registration. This register must 
be deposited with the Township Clerk for safe-keeping. 

At every session of the Board of Registration of any Town- 
ship it is their duty to review the list of names in the register, 
and if it shall come to their knowledge that any person whose 
name appears therein is dead or has removed, and has ceased to 
be a resident of the township, they shall place the letter D 
against the name of such person or the letter R if he has re- 

65 



moved, with the date when this entry is made and the initials 
of the member of the board making it, and thereafter any such 
name shall be considered as no long'er on the list and be omitted 
in the printed copies made therefrom. In case such entry shall 
be falsely or maliciously made and without credible information, 
the member of the board making it shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor and liable to punishment. 

It is the duty of every Township Clerk within 20 days after 
each general election to make, certify and transmit to the County 
Clerk and also to the Township Treasurer a true copy of such 
register. 

Members of the Registration Board receive compensation at 
the rate of $1.50 per day. 

In case any township is divided into two or more election dis- 
tricts, the Township Board shall transcribe to a District Register 
for each district the names of such electors as belong to that 
district and may appoint a resident qualified elector of each dis- 
trict, who, with one of the members of the Township Board of 
Registration, may hold not to exceed three meetings of one day 
each, after giving suitable notice at such times and places as 
the Township Board of Registration shall direct, in order to 
complete said district registration. 

It is the duty of the Township Board of Registration to see 
that the register of district electors is present at each, district 
polling place for use of the Inspectors of Election. 

In all general or special elections, where any member of Con- 
gress or of the Legislature or any state or county officer is to be 
elected, or amendments to the constitution voted upon, the Super- 
visor and two Justices of the Peace, who do not hold the office of 
Supervisor or Town Clerk, and whose term of office will first ex- 
pire, together with the Township Clerk and the Assessor, if there 
be one. shall constitute Township Inspectors of Election in all 
townships undivided into election districts. But no person who is a 
candidate for election may hold the office of inspector at such 
an election. 

When the Supervisor is on the Township Board of Election 
Inspectors he shall be the chairman thereof, but if absent, the 
inspectors designate their own chairman. The Township Clerk 
acts as clerk of the election and the inspectors must appoint a 
second clerk, and if the Township Clerk is not present they may 
appoint two. 

One or more ballot boxes are required to be provided at the 
expense of the township and kept in the custody of the Town 
Clerk for use at any election. Ballot boxes must be examined 
before the polls are opened to be sure that they are empty, and 
after being locked and closed shall not be opened during the 
election. 

As soon as the poll is opened the Township Clerk shall cause 
the register to be placed in the hands of inspectors of election 
to be used by them during election and to be returned to him 
immediately thereafter, and the inspectors shall not receive the 
vote of any person whose name is not written therein; but in 
case any person shall claim the right to vote, his name may be 
registered by the clerk after he has made oath that he has re- 
sided in the township 20 days, that he is duly qualified as an 
elector and that it was owing to the sickness or bodily infirmity 
of himself or of some relative named or because he was absent 
from the township and was prevented from having his name 
registered, and if some qualified elector of the township shall 
also make oath that he has reason to believe that the statements 

66 



of the person proposing to vote are true; after which his vote 
may be received. 

The Inspectors of Election canvass the township vote and 
declare the same. 

The Township Board of any township containing 300 or more 
electors may divide such township into two or more election dis- 
tricts. Such division must be made 20 days before any election, 
and 15 days before the election notices and diagrams of the dis- 
tricts must be posted in three or more public places. The town- 
ship officers who, by existing laws constitute the Board of Elec- 
tion Inspectors in that township are the Election Inspectors of 
District numbered "one." Two Justices of the Peace and the 
Township Treasurer are the Election Inspectors of District No. 
"two." For each of the remaining districts, if any, the Townshio 
Board appoints three freeholders residing ixf. such districts, to 
act as and have the title of Inspectors of Election in District 
No. 3, etc., who hold office for one year. After the first election 
in District No, 3, etc., the Inspectors of Election are elected by 
ballot at the annual meeting of that district. 

The Township Registration Board furnishes a separate regis- 
ter for each district, and may appoint an elector of a district, 
who, with one of the members of the board, may hold, for three 
days, meetings for registration of electors residing in that dis- 
trict. ■,,',. ' '. '■ .'.'.. . ■., ' .■■'■":"., 
T^. The Inspectors of Election in. township districts other thah 
District No. 1, shall, at the conclusion of an election without ad- 
journing, publicly canvass the votes received by them, and on the 
same day shall set forth in writing in words of full length the 
whole number of votes given for each office, names of persons 
for whom such votes for each office were given and the whole 
number of votes given upon each question voted upon, with the 
number of votes for and against the same; this statement shall 
be certified to by the inspectors as correct, and on the day of 
election the statement and certificate together with the poll list 
and register of electors and the boxes containing said ballots 
shall be deposited with the inspectors of election for District 
No. 1. _ And said inspectors of District No. 1 shall immediately 
consohdate all of the district reports and the result shall con- 
stitute the official canvass of the township. 

Elections, Village ' 

The Village Clerk and two of the Trustees constitute the 
Board of Registration in all incorporated villages. They meet 
on the Saturday previous to the holding of any annual or special 
election and on any other days that the council may appoint 
from 9 a. m. to 8 p. m., for the purpose of completing the list of 
qualified electors. In the absence of the clerk or either' of the 
trustees, the other members of the board may appoint some per- 
son to fill the vacancy. Notice of the time and place of such 
registration must be given with the notice of election. Members 
of the board receive $2 per day as compensation. 

In villages incorporated since Feb. 19, 1895, elections are held 
on the second Monday in March, The President and Clerk and 
two of the Trustees, or any four of the Trustees appointed by 
the council, constitute the Inspectors of Election. The Presi- 
dent, when present, shall be chairman, and the Clerk, clerk of the 
board, and the Inspectors shall appoint one of their number ^s a 
second clerk. 

At least 10 days prior to an election the council must appoint 

67 



three Election Commissioners not more than two of them be- 
longing to the same political party, who shall constitute a board 
for the preparation and printing of ballots and act in the same 
manner as County Commissioners of Elections — see "Election 
Commissioners of Counties." Ballot boxes are provided by the 
council and kept by the Village Clerk. 

The polls shall open at 7 a. m., and be kept open until 5 p. m., 
and the Inspectors shall give notice, 1 hr., 30 min. and 15 
min., before the closing of the polls. Immediately after closing 
the polls, the Inspectors shall, without adjourning, canvass the 
votes, declare the results, and on that same day or the next, set 
forth in writing in detail the whole number of votes cast and 
the number given for each office, certifying the same and de- 
positing it with the poll list and the register of electors and 
the boxes containing the ballots with the Village Clerk. 

Notice and details of an election must be given by the Vil- 
lage Clerk at least 8 days before such election, by posting 
notices in three or more public places and insertion in the village 
newspaper, if any. 

The annual village election is held on the second Monday ol 
March at which time the President, Clerk, Treasurer and As- 
sessor are elected for one year. The President and Trustees of 
any incorporated village having 650 or more electors may divide 
said village into as many election districts as they deem wise, 
all districts to contain as nearly as possible an equal number of 
qualified electors. They shall give not less than 15 days' notice 
of said division before the next ensuing election, either by post- 
ing in not less than three public places in each election district, a 
description of the boundaries of each district, the place of hold- 
ing the election therein, and the number of the district, or by 
stating same in a village newspaper for not less than two weeks 
prior to election. A record of the boundaries and number of each 
district must also be filed with the Village Clerk. Boundaries 
and number of districts may be changed by the President and 
Trustees after giving due notice as above. 

The officers of any village, who, by existing law, constituted 
the Board of Election Inspectors of the village, shall constitute 
the Board of Election Inspectors for District No. 1. 

One of the village trustees with two qualified electors who 
are freeholders and residents of the election district in which 
they are to serve shall be appointed by the officers of said village 
as Inspectors of Election for that district. 

Six days' notice of the first appointment for any district and 
of the place of holding the first election therein shall be given. 
Said district Inspectors of Election hold their office for one year 
and until their successors are appointed and qualified. 

Each Board of District Inspectors selects its own chairman 
and immediately after election, canvasses and reports the votes 
in the same manner as in township election districts, and all 
district inspectors other than those of District No. 1, deposit 
their reports and ballot boxes with the Board of Inspectors of 
District No. 1, (see Elections, Township), who consolidate 
the various reports and' declare the result as the official 
canvass for the village. 

Elections In Cities of Fonrtli C'laas. 

: All incorporated cities having a population not exceeding 

10,000 are designated as cities of the fourth class. 

The annual city election shall be held on the first Monday 
in April. 

68 



The Board of Inspectors in each ward shall consist of the 
ward supervisor, the two aldermen, and one elector to be ap- 
pointed by the council. If for any reason there is a vacancy 
in said board, the council may, a week before election, appoint 
electors to fill such vacancies. Inspectors are paid $2 per day. 

At least 10 days prior to an election, the council must appoint 
three election commissioners, not more than, two of whom may 
belong to the same political party,, who shall constitute a board 
for the preparation and printing" of ballots and act in the same 
manner as County Commissioners of Elections. See "Election 
Commissioners of Counties." - 

The City Council acts as a Board of Canvassers on the Thurs- 
day next succeeding each election and determines the results. 
The City Clerk makes a statement of the result and transmits a 
copy of the same to the County Clerk. 

The Board of Registration of each ward consists of the alder- 
men of that ward, or if the ward has been divided into districts, 
the council may appoint two electors for each district. On the 
Saturday previous to a general city or special election and on 
such other days as the council may appoint the several ward 
Boards of Registration hold sessions from 8 A. M. to 8 P. M. for 
the purpose of completing the list of qualified voters. The place 
of said meetings must be determined by the council at least two 
weeks previous, and at least eight days before such meeting the 
City Clerk shall give notice by hand-bills posted in ten public 
places in each ward or district, of the time and place of such 
meetings. ' 

In the year 1900 and every fourth year thereafter there must 
be a re-registration of all voters. 

The polls shall open at 7 A. M. and be kept open until 5 P. M.. 
and the inspectors shall give notice 1 hour, 30 minutes, and 15 
minutes before the closing of the polls. 

Inspectors shall choose one of their number as chairman, and 
shall appoint one of their number as clerk of the election, and 
another of their number as second clerk. 

Election Boa;rds in Cities. 

This article does not apply to cities of th^ fourth class nor to 
those specially provided for in the acts incorporating them. 
Such persons as are elected by the Common Councils of cities 
constitute a Board of Election Commissioners. Names of candi- 
dates must be given by party committees to them not less than 
five ,days prior to each election. These commissioners furnish 
ballots for local offices, etc., in the same manner as election 
commissioners of counties. See Election Commissioners of Coun- 
ties. . 

Boards of Registration ar6 composed of the aldermen of the 
city unless otherwise provided for. Books are provided, arranged 
to contain an alphabetical list of both christian and surname of 
voters in any precinct, with their residence (street and num- 
ber), and if none, a description of the locality where they live. 

On the third Tuesday and Wednesday preceding any fall, 
spring, charter or special election, from 7 a. m. to 8 p. m., the 
Board of Registration meets at such places in the several wards, 
as they E'hall- have designated two weeks previous by placing 
notices in one or more newspapers, and posting in at least ten 
conspicuous places a handbill in each ward, the said poster to 
contain a list of names then appearing in the register for the 
ward, and at such meeting they complete the list of oualified 
voters by adding those who will be qualified to vote at the next 
election and have not previously registered. 

69 



In order that the registration list may be kept as complete 
as possible, immediately at the close of the polls after any elec- 
tion and before the votes are counted, with the aid of the in- 
spectors, the Clerk of the Board shall insert, write upon, or 
attach to the printed hand-bill of registered electors, the names 
of all electors appearing on the election register and not on the 
hand-bill, so that such hand-bill so corrected shall be a copy of 
the list then appearing in the election register, which list shall 
then be signed by the inspectors, certified to and filed by them 
with the County Clerk. 

At the close of its sessions the board, or the members who 
attended to the registration, shall date and sign the list and 
deposit it with the City Clerk. 

At every session of the Board of Registration it is their duty 
to review the list of names in the register, and if it shall come 
to their knov/ledge that any person whose name appears therein 
is dead, or has removed and has ceased to be a resident of that 
township they shall place the letter D against the name of such 
person or the letter R if he has removed, with the date when 
this entry is made and the initials of the member of the board 
making it, and thereafter any such name shall be considered as 
no longer on the list and be omitted in the printed copies made 
therefrom. In case such entry shall be falsely or maliciously 
made and without credible information, the member of the board 
making it shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and liable 
to punishment. . > ■- 

Each of the members receives compensation for services of 
$2 per day for every day actually spent. 

In all general or special elections, where any member of 
Congress, or of the Legislature, or any state or count3^ officer 
is to be elected, or amendments to the constitution voted upon, 
an alderman shall serve as one of the inspectors of election in 
each ward. . ■:.... 

In each ward or voting precinct in a city the: Board of Inspec- 
tors shall designate one of their number to act as clerk and niay 
appoint an elector as a second clerk. 

When any precinct in a city contains more than 300 electors 
then the City Council may divide it into two or more election 
districts. 

At any general, special or charter election, the City Clerk 
shall cause the registration list of electors in the hands of the 
inspectors of Election to be used by them and returned to him 
fmmediately after such election, and said inspectors shall not 
receive the vote of any person whose name is not written therein, 
but in case any person shall claim the right to vote, his name 
may be registered by the clerk after he has made oath that he 
has resided in the ward twenty days, that he is duly qualified 
as an elector, and that it was owing to the sickness or bodily 
infirmity of himself or of some relative named, or because he 
was absent from the township and was prevented from having 
his name registered, and if some qualified elector of the ward 
shall also make oath that he has reason to believe that the 
statements of the person proposing to vote are true; after which 
his vote may be received. 

City Canvassing Boards are provided for by the special acts 
incorporating each city. 

■ (.' i'-r 'Elections: Re-Registration of Voters. 

Re- registration of all voters is required every four years be- 
ginning with 1900, in Detroit, Wayne County and fourth class 

70 



cities. In the latter it takes place at the time of the regular reer- 
i^tratioit; m Detroit on the fourth Monday and third Tuesday 
and Wednesday precedingr the, general election in November: and 
in Wayne County outside of Detroit on the first Monday in Oc- 
tober and on not less than three nor, more than six days, there- 
at ter. In Wayne County the hours of such general re-registra- 
tion are 9 a. m. to 1 p. m., and 2 to 5 p. m., and in Detroit and 
fourth class cities during the hours designated for registration 
preceding all general elections. 

E}lections, School District 

See Sohool District Elections. / ,, 

Section, County Coiuiuissioners of 

In each county of the state, the Judge of Probate. County 
Clerk and County Treasurer constitute a Boaird of Election Com- 
missioners. Two constitute a quorum and the Judge of Probate 
shall be chairman, and the County Clerk, secretary. This board 
must prepare printed ballots for county, state and national of- 
flces to the number of at least two for each elector according to 
the vote at the last preceding election. These ballots shall con- 
tain the names of the candidates nominated by the regular con- 
ventions of each party, which names must have been forwarded 
by the state, district or county committee to the Election Com- 
missioners not less than 20 days (in Wayne Co. 10 days) before 
any election, together with a copy of the vignette adopted by 
each party. The names of the several candidates must be printed 
m columns beneath their party vignette, but no candidate's name 
may appear in more than one column, although he may have 
"^T?j"^^°"^^"^*^*^ ^y more than one party, but he may elect in 
which column his name shall appear. The names of self-nom- 
inated candidates cannot appear upon the ballot. 

Any amendments to the constitution to be voted upon must 
also appear on said ballot. ^ 

In printing the ticket the vignette of the party having the 
largest number of votes at the last presidential election shall 
appear at the left of the ballot, the others in the same relative 
order. 

^,-,^V^ ^\^ ^^"i.!® of ballots for spring elections, the names of can- 
didates for the offices of Circuit Judge, Justice of the Supreme 
Court and Regent of the University must all appear on one ballot. 
Besides ballots, blue or black pencils must be sunplied by the 
Election Commissioners to the Election Inspectors o^f each town- 
ship, ward or precinct. 

,,„The ballots must contain specific instructions to voters— see 
Elections: Instructions to Voters." 

Elections: Comity Canvassiiig- Boards. 

The Board of Supervisors in every county except Wayne at 
their annual meeting m 1896 and every two years thereafter elect 
by ballot three electors (who shall not be candidates for office) 
who, together with the County Clerk, the last named having no 
vote on said board, constitute a Board of County Canvassers 
but no member of the Board of Supervisors is eligible to mem- 
bership on said board. ^f*'^^" 

In Wayne County the B9ard of County Canvassers consists 
of the Probate Judge who is chairman, the County Treasurer, 
the two County Auditors having the longer term to serve, and 
one elector chosen by the plurality viva voce vote of the Super- 

71 



visors of the county at their annual meeting. An alternate mem- 
ber for said hoard is also elected at said annual meeting. 

It is the duty of this board to meet at the office of the County 
Clerk on the first Tuesday after the first Monday following each 
general election before 1 p. m.. and also on the second Tuesday 
following a spring election. The County Clerk acts as clerk of 
the board and in counties except Wayne,* the members of the 
board elect their own chairman. They have power to adjourn 
from day to day until all the returns have come in. 

This board canvasses the A^ote of the county and prepares a 
statement setting" forth its findings, giving in detail the number 
of votes cast for each candidate and certifying the same. This 
statement or report must be published within 30 days in at least 
two newspapers. 

It is the duty of the clerk of the board within five days of 
the completion of the canvass to send by registered mail three 
certified copies of this report so far as it shall relate to the vote 
for state officers, electors for President and Vice-President, mem- 
bers of congress, members of legislature, and amendments to 
the constitution, together with a certificate of authenticity signed 
by himself and the chairman of the board— one copy to the Gov- 
ernor, one to the Secretary of State, and one to the State Treas- 
urer. The original is kept on file in the office of the County Clerk. 
A complete tabular statement of all offices voted for must be 
filed with the County Clerk and kept by him in a book kept for 
that purpose. 

The County Clerk must send certified copies of the findings of 
the Board of County Canvassers to all persons declared in their 
certificate to have been elected. 

Within 30 days after a general election, the Countj^ Clerk shall 
transmit to the Secretary of State a list of the members of the 
legislature elected in the county, designating both the Senators 
and Representatives by their respective districts, and also a list 
of all the count:/ officers elected in such county at such election, 
together with the respective postoffice addresses of all such sen- 
ators, representatives and county officers. 

As the state is divided according to population into state sen- 
atorial and representative districts, a counts'- may in itself be 
such a district or may contain two or more entire districts, or in- 
clude parts of one or more districts. 

When a county is in itself a senatorial or representative dis- 
trict, or i? divided into senatorial or representative districts, the 
Board of County Canvassers make separate statements of the 
vote for State Senator or Representative in each district. 

When a county includes parts of one or more state senatorial 
or representative districts, the board makes a separate state- 
ment of the votes for Senator and Representative, and sends such 
statements to the Board of District Canvassers for such districts. 

In case of an election to fill vacancy in the office of State Sen- 
ator or Representative during a session of the legislature, the 
Board of County Canvassers meet on the Thursdaj^ following 
the election, canvass the votes and declare the result. 

The members of the County Canvassing Boards are paid such 
sums as the Board of County Supervisors allow, not to exceed $4 
per day. 

The Board of County Canvassers on the second Tuesday aiter 
an election of Circuit Judges and Regents of the University, can- 
vass and certify the returns, and the County Clerk transmits a 
copy to the State Treasurer. 

72 



ISlectjipn, Returns of State Senatorial and Repi'es^entative 

■ ■, '/iT'-^' I -'.'f ■'■>'"•; Districts. ,Vi'' ..h ,:< ..'.■';.:'{ 

Election returns of districts composed of one coanty-or part 
of one county are given to the County Clerk: of that county. 
Election returns of a senatorial district composed of more than 
one county are sent to County Clerk of the county having the 
largest total presidential vote at last presidential election; those 
of a representative district composed of more than one county 
go to the Clerk of the county specified by law. 

Elections: District Canvassins" Boards. 

The districts into which the state is divided for Representa- 
tives and Senators in the legislature have District Canvassing 
Boards distinct from County Canvassing Boards when the limits 
of such districts are greater than that of one county. The Judge 
of Probate, Sheriffs and County Clerks of counties included In 
the district compose this board for canvassing the votes for State 
Senators and Representatives. Three members constitute a 
quorum; the County Register or County Treasurer, or both, of 
the county in which the meeting is held may act in order to con- 
stitiite a board of three. In representative districts they meet 
on the Tuesday after the daj^ on which the county canvass is 
held; in senatorial districts, they meet on the third Tuesday after 
the county canvass. Meetings are held in the office of the County 
Clerk of the county having the largest number of inhabitants 
according to the last census. County Clerks of counties in the 
district other than that in which meetings are held if not present 
themselves must furnish the original statement of votes in their 
counties. The board nfiust then examine these statements of votes 
given in the several counties, determine who have been elected 
and draw up a certified and subscribed statement in words of the 
whole number of votes cast in that district, together with the 
names of persons for whom the votes were ^iven, to which state- 
ment must be appended a certified paper stating who have been 
elected. This statement and certificate must be delivered to the 
clerk of the county in which their meeting is held and also printed 
in some newspaper in the district. The County Clerk receiving 
said statement and certificate without delay must mail a copy of 
the certificate to the Secretary of State and must also certify 
and mail other copies to the persons therein stated to have been 
elected. 

The members of the District Canvassing Boards are paid such 
sums as the Board of County Supervisors .allow. 

Elections: State Canvassing- Board. 

The Secretary of State, State Treasurer and Commissioner of 
the Land Office constitute this board. Two of these form a 
quorum. 

If no returns are received from the Board of County or Dis- 
trict Canvassers or County Clerks by the Secretary of State. 
Governor, or State Treasurer, then the Secretary of State shall 
send a special messenger to obtain the returns from County 
Clerks so failing to do their duty. 

This Board meets at the office of Secretary of State on or 
before the 15th of December after a general election and within 
40 days after a special election to canvass the votes for all 
state officers and Representatives in Congress ; they then deter- 
mine what persons have been elected to the several offices and 
certify the same to the Secretary of State, who shall notify every 
person so elected under the seal of his office. 

73 



For the purpose of canvassing votes given for Presidential 
Electors, the board meets on the Wednesday after the third Mon- 
day of November, or on such other day as the Secretary of State 
shall appoint, to examine, determine and certify as to the election 
of such Presidential Electors, and the Secretary of State shall 
notify the persons elected. 

For the purpose of canvassing amendments to the constitu- 
tion or approving of any banking law or amendment thereto, the 
board meets on call of the Secretary of State on or before the 
20th day of the month in which such amendments are voted upon, 
to examine, declare and certify as to the result of the vote on 
any such amendments. 

This board also canvasses the returns pertaining to Circuit 
Judges, Judges of Supreme Court and Regents of the University 
elected at spring elections. See also "State Board of Canvassers." 

Blectioxi I^aTvs;^ OfCens-es Agaiust 

Any person who, by. bribery, menace or other corrupt means 
or device, directly or indirectlj% attempts to influence any elector 
in giving his vote, or prevent or interrupt him, is liable to fine 
and imprisonment.- -- 

Any person not a qualified voter who gives in a vote or one 
who shall attempt to vote more than once is liable to fine and 
imprisonment. 

Any person who endeavors to induce any person to vote who 
is not qualified to vote, is liable to fine and imprisonment. 

Any person who shall bet or wager any money or other prop- 
erty on any election is liable to a fine of from $5 to $500. 

Any person who^ shall act as the custodian of any money or 
property wagered, or who shall keep a room for the purpose of 
registering or shall. record any such bets or wagers is liable to 
fine and imprisonment. 

Any person- who shall offer any office or employment in order 
to induce a, voter to vote or refrain from voting shall be deemed 
guilty of bribery and liable to fine of $200. 

Any person who shall solicit before or during any election 
any money, employment or office, for the control of his vote, shall 
be deemed guilty "of bribery and liable t^ fine. of ^$200. 

Any person who shall directly or indirectly . ' discharge or 
threaten to discharge any person for the purpose- of influencing 
his vote, shall be deemed guilty of corrupt practice and liable to 
fine and imprisonhaent. 

Any person who personates or votes under the name of any 
other person is deemed guilty of a misderaieanor and liable to fine 
or imprisonment. 

Bonafide payment by any candidate of fair and reasonable 
cost tor printing tickets and slips and of advertising in news- 
papers or by posters and reasonable and bonafide expenses in- 
curred in holding meetings, getting speakers, and gettmg people 
to the same and of obtaining and distributing papers and tickets 
and bringing voters to the polls, are held to be legitimate pro- 
ceedings. 

No delegate to any city, county, congressional or state polit- 
ical convention can delegate any other person to serve as his 
proxy. Vacancies in a delegation can only be filled by a majority 
vote of the delegation. /«' 

■ No election can be held in a saloon, bar room, or room'*a^2 
thereto; if such a place is established after the election place 
has been selected, the Inspectors maj^ meet and adjourn to some 
other place. 

74 



Eilectloneering; Expenses of Candidates. 

No candidate may provide/pay for, or engage to pay for any 
entertainment, for any meeting of electors prior to or during 
the election in which he runs for office, nor may he contribute 
money for any purpose connected with the election except for 
defraying the expenses of office room or hall rent, postage, sta- 
tionery and clerk hire, music at public meetings, the pay and 
expense of public speakers, transportation of committeemen, the 
pay of challenges at the polls and of persons to inspect the 
registration of voters and of persons employed to make lists of 
the votes in election precincts, and of printing, and the circu- 
lation of handbills and other papers previous to any such elec- 
tion, or for conveying electors to the polls. 

E^lectiou Voting; Macliines. 

The Board of Supervisors of any county or the Common 
Council of any city or village may authorize the use of any 
thoroughly tested voting machine at the township, city, or village 
election following their meeting. 

These machines must be prepared for an election by the 
Election Commissioners of the county or city. There shall be 
a booth for each machine and instructions for operating same 
placed in each booth. When a machine has been authorized to 
be used, it must be on exhibition at the registration preceding the 
election so that voters may become familiar with it. 

The use of the Rhines' Vote Recorder, the Abbott "Voting 
Machine and the Myers' Automatic Ballot Machine is authorized 
by law, and the manner of using them described in chapter 97 
of the General Election Laws. 

r') [ Elections, Tvro Day. 

State elections lasted. for two days until the passage of Act 
of May 16, 1846. 

Electors, Presidential. 

The direct connection of the state with the Government of 
the United States comes primarily through the appointment, by 
vote at the presidential elections, of as many presidential electors 
as the whole number of United States senators and representa- 
tives to which the state is to be entitled when the President 
elected comes Into office. 

These presidential electors receive no pay and are bound by 
honor alone to cast the vote of the state in favor of the candi- 
date of the ticket upon which they were elected. They meet on 
the second Monday of January following the election in their own 
states, and deposit their votes. The record of their votes is then 
certified to and sealed, after which some one is appointed to de- 
liver it personally to the president of the senate at Washington 
before the first Wednesday in January following their meeting. 
This "messenger," so-called, receives railroad mileage for the 
service. Another copy Is sent by mail to the same officer, and 
a third deposited with the judge of the district. 

Only states fully admitted into the Union may choose presi- 
dential electors. 

The first presidential election in which Michigan participated 
was the thirteenth. It was held in the fall of 1836, and placed 
Martin Van Bur en in the presidential office.?// ;;.,, 

Electric Railroads. 

See "Railroads, Suburban and Electric." 

75 



Elinmet GoniiLty 

was created in 184G under the name of Tonedagana; the name 
was changed to Emmet in 1843. The original name did not com- 
memorate any Indian name of note, but the name Emmet was 
given to perpetuate the memory of Robert Emmet, the so- 
called "patriot leader" in Ireland, who was arrested as a rebel 
and hung Sept. 20, 1793. The county was organized in 1853 and its 
present limits date from an Act of 1895. The county seat was 
originally at Mackinaw City, then at Traverse City and is now 
at Harbor Springs. Acres in county, 299,234. Population in 1860, 
1,155; 1870, 1,211; 1880, 6,640; 1890, 8,756; 1894, 10,382; 1900, 15,931. Votes 
cast at spring election of 1899, 2,703. Presidential vote in 1900, 
McKinley 2,351, Bryan 1,291. 

^ MACKINAW 

|)CltY 




CHARLEVOIX 

Ref.:—1 Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Walloon 
Lake. 3. G. R & I. Ry. 

Copyright 1901, by Sflas Farmer. 

Employees, Seats for "Female 

"All persons who employ females, in stores, shops, offices or 
manufactories, as clerks, assistants, operatives or helpers in any 
business, trade or occupation carried on or operated by them, 
shall be required to procure and provide proper and suitable seats 

76 



f 01' all such females, and shall permit the use of such seats, rests 
or stools as may be necessary, and shall not make any rules, reg- 
ulations or orders preventing the use of such stools or seats, when 
such female employees are not actively employed in their work 
in such business or employment."— State Law. 

Employees; Fire Escapes for. 

Fire escapes must be provided for all manufacturing estab- 
lishments two or more stories in height, if, in the opinion of the 
factory inspector, it is necessary to insure the safety of the per- 
sons there employed. 

Proper and substantial hand rails must also be provided on 
all stairways in manufacturing establishments, and where, in 
the opinion of the factory inspector, it is necessary, the steps of 
such stairs in all such establishments shall be substantially cov- 
ered with rubber securely fastened thereon for the better safety 
of persons employed in said establishments. The stairs shall be 
properly screened at sides and bottom where females are em- 
ployed, and where practicable the doors of such establishments 
shall swing outwardly or slide as ordered by said factory in- 
spector, and shall be neither locked, bolted or fastened during 
working hours. 

Employees: Legal Day's Woi'li in Certain Businesses. 

In all factories, workshops, salt blocks, sawmills, logging or 
lumber camps, booms 'or drives, mines or other places used for 
mechanical manufacturing, or other purposes within the State 
of Michigan, where men or women are employed, 10 hours per 
day shall constitute a legal day's work. 

Employees, Noon Meal Time in Factories for. 

Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday 
meal in any manufacturing establishment in this state. 

Employees: Who May Be Employed. 

No male under the age of 18 years and no female under the 
age of 21 years, shall be employed in any manufacturing estab- 
lishment or store employing more than ten persons 
in this state for any longer period than 60 hours in one 
week unless for the purpose of making necessary repairs to ma- 
chinery in order to avoid the stoppage of the ordinary running 
of the establishment: Provided, that no more than 10 hours shall 
be exacted from such male minors or females under 21 years on 
any day unless for the purpose of making a shorter work day on 
the last day of the week. 

No child under 14 years of age shall be employed in any manu- 
facturing establishment, hotel, or store within this state. 

No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed by any 
person, firm or corporation conducting any manufacturing estab- 
lishment in this state, at employment whereby its life or limb 
is endangered, or its health is likely to be injured, or its morals 
may be depraved by such employment. 

Above laws do not apply to canning factories nor evaporating 
works. 

Eq.tialization of Taxes. 

See State Board of Equalization. 

Escbeated Property. 

See "State Board of Trustees of Escheated Property." 

77 



E^xaniinations for School Teachers. 

See School Teachers, Examinations for. 

Exemption of Personal Property. 

See "Personal Property, Exemption of. from Forced Sale." See 
also "Taxation, Real Property Exempted." and "Taxation, Per- 
sonal Property Exempted." 

Express Companies. 

The following express companies operate in Michigan; for 
the names of the railroads on which they operate see "Rail- 
roads, Stations, and Distances": American, United States, Na- 
tional, Pacific, Adams and Western. 

Factories. 

In 1899 the State Commissioner of Labor inspected 4,438 fac- 
tories which were then in operation. There were then employed 
therein 161,332 males, and 23,221 females. 

Fairs, State. 

See State Agricultural Society. 

Families in State. 
In 1894 there were 506.779. 

Farms in Michigan. 

In 1900 there were 158,783 farms in the state with an average 
of 80 acres each. The total amount of improved land in farms 
was 9.533,700 acres, and of unimproved lands forming part of the 
farms, 4,412,1-32 acres. 

Federal Officei's. 
See United States Officials. 

Female Employees, Seats for 
See Employees, Female. 

Fences. 

A legal fence must be 4% feet high and line fences are to be 
paid for equally by owners on the two sides. 

Fires, Brnsh or Clearingr 

Every person who shall wilfully or negligently set fire to any 
woods, prairies or grounds, not his own property, or wilfully or 
negligently permit any fire to pass from his own premises to 
those of any other person, is liable to fine or imprisonment. 
Township Boards may prohibit the setting of fires for the pur- 
pose of clearing lands wherever they deem such fires danger- 
ous. North of parallel 44 of north latitude, which runs through 
the centre of Mason, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Gladwin and Arenac 
Counties, notice must be given in w^riting to residents adjoining 
one full day in advance of setting any fire for clearing land. 

Fire Escapes for Employees. 

See Employees, Fire Escapes for. 

Fires, Forest. 

Different sections of the state have occasionally suffered 
from forest fires. In the fall of 1871 forest fires did consider- 
able damage in various parts of the state. 

.7S 



^ 



Ten years later, in 1881,, the state 'alsb' feuffe'red severely from 
the same cause and a special session oi the legislature was held 
in 1882, which voted :?250,000 to relieve the sufferers especially in 
Sanilac, Huron and Tuscola Counties. The legislature also voted 
$15,000 to aid in rebuilding school houses in the affected localities. 

Fire Insurance. ' , ' 

The aggregate of all fire insurance business,i in., Mik 
i^^afi' 'by ^authorized companies for 1900 wa$ fj^^ follo.^s:,., '^i ,"''i, 
;'■'''%■■.'"";.' .;,,' .!;':' Risks "■Xosses.. 

' ■ ;, .iWritten. Premiums. Incurred. 

Michigan Companies '„..... ,;..^, $30,636,346 $ 340,135 $ 132,41tj 

Companies of Other States.. 257,541,549 3,077,993 1,784,557 

Foreign Companies, U. S. 

Branches 116,265,545 1,525,133 1.055,481 



Totals $404,443,440 $4,943,263 $2,910,685 

Taxes paid in Michigan: 

By Companies of Other States $94,837,22 

By Foreign Companies, U. S. Branches v, $48j663.;93 

First Wliite Visitors and Missionax'ies, 

It is almost literally true that wherever a stream of water 
flowed thC; Jesuits and French commandants followed its course* 
From the Lakes to New Orleans and eastward to the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, travelers, single and in groups, and eventually troops 
of soldiers, went, apparently with as little care as one now has 
in the journey of 100 miles in a palace coach, through a settled 
countr3\ It is impossible for us to realize the daring and bravery 
exhibited in those long and tedious trips. 

Jacques Cai'tier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence as early as 
1534 and seven years later sought to establish a colony on the 
river of same name, but gave it up. 

Champlain is said to have visited this locality as early as 1610; 
that he came here in 1611 or 1612 is positively asserted in French 
colonial records. 

Notwithstanding these positive assertions, there seems to bfe 
no definite evidence that Champlain visited the Detroit. In the 
very complete translation of his works by the Prince Society, is 
the assertion that the location of the strait was described to him 
by the Indians as early as 1603; but there is nothing in his works 
so far as published, to verify the statements made in the New 
York Documents. 

The first known white visitor to any portion of the country 
embraced in Michigan was Jean Nioolet. He landed at Sault 
Ste. Marie in 1634 and was followed by the Jesuits, Raymbault 
and Jogues. in 1641, who maintained a mission for a fev/ years. 
Father Marquette came in 1668, re-established the mission at the 
"Soo," and within a year or two after missions were opened at 
Mackinac and St. Ignace. Pere Dablon came in 1669. 

Marquette died at what is now known as Ludington, on Lake 
Michigan, May 19, 1675, and in the spring of 1676 his remains were 
taken to Point St. Ignace, near Mackinac. The first white trav- 
eler through the Detroit was possibly the Sieur Joliet; he is be- 
lieved to have passed here in 1670. and was at Sault Ste. Marie 
in that year. In this same year the Sulpitian priests Galinee and 
Dollier, with three canoes and seven men, passed through the 
Detroit and Lake St. Clair. They left La Chine July 6, 1669, and 
arrived at Detroit in the spring of 1670. 

79 



In the fall of 1678, the Chevalier de la Salle sent 15 men up the 
lakes to trade with the Indians; and on July 22, 1679, M. Tonty 
with five men went from Niag^ira to join them. La Sa^lle, with 
Father Louis Hennepin, one other Franciscan monk, and 30 arti- 
sans, in Le Griffon, overtook those who had gone before, at or 
near the site of Detroit, on Aug. 10, 1679. Taking the others 
on board, Le Griffon proceeded on her way, visited St. Ignace, 
reached Washington Island safely, and on Sept. 18 started for 
Niagara, but was lost in the northern part of Lake Michigan. 
After it became evident that Le Griffon was lost. La Salle, with 
others of the party, crossed from St. Joseph to Detroit by land, 
arriving about the middle of April, 1680. Thej'- then crossed the 
Detroit River, on a raft and proceeded to Niagara. 

None of these miissions, however, were in any sense colonies 
or settlements, the first real settlement being made at Detroit 
in 1701. Monroe was settled by the French in 1784. 

Fisli ti,n«l Fisheries. 

Michigan has the most productive fresh water fisheries in the 
United States. All the important towns on the shores of the 
great lakes and their connecting straits are the centers of a 
fishing interest which employs steam and sail vessels of small 
tonnage, and has a large amount of capital invested in nets, 
shanties, ice-houses, boats and their outfit. The catch is prin- 
cipally whitefish, lake trout, sturgeon, bass, pickerel and herring. 

The capital invested in the commercial fisheries of the state 
exceeds ^1,000,000. The annual catch exceeds 35,000,000. lbs., hav- 
ing a wholesale value of over $1,000,000. More than 2,900 miles of 
nets are in use every year, and employment is furnished to about 
4,500 men. 

It is estimated by men of intelligence that the value of our 
yearly catch of fish is greater than that of all taken in fresh 
waters in the remaining states of the union. 

There are nearly 1,000 streams in the lower peninsula, distrib- 
uted through 56 counties, all open to fishing and in which brook 
trout may be found in comparative abundance. ' 

There are five state fish stations, located as follows: At 
Paris, Mecosta County; Mill Creek, Kent County; Glenwood, Cass 
County; Sault Ste; Marie, and Detroit. Besides these there are 
several supplemental stations not having full equipments. At 
the Paris station, brook, rainbow and lake trout are hatched. 
At Mill Creek and at Glenwood, bass are hatched. At Sault Ste. 
Marie, whitefish and trout; and at Detroit, whitefish and wall- 
eyed pike. The hatchery at Detroit is the largest and most com- 
plete in the world. It contains 1,050 hatching jars, each capable 
of running four quarts of eggs; a total capacity of over 150,000,000 
df I whitefish eggs. 

■ : The total value of the property and apparatus of the State 
Fish Commission amounts to $46,677. 

'the number and kinds of fish hatched and distributed during 
3897 and 1898 were: Lake trout, 4,035,000; brook trout, 4,184,500; rain- 
bow trout, 144,000; landlocked salmon, 12,700; small mouth bass 
(fry), 3,000; small mouth bass (fingerlings), 3,150; wall-eyed pike, 
73,920,000; whitefish, 120,420,000— Total, 202,722,350. ■— ; • . 

The kinds of fish caught in 1897 and 1898 and the nuiiiber bt 
pounds and their value is as follows : 

Fish caught. .'J;(i'- Pounds Value. 

Whitefish ". 4,639,014 $186,777.18 

Lake trout , 6,580,454 246.121.15 

80 



Fish caught. Pounds. Value. 

Pike-perch 2,432,597 $82,982.24 

Herring 12,957,646 98,510.53 

Sturgeon 184,881 9,640.19 

Bass 57,750 1,681.50 

Saugers. :. 103,600 1,057.00 

Perch . . . .=.«J .-c(.fJ.J. .moAJ. .tuiu. 2,090,8.50 25,172.92 

Suckers v 2,163,300 24,428.00 

Catfish •. ...'."...'... 229,650 5,806.50 

Caviare 44,119 9,663.35 

All other kinds 1,118,884 17,991.35 

Total 32,602,745 $709,831.91 

Nearly the entire state may now be regarded as brook trout 
territory, for it has been demonstrated that nearly all brooks 
and smaller watercourses are brook trout waters and may be 
planted with entire confidence as to results. See also "State 
Board of Fish Commissioners" and "Game and Fish Laws." 

Five Million Loan. . 

This state loan originated as follows: The crowds, of emi- 
grants that came just before and after the state was admitted, 
the new settlements they built up all over the state, the pressing 
need thus caused for more easy and rapid transit through the 
interior, and the rejoicing of all parties over the admission of the 
state to the union, caused the legislature to 4ct like one who, 
youthful and inexperienced, has suddenly become heir to an im- 
mense estate. In the month of March, 1837, was passed, not only 
the notorious Wildcat Banking Law, but also a law providing 
for borrowing on the bonds of the state the enormous amount 
of $5,C00,000, to be expended in internal improvements under -Otie 
direction of seven commissioners. The estinriated cost of the 
improvements undertaken reached the sum of neatly $8,000,000; 
these inclTjded four railroads, three canals, and the improvement 
of the Grand, Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers, and appropria- 
tions were actually made for the roads and canals, and for two 
of the rivers. All of the railroads and canals were to be built 
and operated solely by the state. The roads were named the 
"Southern," from Monroe to New Buffalo, the "Northern," from 
Port Huron to Grand Rapids, the "Central," from Detroit to St. 
Joseph, and the "Havre Branch," from Havre, in Monroe County, 
to the Ohio State line. Of the canals, the "Clinton and Kala- 
mazoo" was to extend from Mt. Clemens to the mouth of the 
Kalamazoo on Lake Michigan, the "Saginaw or Northern," from 
the forks of Bad River to Maple River, and the "St. Mary's" 
was designed to avoid the rapids in the St. Mary's River. The 
most of these projects were actually needed about as much afe 
the banks which kept them company. The railroads built by 
the state are elsewhere described. Upon the canals and river im- 
provements over $3,000,000 were expended, but no one of these pub- 
lic works was brought to completion. The embankments of sev- 
eral of these works look like Indian mounds, and xemaln to this 
day as relics of the dead past and departed glory. 

Out of the total sum of $5,000,000 worth of bonds the state, 
owing to the trickery and failure of those with whom they were 
negotiated, received only .S3, 525,565, but in order to presex-ve its 
credit the state has paid in full all of the bonds that have been 
presented. 

81 



Flags on Scbool Houses. 

See School Houses, Flags on. 

Flora of Micbig^an. 

.^ In 1881 the Michigan Horticultural Society published a list 
•w. 1,634 flowering trees and plants found in Michigan, with 
their" common and botanical names and their habitat. 

Floi*-er of State. 

See "State Flower." 

Forestry Commissioners. 

See "State Board of Forestry Commissioners.'.' 

Forts. 

'Se0.U- S. Forts in Michigan. 

' Fractional To-%vns and Sections. 

See "Surveys: Fractional Towns and Sections." 

Free Public Liibraries. 

See Libraries, Free Public. 

Frencli and Engrlisli Rule. 

The fish of Newfoundland, the furs of New France, and 
French jealousy of Spanish achievements, were all prime factors 
in the efforts made by F"rance to obtain possession of this new 
world. Added to these, there were political and religious ambi- 
tions that knew no limit, incarnated in men who feared nothing 
and would dare everything to further the interests of la belle 
France and the Jesuit order. They went everywhere, and every- 
where the "Lily and the Cross marked the route they traveled. 
Colonies f cllow^ed in their wake, and all deeds done in each were 
spread before the king, and discoursed upon by his ministers. 
From the time M. de Champlain visited the lakes, the French 
Government claimed this region as its own. All of Canada, and 
what is now known as the Northwest, was variously designated 
as New France, Louisiana, or Canada. 

During French rule, no less than three kings and three regents 
exercised authority over Detroit and its surroundings. After the 
death of Henry IV., on May 14, 1610, his widow, Mary de Medici, 
became regent, and continued as such until 1617, when Louis 
XIII., at the age of 16, assumed the kingship. The celebrated 
Cardinal Richelieu was appointed as his prime minister, and 
served until 1642. During his sway, on July 29, 1629, Quebec was 
captured by the English, and remained in their possession, with 
Louis Kertk as governor, until the treaty of March 29, 1632, when 
it was surrendered to the French. Louis XIII. died May 14, 1643, 
and his widow, Anne of Austria, became regent, with Cardinal 
Mazarin as prime minister. He continued in office until 1661. The 
regency of Anne of Austria ended in 1651, and Louis XIV., at the 
age of 14, became king. He reigned until his death, Sept. 1, 1715. 
The Duke of Orleans then became regent, serving Until 1723, when 
Louis XV.. then only 13 years old, was crowned king. During his 
reign, on Sept. 8. 1760, Canada was surrendered by Marquis Vaud- 
reull to General Jeffrey Amherst, and on Nov. 29, 1760, Detroit 
was given up by the French Commandant Bellestre to Major 
Robert Rogers. In 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, sometimes called 
the Treaty of Versailles, it was fully surrendered, and George 

88 



III. of England became the sovereign of Detroit. Four kings, 
therefore, have ruled this region. 

Frencli Faraus. 

See "Lands, Private Claims." 

Frost Bitten Convention. 
See State Boundary. 

Fruits. 

Lake Michigan is the cherishing mother of the fruit growers 
along its eastern coast. With its 3,400 cubic miles of water in one 
basin, it maintains a very even temperature throughout the year; 
and this, with the fact that about 65 per cent of our winter winds 
are westerly, gives the key to our peculiar success in hoi-ticulture. 

From at least a dozen harbors upon the lake shores large 
steamers laden to their gunwales with fruit and vegetables make 
dally trips to Chicago and Milwaukee, from which points the 
surplus is distributed through the northwest. 

Every variety of apple, pear, plum and cherry can be suc- 
cessfully grown upon nearly every farm, and the peach is a safe 
and profitable crop on all of the high rolling lands lying within 
30 miles of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. 

Grapes do well on the hillsides everywhere, and all varieties 
of berries yield large annual crops. 

"Michigan apples" are the tpye of excellence in all the states 
east of the Rocky Mountains. Monroe County is at the head of 
Lake Erie, and along its shores are the most extensive and suc- 
cessful vineyards in the state. 

Wild berries grow luxuriantly in all parts of the state, the 
most prolific being the blackberry, raspberry, cranberry and 
whortleberry. Currants and gooseberries thrive in all sections 
of Michigan. 

Within the past 10 years the interest in the growing of cran- 
berries has rapidly increased, and it is likely that within a short 
time the home-grown berries will supply the demand. The larg- 
est plantation is the Comings marsh in Berrien County, near St. 
Joseph, and another is at Whitefish Point, in Chippewa County. 

Closely following the strawberry in season comes the rasp- 
berry, red and black, and the blackberry, and of these enormous 
quantities are grown. 

In 1898 there was produced in Michigan 1,872,147 bushels of 
peache.s, 387,446 bushels of strawberries and 247,446 bushels of 
raspberries. 

Fruit and Vegetable Barrels, Size of 

See Barrels, Size of. Fruit and yegetable. 

Fur-Tr-ading-. 

For more than a century, under French, English and Amer- 
ican rule, the fur trade was the most important interest. Im- 
mense quantities of furs were received and forwarded. Over 
100,000 beaver skins were shipped in a single year. In 1829 furs 
to the amount of $325,000 were exported and the shipments of 
raw furs to Europe, even now, reach a considerable value yearly. 

The methods of trade were much the same among all who 
trafficked with the Indig^ns, the slowness of the returns in some 
measure counterbalancing the otherwise large profits. Goods 
ordered in the fall would not arrive till the following summer. 
In the winter they would be exchanged, for furs, which generally 
did not reach London or Paris until nearly a year later. In this 
way, three years, and often 42 months, were required to complete 
the circuit of trade. 

83 



Pnrnitiire. 

Grand Rapids, known as the Furniture City, is doubtless the 
greatest furniture market in the country. Its semi-annual furni- 
ture fairs held for more than 15 years past, attract buyers from 
all over the United States and Europe, and the displays would 
attract attention in any part of the World. 

Game. 

Game is among our most important natural resources. Hares, 
rabbits and squirrels are numerous in the settled as well as in 
the newer counties. Michigan is peculiarly the American home 
of the partridge or pheasant (ruffled grouse) so highly prized by 
epicures, and the prairie chicken (pinnated grouse) is found 
within its borders. The list of feathered, game common in the 
state also includes the wild turkey, woodcock, snipe and plover 
and wild pigeon. The lakes and rivers about and in Michigan 
abound both in web-footed fowls and edible fishes. Wild geese 
and ducks of all varieties and in countless numbers feed upon 
their surface. Black bear and deer are also found in the north- 
ern counties. 

in the Upper Peninsula the game consists of rabbit, partridges, 
deer and bear. Wolves, otter, beaver, mink, muskrats and other 
fur-bearing animals are trapped. Speckled trout are plentiful 
in the streams and Lake Superior affords fishing grounds for 
them second to no place in the U. S. 

Gaiue and Fisb. liafvs. 

The following is a synopsis of the more important provisions 
of the Game and Fish L.aws of Michigan: 

l>eer — Open season Novenaber 8th to 30th, inclusive, in each 
year, except on the Island of Bois Blanc, and the counties of 
Lapeer, Huron, Monroe, Saniiac, Tuscola, Macomb. Allegan, 
Ottawa and St. Clair, where deer cannot be hunted until 1906; 
No person can kill more than thi*ee deer in any one year. No 
person can hunt deer without first procuring a hunter's license 
from the County Clerk. Resident license, seventy-five cents; 
non-resident license, $25. Use of dogs in hunting, pursuing or 
killing deer, and the killing of any fawn in the spotted coat or 
any deer in the red coat is prohibited. The use of anj' artificial 
light in hunting, pursuing or killing deer is unlawful. No deer 
or portion' of a deer can be lawfully shipped without a license 
tag accompanies same. Moose, elk and caribou are protected 
until 1911. 

Fox, Black and Graj^ Squirrels — Open season October 15th to 
November 30th, both inclusive. It is unlawful to pursue, injure, 
capture or kill any such squirrels at any time in any public or 
private park. 

Beaver are protected until 1906. Otter, Fisher and Marten- 
Open season November loth to May 1st. Wolf, Lynx and Wild 
Cats— Bounty of $15 on old wolf; $7 on wolf whelp under three 
months old; $5 on lynx; $3 on wild cats. Mink, Raccoon, Skunk 
and Musk-Rats— Must not be taken during the months of Sep- 
tember and October. 

Partridge, Quail, Spruce-Hen and Woodcock— Open season 
October 1st to November 30th, both inclusive. Prairie Chickens. 
Mongolian and English Pheasants, Wild Turkey and Wild 
Pigeon, not to be killed until 1910. 

Ducks, Geese and all Wild Water Fowl— Open season October 
1st to November 30th, both inclusive, from one-half hour before 
sunrise to one hour after sunset in each day. Jack snipe, blue- 
Si 



bill, canvas-back, widgeon, pin-tail, whistler, spoon-bill, butter- 
ball and saw-bill ducks may be killed frona March 2d to April 
10th in each year. The use of any floating device or contrivance 
propelled by, or using as motive power, steam, gas, naphtha, 
oil, gasoline or electricity, or the use of any swivel or punt 
gun, battery, sink boat or similar device, save only a gun of not 
greater size than ten caliber, such gun to be held in the hands 
at the time of firing, in hunting for or killing any wild water- 
fowl is unlawful. 

Antwerp or Homing Pigeon and Mourning Doves — It is un- 
lawful to capture or destroy by any means v/hatever any Ant- 
werp or homing pigeon or mourning dove at any time. No song 
or insectiverous bird, excepting blackbirds, English sparrows or 
crows, can be killed or captured at any time. • .< -. 

Dogs must not be practiced or trained uiiOTil wmy game bird 
or animal during their respective close seasons, provided that 
any person without firearms in his possession may practice or 
train dogs upon game birds for fifteen days next preceding the 
opening of the season in each year. 

Speckled Trout,' Grayling, Landlocked Salmon, California 
Trout, German Brown Trout— Open season May 1st to September 
1st (excepting Maple River in Emmet County, which is from 
May 1st to August 1st) ; only to be taken with hook and line, and 
it is unlawful to have in possession any of these kinds of fish 
less than six Inches in length. It is unlawful to take from the 
waters of Au Sable River or any of its tributaries, any brook 
trout, speckled trout, rainbow trout or California trout of a 
less size than eight inches in length, or for any person to take 
from said waters more than fifty fish of the kinds abov« named 
in any one day, or to take with him therefrom or to have in his 
possession at any point away therefrom more than fifty fish 
of said kinds at any one time. 

Black Bass— May be taken with hook and line only, from 
May 20th to April 1st following thereafter; must not be sold 
during the close season. 

Speckled Trout. Grayling. Land-Locked Salmon, California 
Trout— May be killed from May 1st to Sept. 1st. 

Bass. Trout, Land-Locked Salmon and Grayling must not be 
cauRht in any way except by hook and line. 

Streams in which brook trout are not native, stocked with 
such trout, are protected by law three years after the first plant 
of such trout therein. 

It is not lawful for any person to capture in any manner In 
any; of the mland or public waters of the state, or* have In his 
possession, brook trout or grayling of a less size than six (6) 
inches m length. 

In Russell Creek or any of its tributaries flowing through sec- 
tions 18, 19. 20 and the S. W. quarter of section 17, in the Town- 
ship of Hart, Oceana County, fishing by any means whatsoever 
is prohibited until 1909. 

In Round Lake in Townships of Liberty a;nd Hanover in 
Jackson County, it is unlawful to catch black bass under d' inches 
and no fingerling lake troiit may be taken until 1904. ' ■ - 

In Bear Lake, Charlevoix County, and its tributaries, catch- 
ing small-mouthed bkss is prohibited from, Oct. ^5th to May 31st 
of year following. ..'■' --mi, <.>■.>■ . ■.■ 

In that part of Maple River flowing .through Center. 
Eggleston and Maple River Townships, Emmet County, speckled 
trout and grayling not to be taken from Aug. 1st to May 1st. 

85 



Ill Round Lake, Lenawee County, and Whitmore J^ake, Wash- 
tenaw County, fishing is prohibited during December, January, 
February and March; in Reed's Lake and Fisk's Lake, Kent 
County, prohibited during October, November, December, Jan- 
uary, February, March and April; in inland lakes of Alpena and 
PresQue Isle Counties, prohibited during January, February, 
March and April; in Walloon or Bear Lake. Charlevoix and Em- 
met Counties, for small-mouthed black bass, prohibited from 
April 15 to July 12; in Otsego I/ake, Otsego County, prohibited, ex- 
cept from May 1 to Nov. 1. 

In Indian and Magician Lakes, Cass County, it is unlawful 
to catch bass fi'om December 1st to June 1st, following. 

In south arm of Pine Lake, Charlevoix County, it is unlawful 
to catch any kind of fish within 300 feet of the mouth of any 
stream or within 300 feet north of the bridge connecting South 
Arm and East Jordan from November loth to April 15th. inclusive. 

In Mill Lake, Bloomingdale township, of Van Buren County, 
fishing is prohibited from December 1st to May 1st, until De- 
cember, 1904. ,. 

In Clam Lake, Grass and Clam Rivers, Antrim County, it is 
unlawful to catch any kind of fish from December 1st to April 
1st of following year. 

Nets are prohibited in all waters of the State from October 
30 to December 15. 

It shall be unlawful to fish with a net within a radius of one 
hundred feet of any fish chute or ladder. 

It is not lawful to use any kind of continuous nets at any 
time in the inland waters of the State. 

The sale or purchase, or shipment for the purpose of sale, 
of Grayling and Brook Trout is prohibited at all times. 

Inland Lakes. — Nothing but hook and line can be used in 
any inland lake. Even set lines or night lines are prohibited, 
and to be found on a lake with spear, jack, net. set lines, SLTti- 
ficial lights, explosives, etc., is prima facie evidence of guilt. 

Spearing Fish.— Spearing is not permitted in any of the 
inland waters of the State, excepting where local acts permit it. 



All swamp lands lying along the borders of Lakes Huron, 
Erie, Michigan, Superior and St. Clair, and between the shore 
line and the state boundary are set aside as public hunting 
grounds, excepting such parts of St. Clair Flats as have had, 
prior to Jan. Isf., IS99, at least $25 spent upon them in improve- 
ments. 

All of the lands belonging to the State in township 16 north, 
range 9 east, in Wild Fowl bay, in the county of Huron, in this 
State, commonly known as the "middle ground," lying between 
Kate Chay or Maison Island, in Saginaw Bay, and the main 
land, are set apart and dedicated for a public shooting or hunting 
ground. 

All that part of Lake Erie and marsh adjacent to the sur- 
veyed lands of Monroe and Wayne counties is set apart for a 
public hunting ground. ■'.■;;, 

No one may hunt on inclosed land without the permission of 
the owner or lessee thereof. 

Game Animals and Game Birds— All game animals or game 
birds transported under cover must be plainly marked on the 
outside of the package with the name of the consignor and con- 
signee, the initial point of billing and the destination, together 
with an itemized statement of the contents of such package. 



. Protected Game and Fish— Must not be transported tfejfORd 
the boundaries of this State at any time. No fishes taken from 
the waters of Branch or St. Joseph Counties can be transported 
beyond the limits of this State at any season of the year. 

The kinds of game mentioned above must not be sold or ex- 
posed for sale in the close season; and transportation compa,nies 
or carriersmay not carry or have in possession any game after 
the expiration of five days from the beginning of the close 
season. > i 

The violation of the law in any of the above points is punish- 
able by fine or imprisonment, or both. 

"Game and Fisli "Warden. 

See both State and County Game and Fish Warden. 

Garden. Beds. 

See Ancient Garden Beds. 

'< ^ * Gas, Artificial 
This was first supi)lied in Michigan, at Detroit, in 1851. 

Gas, Natural 

This was first piped from Ohio to Detroit in 1890, and sub- 
sequently from Canada, but in 1901 the supply was cut off. 

--'•- ^- . --Gaaetteer, 

The first Gazettee:^'^of the Territory was entitled "The Emi- 
grant's Guide, or Pocket Gazetteer of the Surveyed Part of 
Michigan," and was published by John Farmer at Albany, New 
York, in 1830. It was a small pamphlet of 32 pages, in fine type. 
It gave a very comprehensive view of the country, and for that 
time was relatively as complete as those of later days. It was 
sold both separately and in connection with a map of the Terri- 
tory and reached a circulation of many thousands. A 
second and revised edition was issued in 1831. In 183fi 
Mr. Farmer issued a new work entitled "The Emigrant's Guide, 
or Pocket Gazetteer of the Surveyed Part of Michigan." It 
contained information gathered from every postoffice and was 
!=old separately and in connection with a map of the State. For 
a number of years past R. L. Polk & Co., of Detroit, have issued 
biennially a very complete Gazetteer, 

Genesee Connty 

was created in 1835 and organized in 18.36. Its present limits date 
from 1843. It was named after a county of the same name in 
New York, from which many of its early settlers came. The 
?c".n^*7o.?.®^V.^^ ^1^^*- Acres in county, 411,015. Population, in 
1810, 4,208; 1850, 12.031; 1860, 22,607; 1870, 33,965; 1880, 39,219; i890 
39,430; 1894, 40,553; 1900, 41,804. Votes cast at spring election of 1899 
8,047. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,486, Bryan 3,931. 

GeojB;'rapliical. ">^i' ill' 

See Physical Geography, Geological Peculiaritfe^J '^gtitf'veys. 
Rivers, Lakes, Islands, Points of Land, Bays, Harbors, Pictured 
Rocks, Sand Dunes, Towns and Townships, Counties. 

Geolog-y. 

1 ■^^i.®^?'^^ has a greater variety of geological formations than 
has Michigan. Geologists affirm with great confidence that this 
whole region was once like a sea of ice; that the Great Lakes 

87 



are, in large part, 'the result of the work of migihty glaciers 
and; icebergs- that once ploughed and floated over this region. 
These glaciers and bergs., as they wore away, deposited here 
and there the cobble stones and larger rocks that are found 
especially in the I^ower Peninsula They are thickly strewn in 
-ij laces where no other theory will account for their presence. 
Glacial action also accounts for the wearing away of the upper 
portions of S'tratified rocks so that the edges of different strata 
in many places are easily distinguished. In some cases- there 
are deposits of various rocks and sand or gra.'^el,- evidently 



SAGINAW 
7. 2. 3. 



TUSCOLA 




3. K. 8 E. 

OAKLAND 



LIVINGSTON : 



Hef.:-1.. Cin. Sag. & Mack. R. R. 2. Flint River. 3. Pere 
Marquette R. R. 4. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 5. D. G. H. & 
Mf\^-y'A 6. Shiawassee River. 

■■■■■■ (f s Comjright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

brought there by stranded and melted bergs in the long ago, 
and m some places the sediment so deposited has apparently 
been compacted and solidified by subsequent glacial action. 

That moving bodies of ice were succeeded by an inundation, 
and that this whole region was an inland sea or ocean, seems 
proved beyond a peradyenture. The action of the waves is 
shown on different strata all over the State, and both these and 
the lake coasts give evidence that at one time all were hidden 
beneath the waves. There are many evidences in both clay and 



gravel beds of this comparatively recent engulfuaent of tb& 
entire Lower Peninsxi la, and also a large part,- at^least, of the 
upper Peninsula partakes in large degree ol' t the ■tftin*-tal/& feat- 
ures of the Lower Peninsula. ;h ; :■ 

^ The western part of the Upper PeninsulgL doubtless first rose 
aJsove the waters, and the peculiar formations, . ridges, j moun- 
tains and mineral deposits there found afford abnandan-t ey>i^ricG 
of volcanic, gaseous, or chemical action. • .■•:.-. ..- p>.mr'::' 
■_ All of these theories easily account for the peculiarities of 
the Pictured Rocks and similar formations at St. Ignace and 
Mackinac Island, besides the various conditions existing . in 
connection with the numerous mineral deposits^ . i. 

Th6 chief, minerals found in the Upper Peninsula are iron, 
copper^ silver and gold. The principal deposits in the Lower 
Peninsula are limestone, sandstone, plaster, marl, salt and coal. 

Imbedded in the accumulations of marl and peat, remains 
of the elephant, mastodon and elk are found. The tW'O formed 
of which are now extinct from the continent, and the latter 
is only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State. A frag- 
ment of a molar of the mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at 
Green Oak, in Livingston County. A perfect molar of an elf-, 
phant was exhumed in ditching in hhe northern part of Jackson 
County, Other remains occur in Macomb County.: By far the 
most interesting discovery was made in Plymiouth Township, 
Wayne County, where nearly ap entire set of teetji of a mas- 
todon, including a piece of one of the tusl^s sesveral ; .^leet in 
length Vv^ere found. I'V-i :. 

tjiiiji 11 .-. Geological Peculiarities. ' i 'rry^ii'. 

, Much of the limestone rock in Alpena County is literally ftiri 
of the remains of animal life, and there is one stratum ' at least 
of considerable thickness cropping out near the city of Alpena 
that is composed almost entirely of marine shells. "IThe rocks 
are all broken into fragments by the ancient earthquakes, so 
that water flows freely thi;ough them. In many places the sur^, 
face water drops into holes' and crevasses in the rocks, thUg 
forming, underground currents or streams. , This is emphatically 
true of the western part of Presque Isle county a:nd the noI;th- 
ern half of Alpena. ' I ' V. 

The gradual dissolving and wearing away ,bf the fallen 
debris has . left wells or pits of horrible depth arid prodigious 
-Size, of the existence of which very few people have any knowl- 
edge. In the northern part of Alpena county, in the township 
of Long Rapids, are some remarkable specimens of these giant 
wells. In one forty acre lot are five of these !deep pits, which 
are substnntial types of all the rest. 

One of these pits, in the southern part of Presque, Isle County, 
is worthy of more than passing notice. While approach- 
ing by the main traveled road, which leads close past the 
western margin, one is attracted by the sound of rushing waters 
long before arriving in sight of the pit. Leading, down to it, 
from the east, is a long, narrow rocky ravine more than a mile 
in length and perhaps an eighth of a mile wide, gradually deep- 
ening till at the western extremity it reaches a depth of at least 
150 feet. This extremity is one of those giant wells such <^s have 
been described. • , . . 

The north branch of Thunder Bay river sweeps around 
from the northwest, and pours all its waters into this 
ravine. The entrance is at the upper b'r easterly end, and the 
river comes rus^hing and foaming down the rugged, rocky 



channel, forming a great eddying whirlpool 250 feet across. It 
sweeps round and round and is all swallowed up in this bottom- 
less pit. During the freshets of the spring and autumn this 
ravine generally fills up with w^ater, making a lake more than 
a mile in length and 150 feet in depth. The river then flows on 
over its hitherto dry bed beyond, not only undiminished in 
volume, but, on the contrary, largely augmented by great 
volumes of water boiling up from the same subterranean 
caverns that had formerly' swallowed it. All logs, drift- 
wood and debris which have accumulated at the head are now 
swept by the force of the current out at the foot. This wonder- 
ful curiosity is popularly known as "Sunken Lake." 

The number of these giant wells in the region of Alpena 
county reaches close to three hundred. Most of them are very 
large and deep, with perpendicular limestone walls, and. of 
course, cannot be explored without the aid of a pulley and line. 
Some are churn shaped, increasing in size downward, and it is 
more than probable that careful exploration would reveal very 
interesting subterranean passage-ways. Indeed, the finding of 
large caves in rocks so full of fissures, capable of swallowing 
up^ a large river, together with hundreds of creeks and smaller 
streams, could scarcely be a matter of surprise. 

Most of these pits seem to belong to a series which lie in a 
general line extending from Misery Bay, five miles east of 
Alpena, to town 34-1, perhaps sixty miles northwest. They un- 
doubtedly approximately indicate the course of the subter- 
ranean river. 

Misery Bay, where this subterranean river empties, is really 
a small, shallow, inland lake of about 200 acres area, connected 
with Lake Huron by a narrow entrance, sometimes too shallow 
for even a fish boat to enter. Its rocks have pitched downward 
toward the water, leaving a rugged rim and a deep rift in the 
rocks, half a mile long" and ten to twenty feet deep. The 
geologist who will squeeze his way along this narrow rift 
will find between the strata a rich harvest of very perfect 
Devonian fossils. In fact, the whole State of Michigan does not 
afford another field that can compare with the Thunder Bay 
region in the extent, variety and perfection of its fossil remains. 
In the bottom of this little bay are three of these giant wells, 
one of them larger and deeper than any heretofore noted. This 
is the one which constitutes the mouth of the underground river. 
In summer, the water boiling up from this immense pit is cold 
as spring water, while in the coldest winters ice never forms 
on the sxirface, but a broad open river leads out through the 
narrow channel into the open lake. Even when the thermom- 
eter is far below zero and the ice outside along the shore is 
from two to three feet thick, flocks of wild ducks find this 
secluded spot an inviting place to spend the entire winter. A 
strange peculiarity of this subterranean river is its intermittent 
flow. Every twenty minutes an immense volume of water pours 
out from down below, filling the little bay to a height of eight 
inches above the ordinary level, thus causing the water to rush 
out through the narrow opening into Lake Huron, and then 
for twenty minutes it rests again and the tide goes down, and 
thus the rising and the falling of the tide goes on, as if from 
the mighty pulsations of some great heart down in the bosom 
of the earth. 

Geoloerieal Survey. 

See State Board of Geological Survey. 

90 



Germnn E^vangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary. 

This is located at Saginaw. There were 23 students in 1899 
and the property was valued at $12,000. 

Gladwin County- 
was created in 1831 and organized in 1875. It was named after 
Major Henry Gladwin, commander of Detroit at the time of the 
Pontiac Conspiracy in 1763. The county seat is Gladwin Acre<? 
in county, 330.018. Population in 1880, 1,127; 1890, 4,208; 1894, 4 90o"- 
1900, 6,564. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 932. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 978, Bryan 299. 

ROSCOMMON I OGEMAW 



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MIDLAND 

Ref.:—1. M. C. ff, /?, 2. Tiitabawassee 
Rioer. 3- Pere Mctrquette R. R. 

Copyright 1907. by Sifas Farmer. 



Gosehic County 

Was created and organized in 1887. The name is an abbreviated 
Indian word which was spelled originally Agogebic, and literally 
means falling leaves." Agogebic Lake, to which the name was 
first applied, is so located that when the autumn winds blow the 
forest leaves cover its surface and this gives it the name of 
I.Ake of the falling leaves." The county seat is Bessemer. 
^^no%^ in county, 711,415. Population in 1890, 13,166; 1894, 14.083; 1900 
ib./ds. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,948 Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 2,168, Bryan 676. i^resmeatial 

91 



ilOHI 




Gold. 

This was first found in 1881 and regular mining' was begun 
the next year at the Ropes Mine, about four miles northwest of 
Ishpeming, in Marquette county. The mine continued in opera- 
tion for twelve years, the total product for that time being 
valued at about $500,000. Tt has now (1900) been opened up again. 

Governor. 

See State Governor. 

Governors of Micliigan. 

Territorial- 
Gen. William Hull 1805—1813 

Gen. Lewis Cass 1813—1831 

Gen. George B. Porter 1831—1834 

Stevens T. Mason 1834—1835 

State- 
Stevens T. Mason 1835—1840 

William Woodbridge 1840—1842 

John S. Barry 1842—1846 

Alpheus Pelch 1846—1848 

Bpaphroditus Ransom 1848—1850 

John S. Barry 1850—1851 

Robert McClelland .,. ^ 1851—1855 

Kinsley S. Bingham :..'..':; .v. .1855—1859 

Moses Wisner 1859-1861 

Austin Blair .1861—1865 

Henry H. Crapo 1865—1869 

Henry P. Baldwin ...1869—1873 

John J. Bagley 1S73— 1877 

Charles M. Croswell 1877—1881 

David H. Jerome 1881—1883 

Josiah W. Begole 1883—1885 

Russell A. Alger 1885—1887 

Cyrus G. Luce 1887—1891 

Edwin B. Winans 1891—1893 

John T. Rich 1893—1897 

Hazen S. Pingree 1897—1901 

Aaron T. Sfiss 1901—.... 

Governoi: and Jndgrcs. 

See Rule of Governor and Judges. 

Government. 

See "French and English Rule," "Territories, Northwest 
and Indiana," "Territory of Michigan," "Rule of Governor and 
Judges," and various articles under the heading "State." 

Government Officials. 

See United States Officials. 

Graded Scliool Districts. 

See School Districts, Graded; 

Grand Army of the Repnblic. 

This organization is composed of those who served tn the 
war with the South. 

The Department of Michigan on January 1st, 1900, had 382 
posts in the state at 370 different places, with 15,102 members. 

93 



The following persons only are eligible for membership: 
Soldiers and Sailors of the United States Army, Navy and 
Marine Corps, who served between April 12, 1861 and April 9, 
1865, in the war for the suppression of the rebellion, and those 
having been honorably discharged therefrom after such ser- 
vice; and of such state regiments as were called into actual ser- 
vice and subject to the orders of the United States general 
ofHcers, between the dates mentioned. 

No person who has borne arms against the United States Is 
eligible. 



;2»i ifoi if '^f 




LEELANA 

1. 



R. 9 W. 



WEXFORD 



Ref.:—1. Manistee & N. E. R. R. 2. Pere Mar- 
quette R. R. 3. G. R. & I. R. R. 4. Elk Lake. 

Copyright 1901, by Siias Farmer. 

Grand. Traverse County 

Was created under the name of Omeena in 1S40. The name was 
changed to Grand Traverse when the county was organized in 
1851. It was thus named because those who entered the long 
Grand Traverse Baj- had to make a grand traverse to get out 
again. The present boundaiies date from 1865. The county seat, 
originally called Boardman's River, is now called Grand 

9t 



Traverse. Acres in county, 292,961. Population in 1860, 1,288: 1870 
4,443; 1880, 8,422; 1890, 13,355; 1894. 17,515; 1900, 20,479. Votes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 3.199. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
3,126, Bryan 1,288. 

Grange. 

See "Michigan State Grange." 

Grapliite. 

T!his mineral is found in Baraga County, and after being 
ground and prepared is extensively used as a mineral paint for 
the protection of outside iron work. It is used on ithe U. S 
battleships and possesses remarkable properties in resisiing 
both water and acids. : .. 



ISABELLA 

7. 



MTIDLATSTD 

2. 




4 X u. 1 w. 

CLINTOW 

Ref.:—1. Ann Arbor R. R. 2. Pine Riuer. 3. Pere 
Marquette R. R. 4. Maple River. 5. Tol. Sag. & 
Musk.Ry. Copyright 1901. by Silas, Farmer. 

Gratiot Connty 

Was created in 1831 and organized in 1855. It was named after 
Capt. Charles Gratiot of Gen. Harrison's army of the war of 
1812. The county seat is at Ithaca. Acres in county, 364,633. Pop- 
ulation in 1860, 4,027; 1870, 11,809; 1880, 21,937; 1890, 28,668; 1894, 28,776; 
1900, 29.889. Votes cast at spi'ing election of 1899, 5,704. Presiden- 
tial vote in 1900, McKinley 4,261, Bryan 3,207. 

Gypsum. 

See Plaster. 

Hangringr. 

See Capital Punishment. 

95 



- • ,. r . ,.>r „!-r ■;..!■/ Harbors. 
r Th^ire are' a fiximber of good natural harbors on the lakes 
and the government has provided others, which are shown o-n 
the charts provided for all navigators. The most notable governr ■ 
ment harbors are those at Grand Marias, Alger countj', and Har- 
bor Breach, Huron county. See Bays. 

Harbor Improvenients. 

See "U. S. Engineer's Office." 

HaTFlcers and Peddlers. 

No person shall be. authorized to travel from place to plaoe^ 
within this state, for the purpose of carrying to sell, or exposing 
for sale, any goods, wares, or merchandise, by sample lists or 
catalogues, unless he shall have obtained a license as a hawker 
and peddler in the. manner hereinafter directed. 

Every person desirous to obtain a license as a hawker or 
peddler, shall- apply to the treasurer of this state, and shall de- 
liver to him sL note ih writing, signed by such applicant, stating 
in what manlier he intends to travel and trade, whether on foot, 
or with one ot more horses or-oth^r beasts of burden, or with any 
sort of carriage. -- ' • ' '■■ 

Every such applicant before he shalt be entitled to a license 
shall pay into the state treasury the following duties: If he 
intend to travel on foot, the sum of $15; if he intend to travel and 
carry his goods with a single horse or other beast carrying or 
drawing a burden, the sum of $40; if he intend to travel with any 
vehicle dtawn by more than ohe horse or other animal, the sum 
of $75; if he intend to travel by railroad, steamboat or other pub- 
lic conveyance, the sum of $100; if he intend to travel in any man- 
ner for the purpose of taking, orders for goods, wares or. merchan- 
dise, by exhibiting samples, lists, catalogues or otherwise, the 
sum of $50.- , ■ ' t' 

Nothing stated above shall be construed to preveht aiKy manu- 
facturer, farmer, mechanic or nurseryman from selling his work 
or production, by sample or otherwise, without license, nor shall 
any wholesale merchant be prevented from selling to dealers by 
sample without license, but ho merchant shall bie allowed to 
peddle, or to employ others to peddle goods not hi^ own manu- 
facture, without the license pfovided by law.- 

Yearly licenses run from May to May and licenses may be 
granted for parts of a year for a suitable proportion of the yearly 
fee. 

Healtb. 

Legislative enactments provide for the establishment of local 
boards of health in all townships, cities and villages in Michigan. 
Each of these local boards is required by law to appoint a health 
officer, who shall be an executive officer of that board. See 
"State Board of Health." \' ',' ,' ' ." 

Health 'Hesrorts. 

Almost all of Michigan is a natural sanitarium. l*ine forestSi.," 
balsamic odors and cool breezes prevail over a large portion 
of the State, and waters of crystal clearness from mineral 
springs of great variety pour forth in a multitude of places. 

In addition to scores of so-called "summer resorts," there 
are many places, such as Petoskey and Marquette, and' points 
between, which are especially conrimended to those affected with 
hay-fever. 

96 



And in addition to all other resorts the state has 
a number of particularly successful Sanitariums and Health 
Resorts. Of these we name a few in the following- list, wfth 
facta about the institutions there located: 

ALMA.— The Alma Sanitarium at Alma has won a national rep- 
utation through the cures it has brought about. It is fav- 
orably located where the air is free from all miasma, and 
the surrounding's, both natural and artificial, are exception- 
ally healthfu] and pleasant. Pine River, on which Alma is 
located, affords excellent opportunities for fishing and hunt- 
ing in sum.mer and fall, and for skating and ice-boating in 
winter. The main building of brick and stonef is as com- 
plete as unlimited means and the best of skill could devise 
and execute. The heating and ventilation are perfect. Every 
room is lig^ht and the sun parlor for use throughout the 
year Is both unique and beneficial. All the appliances of a 
first-class hotel and scientific sanitarium are provided, and 
it has every facility for treating all forms of medical and 
surgical cases, with apparatus for all the "movement" cures 
and for thermal, mineral and electric baths of every sort. 
In the way of mineral waters, it is exceptionally well pro- 
vided. Its "Alma Bromo" well, having a depth of 2,863 feet, 
supplies the strongest bromide water known in the world. 
This water is especially beneficial in the relief of rheumatism, 
skin, kidney and nervous diseases, catarrhal and stomach 
troubles. The Park Mineral Spring furnishes a sparkling-, 
palatable water, used beneficially in dyspepsia and stomach 
troubles, and as a natural irori tonic. The analysis 'Of "Alma 
Bromo" water is as follows; 

Potassium Chloride 125.5798 grains 

Sodium Chloride S963.8725 

Lithium Chloride traces 

Ammonium Chloride : 41.9133 

Calcium Chloride 6514.2006 

Magnesium Chloride 2465.4775 

Ferrous Chloride 22.4089 " 

Sodium Bromide 84.9091 

Sodium Iodide ^ traces 

Potassium Sulphate 15.8466 " 

Sodium Phosphate traces 

Alumina 5.0325 

Silica 1.4883 

Total 18,240.7291 ~ 

Analysis of Park Mineral Water is as follows: 

Total Solids 22.1140 grains per gallon 

Calcium Carbonate .... 11.0161 " " " 

Magnesium Carbonate , 2.3996 " «« .. 

Ferric Carbonate 6.1716 " " .<■!., 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.1453 " " " ^ 

Silica 9725 

Sodium Chloride 4089 *' " 

Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.5675 " " 

BATTLE' CREEK.— The Battle Creek Sanitarium, at Battle 
Creek, owned by the Seventh Day Adventist Association, in 
its extent and number of patients is second, to no institu- 
tion of its kind in the State. The main building has a 
frontage of 373 feet. Six hundred patients can be accom- 
modated, and there is every convenience and appliance known 

97 



to medical skill, with a staff both numerous and capable. 
T^^ke Goguac distant a short ride by electric car. affords 
, many varieties of recreation. 

The Phelps Medical and Surgical Sanitarium, also at 
Battle Creek, opened in October, IMO, is one of the most 
costly and best equipped health institutes in the world. 
It was erected at a cost of a quarter of a million and has 
acc.mmodations for 250 patients. It is built of undressed 
field boulders, and its size and beauty are such that the 
exterior would atti-act attention in any locality-. The in- 
terior is rich and ornate 'n the highest degree. Every known 
medical appliance and the best of skill are at the service ot 
the institution's patrons. 
BENTON HARBOR.— One mile south of this city and reached 
by electric cars are the Eastman Mineral Springs, ?0 in 
number. Four or more hotels at Benton Harbor furnish 
accommodations to those desiring to use the waters. Fol- 
lowing are the analyses of four of the springs in grains per 
gallon of 2;^! cubic inches: "King David" — Chloride of 
sodium. .119; bicarbonate of sodium, .676; sulphate of potas- 
sium, .145: bicarbonate of calcium, 8.124; bicarbonate of mag- 
nesium, 8. .^32; bicarbonate of iron, 1,298; phosphate of man- 
ganese, traces; alumina, .117; silica, .583; total, 14.594. Carbonic 
acid gas, 36.38 cubic inches per gallon. "Silver Queen"— 
Chloride of sodium, .096; bicarbonate of sodium, 1.364; bi- 

^. carbonate of potassium, 1.074; sulphate of potassium-traces; 

I^. bicarbonate of calcium. 6.800; bicarbonate of magnesium, 
3.235: silica, .117; total, 12.676. Carbonic acid gas, 35.46 cubic 
inches per gallon. "Saul" — Chloride of Sodium, .095; sulphate 
of sodium, .110; bicarbonate of sodium, 1.021; sulphate of 
potassium, .083; bicarbonate of calcium, 7.797; bicarbonate 
of magnesium, 6.144; bicarbonate of iron, 1.049; silica, .350; 
total, 16.649. Carbonic acid gas, 37.21 cubic inches per gallon. 
"Colonel's Own" — Chloride of sodium, .119; bicarbonate of 
sodium, .835; bicarbonate of potassium, 1.559; sulphate of 
potassium-traces; bicarbonate of calcium, 8.875; bicarbonate 
of magnesium, 6.296; iron and alumina, .234; silica, .117; total, 
18.035 Carbonic acid gas, 38.96 cubic inches per gallon. 

The Excelsior Mineral Eath House at Benton Harbor is 
bu't a few minutes' walk from both docks and depots. It has 
a capacity for giving 300 baths daily and is open the year 
round. The baths are adapted for the treatment df rheuma- 
tism, neuralgia, gout, blood, skin and nervous diseases; ca- 
tarrhal troubles, morphine and opium habits. 

FLINT — Oak Grove Hospital here located is a private ins'titu- 
tion for the treatment of mental and neiwous diseases, and 
is elegantly furnished and completely equipped. It has 
Turkish and Russian baths, modern electro-therapeutic ap- 
pliances, a, fine g-ymnasium and the. essentials for enjoying 
all indoor and outdoor games. Oak Grove mineral water 
comes from a flowing well 265 feet deep. As seen from the 
following analysis (in grains per U. S. gallon), it is essen- 
tially "alkaline": Sodium- chloride, 98.363; potassium chloride, 
, 2.973; magnesium chloride, 1.253; calcium bicarbonate, 14.053; 
calcium sulphate, 13.703; magnesium bicarbonate, 12.945; 
alumina and iron oxides, .583; silica, trace; lithia bicar- 
bonate, trace. > ;i !'.-,'. j . 

HUDSON.— There is here located the "Zauber Wasser Health 
Resort," an institution provided "^ith mineral baths, etc. 

98: 



MIDLAND.— The Midland Mineral Springs ;&anitarium has ex- 
cellent waters ;said to be especially Ipeneficial for, diseases 
of the 'iiver, constipation, paralysis of stomaohi dropsical 
and glandular affections, , hysteria, St. Vitus' dance, etc. 
Baths in this water are unsurpassed for the treatpaent of 
rheumatic and paralytic difficulties and all nervous derange- 
..-.ments. Following is an analysis of the water: ^ 

Various solids in i Weight Properties of each. 

: . . .Solution. per gal. - , 

Sulphate of Lime 4.46 Stimulant, Restoratiyl^. „.'.,,,' 

Sulphate of Potassa.... 32.19, Aperient, Cathartic. .Tjo ,,'; 
Sulphate of Soda........ 2^.07 ' Cathar, Diuretic, Aper't,^. '^ 

Phosphate Alumina 1.73 Astringent. Cathartic,. :Bnii6tic. 

Chloride Calcium... 6.22 Tonic, Deobstruent. ' , 

Chloride Magnesia...... 2.19 Cholagogue, Purgative. 

Chloride Sodium. ....... 32.70 Large Doses— Emetic. Cajt.har. ; 



,.^;f...qvb 



Small— Tonic. Altepatjive; 4-n- 



Silica' j^i-i'vy. .y v..!,. 2.96 thelmintic. ....... 

Organ^f ,^^t;terj., , _. . . . ^ . . . .^ | 2. 47 . ' " 

Loss ..j.,^. .;,...•..,, .j. . ,...j.i.g.fjj. 3. 21 

Total weight per gal.. 110. 20 -,.. r ■•-■-' 'i\lii 

MT. CLEMENS.— Is known all over the cduiatry as' tile "'BktK 
City," and it might also oe called the. "Hotel City," for it 
has more and better hotels in proportion to its population 
.. than any other city in the State. It is on the Clinton River 
and is reached via Grand Trunk R. R. or Rapid Railway 
from Detroit in about one liour. The waters have' a medic- 
inal virtue almost magical, and several thousand seekerp, 
. for health patronize the luxurious hotels and bath houses 
.'the year round. Not far from Mt. Clemens and reache'd by 
' electric car is Lake St. Clair, where excellent fishing, and 
dtick shooting may be enjoyed in season. TIhe baths^ .are 
especially efticacious for the .cure of rheilmati^tti and Wood 
diseases. ■ .'./.: ;'^ 

ST. CLAIR SPRINGS.— These are just south of ' ,the city of St. 
Clair on the St. Clair River. The Oakland Hotel is very large 
and comfortable, and during the summer seaJ-'on many come 
there to enjoy loutdoor exercise and receive the benefits of 
Salutaris mineral water, which is furnished to guests gratis. 
Mineral baths especially efficacious for rheumatisip can. be 
obtained. The shipping, which passes direbtly before the 
hotel, affords a continuous moving panorama. The follow- 
ing is an analysis of Salutaris water in grains per gallon of 
231 cubic inches: Chlorido of sodium, 81.3344; chloride of 
potassium, 1.6979; sulphate of potassa, traces; bicarbonate of 
. soda, 4.8754; bicarbonate of lime, 5.1337; bicarbonate of mag- 
nesia, 3.8814; bicarbonate of Ammonia, traces; silica, .5715; 
organic matter, traces; total, 97.4913. Carbonic acid gas, 
465.325. ; i 

ST. LOUIS;— This city of 3,000 inhabitants, in the northern part 
of Gratiot County, is 730 feet above tide-water. Its climate 
is remarkably salubrious and exempt from malaria. The 
Park Hotel and Sanitarium, located on the banks of Pine 
River, is provided with all the facilities for health and com- 
fort. The following is an analysis of the water used in the 
baths: Sulphate of lime, 66.5; silicate of lim^e* 6.72; chloride 
of lime, trace; bicarbonate soda, 106.4; bicarbonate lime, 69.4; 
bi-carbonate magnesia, 17.5; bicarbonate iron, 1.2; free silica, 
2.88; organic matter and loss, 2.00; total, 272.6. Free carbonic 
acid in gallon, 6.21. 

LoFG. ' 99 



SOMERVILLE SPRINGS.— These are just north of the city of 
St. Clair on St. Clair River. An excellent hotel, boating, 
bathing and ever-changing river scenes are the a.ttractions. 
The following is an analysis of the water in graiiis: Chloride 
of sodium, 8988.94; chloride calcium, 2803.78; chloride mag- 
nesium, 242.9; chloride potassium, 1680; sulphate calcium, 
87.78: Hy. sulphate sodium, 11.9; iron oxide, 30.1; magnesium 
bromide, 68.6; silicic acid, 119; total, 14,028. 

SPRING LAKE.— This resort has been noted for Its mineral 
springs for many years past. It has an attractive location 
on Spring I^ake, Ottawa County, and the water has long 
been known to be very efficacious in the treatment of 
rheumatism and its complications; rheumatic gout, dyspep- 
sia and hepatic irregularities; atonic weakness of the di- 
gestive apparatus; chronic constipation, especially if attended 
with defective alvine secretion. In affections of the kidneys 
and bladder, caused by gravel and phosphatic deposits, this 
water with its powerful solvent properties acts with won- 
derful effect. Eczema in all its stages and all erruptive 
affections of the skin yield 'to its curative ingredients. Pol- 
lowing is the analj-sis in grains per gallon: Chloride of 
potassium, 4.288: chloride of sodium, 405.533; chloride of cal- 
cium, 113.42; chloride of magnesium, 36.2; bicarbonate of 
sodium, .0537; bicarbonate of calcium-, .1808; bicarbonate of 
iron. 1.006; bicarbonate of magnesium, .C'64; bicarbonate of 
manganese, .0647; bromide of magnesium, 2.17; sulphate of 
sodium, 46.7: silica, .503; alumina and lithia, traces; total 
fixed residue, 629.36S4. 

YPSILANTI.— The Ypsilanti Sanitarium offers every advantage 
"to persons who need rest and special treatment. It is easily 
reached from Detroit by M. C. R. R. or D., Y. & A. A. 
Electric Ry. Tlie town is traversed by the picturesque 
Huron river and there are many pleasant drives in the 
vicinity. It is at all times lively for the State Normal School 
is here loca>ted, and Ann Arbor, the "University Town," is 
distant only a 15-minute ride by electric car. A mineral 
■A' ell furnishes water especially efficacious in the cure of 
urinary and Iddney diseases. Analysis in grains per im- 
perial gallon is as follov/s: Carbonate of lime, 20.23; sulphate 
of 'lime, 2.73; carbonate of magnesia, 7.00; carbonate of iron, 
1.5: soluble silica, 1.00; alkaline chlorides, 2.45; lithium and 
nitrates, traces; total, 34.91. 

HigliTvays. 

See Township Commissioner of Highways; Township Over- 
seer of Highways; Roads; also State Board of Control of Swamp 
Land Roads. 

Hillsdale Collegre. 

This College, located at Hillsdale, belongs to the Free Will 
Baptist Church and was organized in October, 1855. The property 
is valued at $320,000. In 1899 it had 365 students and has graduated 
950 since its founding. 

Hillsdale County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1835. It was so named be- 
cause of the rolling character of the land, it being "hill" and 
"dale." The county seat was originally at Jonesville, but is now 
at Hillsdale. Acres in county, 384,950. Population in 1840, 7,240; 
1850, 16,159; 1860, 26,301; 1870, 31,691; 1880, 32,726; 1880, 30,660; 1894, 30,272; 

100 



1900, 29,865. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,697. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 4,787, Bryan 3,328. 

Historical. 

See in the order named Aboriginal Inhabitants, Ancient Gar- 
den Beds, First White Visitors and Missionaries, French and 
English Rule; Territories, Northwest and Indiana; Territory of 
Michigan, Rule of Governor and Judges, Wars. 



Calhoun! 



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OHIO ■ " ^ ^■ 

Ref.:—1. L S. & M. S. Ry. 2. Cincinnati 
2 \ Nthn. R. R. 3. St Joseph's River. 4. St. 
Joseph River. 

Copyright 1.901, bg Sifas Farmer^ 

Holidays, Licsal. 

^ The following days are legal holidays: New Year's, Washing- 
ton s Birthday, Feb. 22nd; Decoration Day, May 30th; Juiv 4th- 
I.abor Day, first Monday in September; Thanksgiving Day. last 
Thursday in November; and Christmas. 

In case any of the holidays fall on Sunday then the Monday 
following is the legal holiday. 

Holland Theological School. 

This theological school, belonging to the Holland Christian 

iono^^^"^n^r.^^"^^^ °^ America, is located at Grand Rapids and in 
1899 had 51 students. 

101 



KEWEENAW 



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102 



Homesteads, Exemption of, from Forced Sale. 

A constitutional provision says: "A homestead, consisting of 
any quantity of land not exceeding forty acres, and the dwelling 
house thereon and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner 
thereof, and not included in any recorded town plat or city or 
village, or instead thereof at the option of owner, a quantity of 
land not exceeding in amount one lot, being within a recorded 
town plat or city or village, and the dwelling house thereon, and 
its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of this 
state, not exceeding !til.500 in value, shall not be subject to forced 
sale on execution, or any other final process from a court, for any 
debt or debts growing out of or founded upon contract, either ex- 
press or implied, made after the third day of July, A. D. 1848. This 
section shall be deemed and construed to exempt such home- 
stead in the manner aforesaid during the time it shall be occu- 
pied by the widow or minor child or children of any deceased 
person who was, when living, entitled to the benefits of this Act. 
Such exemption does not extend to any mortgage thereon, law- 
fully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation of such 
land by the. owner thereof , if a married man, shall not be valid 
without the signature of the wife to the same. 

"The homestead of a family after the death of the owner 
thereof shall be exempt from the payment of his debts contracted 
after the adoption of this constitution, in all cases during the 
minority of his children. * * * 

"if the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no 
children, the same shall be exempt, and the rents and profit 
thereof sjiall accrue to her benefit during the time of her widow- 
hood, unless she be the ow^ner of a homestead in her own right." 

Homestead Lands. 

See Lands, Tax, Homestead; Land Office, State; Lands U. S. 
Homeste^d- 

i Hope College, 

At Holland belongs to Diitch Reformed Church, was organ- 
ized in- 1866. Statistics for college year '97-'98: 13 instructors, 256 
students, 18 graduates. Has library of 15,000 volumes. Value of 
grounds and buildings, $85,000. 

Horse-shoeing. 

See State Board to Regulate Horse-Shoeing. 

Houghton County 

Was created in 1845 and organized in 1848. Its present limits 
date from 1S85. It was named after Dr. Douglas Houghton, the 
first state geologist. The county seat is Houghton. Acres in 
county, 646,470. Population in 1850, 798; 1860, 9,253; 1870, 13,8^1; 1880, 
22,473; 1890, 35,389; 1894, 44,175; 1900, 66,063. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 4,878. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 8,032, 
Bryan 2,424. 

-i Hull's Surrender. 

See War of 1812. 

Huron County 

Was created in 1840 and organized in 1859. It was named after 
an old Indian tribe who frequented the region. They were also 
known as Wyandottes, taut were called Hurons by the French 
because of their, fierce aspect resulting from their mode of 
dressing their hair, thus "Huron" was derived from the French 

103 




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104 



"hures," meaning- "heads." The county seat was originally at 
Sand Beach, then at Port Austin, and is now at Bad Axe. Acres 
in county, 535,958. Population in 1850, 207; 1860, 3,167; 1870, 9,049; 1880, 
20,089; 1890, 28,545; 1894, 32,256; 1900, 34,162. Votes oast at spring 
election of 1899, 4,405. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,669, 
Bryan 2,134. -^ ' • 

See Health, Health Resorts, Poisons, Water, Contagious 
Diseases; State Boards of Health, Registration in Medicine. 
Pharmacy, Examiners in Dentistry; State Dairy and Food Com- 
mission, and Township Board of Health. 

Imiuig^rants, Early. 

Of the means that fostered immigration, none were more 
potent than the maps and gazetteers issued by John Farmer; 
the first appeared in 1825, and many thousands of copies of his 
maps (especially in 1830) were sold in the Eastern States, and 
as they furnished all the information obtainable, and in the 
most accurate manner possible, they were greatly influential 
in promoting emigration. 

Fifteen thousand immigrants arrived in 1830, and in 1831, 1834, 
and 1886 particularly the steamboats were crowded with pas- 
sengers for Michigan and the West. A paper of May 19, 1831, said: 

"To say nothing of those v/ho have arrived by land, and 
through Lake Erie by sail vessel, the following steamboats ar- 
rived at Detroit within the last week. The Enterprise, with 250 
passengers; the Wm. Penn, 150; the Ohio, 350; the Henry Clay, 
480; the Superior, 550; the Sheldon Thompson, 200; and the 
Niagara, 200, amounting to more than 2,000, and nearly all in the 
prime of life; mostly heads of families who have come for the 
purpose of purchasing land and settling in Michigan." 

Such was the tide of immigration during the entire season 
of navigation that both steam and sail vessels were crowded to 
their utmost capacity. On October 7, 1834, four steamboats 
brought nearly 900 passengers. In January, 1836, three steam- 
boats—two first class and one second class— arrived each day, 
with an average of 260 passengers each way. On May 23, 1836, 
700 passengers arrived, and during the month there were ninety 
steamboat arrivals at Detroit, which was then the only Mich- 
igan port, each boat loaded with passengers. The roads to the 
interior were literally thronged with wagons. In 1837 the im- 
migration was fully as large; there was an average of three 
steamboats a day, Ayith from 200 to 300 passengers each, and on 
one occasion in the month of May, 2,400 passengers landed In a 
single d?ty. The larger part of these immigrants were from New 
York, and the rest mostly from New England. It is probable 
that, in proportion to its population, the State of Michigan has 
a larger percentage of New York and New England people tUa<n 
any other, western State. ;'_ ^ 

Indian "Wars. 

See Wars, Indian. ; • 't ■■'■■■ 

Indians iii Micliig^an. 

From the time Michigan Territory was created there was 
someone acting as Government Indian Agent until June 30, 1889. 
when the office was discontinued. The last original cession of 
lands in Michigan by Indians was made by the Chippewa Indians 
on Oct. 4th, 1842. The other and earlier cessions were made 
Nov. 17, 1807, by the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies and 
Wyandotts; September 29, 1817, by the Chippewas, Pottawa- 

105 



tomies, Wyandottes, Dela wares, Shawnees, Senecas and Otta- 
was; September 24, 1819, by the Chippewas; August 29, 1821, by 
the Ottawas, Chippewas and Pottawatomies; October 16, 1826, 
by the Pottawatomies; September 20, 1828, by the Pottawatomies, 
and March 28, 1836, by the Ottawas and Chippewas. Out of 
these lands, at different times, various tracts were reserved for 
Indian occupancy, and re-ceded to them, and eventually they 
were either transferred again to the government or assigned to 
individual Indians. 

In 1890 there were in Michigan 5,624 Indians. 

The so-called reservations in Michigan are gradually dis- 
appearing as the land therein is allotted to individual Indians. 
For some time previous to June 30, 1889, these reservations were 
under the "Mackinac Agency," but this was abolished on that 
date. 

Under treaties of Aug. 2, 1855, and Oct. 18, 1864, the Chippewa 
Indians of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River, were allotted 
i&nds in severalty in Mackinac and Isabella Counties. The 
lands in the latter county were known as the Isabella Reser- 
vation, but this practically ceased to exist after allottment to 
individual Indians. 

Under treaty of Sept. 30, 1854, lands to the amount of 52,4S2 
acres in what is now Baraga County were assigned to the 
Chippewas of Lake Superior. Of this amount 47,216 acres have 
been allotted to individual members of the tribe, and 5,266 acres 
are held jointly and constitute the L'Anse Reservation. These 
lands are located in Towns 51 North, Range 31, 32 and 33 West, 
and Towns 50 North, Range 32 and 33 West. 

Under the same treaty, 2,351 acres were set apart for the 
Ontonagon band of the Chippewas of Lake Superior in Town 
53 north, P^nge 3S West, Ontonagon County. Of this amount, 
1,873 acres have been allotted to individuals, and 678 acres are 
held jointly and constitute the Ontonagon Reservation. 

The total number of Indians in Michigan in 1899 was 7,557, of 
whom 350 dressed in citizens' clothing, 500 could read, and 75?) 
could converse in English. .; 

In Baraga County two Indians were serving as missioii'- 
aries among their ovsn people, ard there were three churtfhes 
with a total of 400 members. These contributed $2,740 for their 
own education, and ?600 for church work. 

In the same year there were seven Indian schools in the 
State, which were supported b^^ the government, four of them 
by contract with school districts or individuals, and three di- 
reotly by the government. Two of the former were ordinairy 
<?istrict schools, one being in Lapeer County and the other in 
Isabella Count}'. There were only five scholars in each and 
their cost to the government was but I13S.15 for the year ending 
Juno 30, IS'Sii. Of the remaining two supported by contract, one 
w^as a day school maintained on the Indian Reser\'ation in 
Baraga County at a cost of ?6<Xi for the same year, and had 
46 scholars; the other was a day school of 52 scholars main- 
tained at Bay Mills, Chippewa County, at a cost of $600 for that 
year. Of the three supported directly by the government, one 
was a boarding school m Baraga County with 33 scholars, main- 
tained at a cost of ?2,052 for year 1898-99; another, a boarding 
school, at Harbor Springs, Emmet County, with 85 scholar^, 
maintained at a cost of $3,672; the third a training school at 
Mt. Pleasant, Isabella County. The latter has a new building 
completed in 1900, and for year 1898-99 had 267 pupils and cost 

106 



to maintain $27,538.42. It has six Indian and fourteen white 
teach<?rs. , , ^ . 

See also Aboriginal Inhabitants. 

Iitdiau River. 

This river connects Burt and Mullett Lakes in Cheboygan 
County, and forms part of what is Icnown at the "Inland Route" 
between Oder, and Cheboygan. Its peculiarity consists in the 
fact that it never freezes over. Ice two feet thick, and some- 
times more, forms on Burt Lake sufficiently strong to support 
heavy loads, which are crossing all winter. There are large 
springs along the shores and in the bottom of the lake, which 
do not however, prevent its freezing. But at the head of <t'he 



r 



- CLINTON 



SHIAWASSEE 

3. B. % £. 




2. 2. 

JACKSON 

fief.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. M. C. R. R. 
3. Gd. Trunk Western Ry. 4. Grand Trunk Ry.% 
ii. L S. & M. S. Ry. 6. Grand River. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer, 

river the water comes out from under the ice and gives off a 
.^team or mist, and the thicker the ice on the lake ^the warmer 
tne water m the river seems to be. The current of the river is 
not s^wift, not near so swift as in other streams near by that 
do freeze over. The width of the river averages 120 feet and 
Its depth in the middle about 8 or 10 feet. Ajt all times the 
water :s as clear as crystal; one can see a pebble no larger 
than a pea on its bottom very distinctly, and passengers in 
boats find amusement in watching the fish darting hither ancf 
thither many feet below. 'the surface. 

A possible partial explanation of the phenomena may lie in 
that the conformation of the bottom of the lake is such that 

107 



the river draws from the water there, where the temperature 
is above the freezing- point. It would seem, ihowever, that it 
would naturally freeze at 32 degrees, but what is believed to 
be reliable testimony says that the. river has not frozen over 
for 15 yeax's, .. -i 

' . I* "ttodnstrial Home for Girls. 
See'State Industrial Home for Girls. 

:/.^:'\, ■ / Industrial Scltool for Boys. ^^ 

V See State industrial School for Boys. ; 

MOi^TCALM 

J^fM*''-'''^] S ! i lii^r^'^T j H U B B A R^ 



Otisco 

—I ® 



PalQr^ 



-StON-c 
North ** 



Jconwta vj TJatfiertonC 



I OrleSaus. 

iliUue- 



»tO 



jj"!^ ISolstjer 



'I Tlains 

X® Lyon^ 
Ionia I (>Tr«M)er 



W 



/?osfon 1 Berltn ^^^3^_ 






^ ^J*ORTLAN 

6 ! ©Ics^ivQ^^- 





4. 



^ ^laiiksVilTe 

Campbell -v t 

j^ |;iAK B QDej SSA^ 
Jl. 8 W 

' BARRY i EATOJPf 

Ref.:—1 Pere Marquette R, ff, 2. Maple River. 
3. D. G. H. & M. Rn- 4. Loohingglass River. 5. 
Grand River. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Inheritance Tax. 

Under law of 1S99 any real or personal property of the value 
of $5'J0 or over, given by will or passing by law to any person 
not belonging to the immediate family of the deceased, or given 
to any corporation, is required to be <taxed 5 per cent, the tax 
being payable to the treasurer of the county for use by the 
State. SeeV^lso/"U. S. internal Revenue Taxes." 

' '. ' Ingliain Connty 

Was create4 in 1829 and organized in 1838. It was named after 
Samuel D. Ingham, Secretary of the U. S. Treasury from 1829 
to 18.31. The county seat was at first at Ingham, but is now at 
Mason. Acres in county, 354,229. Population in 1840, 2,498; 1850, 

108 



8 643- 1860 17,456; 1870, 25,270; 1880, 33,677; 1890, 37,666; 1894. 39,689; 1900, 
39,818. Votes cast at spring election of , 1^9„ 9^363. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 5,353, Bryan 5,10^. A, ly/ .^oni 

Inspector iReiiera,!. ! ,' 
See State Inspector-General, 

Inspectors of Elections. 

See Election Inspectors; also Elections in Towns. Villages 
and Cities. .; 

Institutes. 

Jf Se© "Michigan Farmers' Institutes" and "State Silperintent 
dent >af;.;Eub lie Instruction. '.' • - - 



R. 5 E 




ioSCODA 
?AU' SABLE 



'O ! H 



2. 3. 

ARENAO 

Ref.:—1. Au Sable & N. \N, R. R. 2i//iet AMaoii. Ry.> 
S. Au Gres Rivet. 

Copy rig fit 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



Insurance. 

See State Commissioner of Insurance; also State Insurance 
Policy Comrhission, Fire Insurance and Life Insurance. 

Interest, licsal Rate of 

The legal rate of interest since May, 1899, in this State is 5 
per cent; prior to that time it was 6 per cent. 

Intex-nal Revenue. 
See U. S. Internal Revenue Collectors. 

109 



Ionia County 

Was created in 1831 arid organized in 1837. It was nani-ed from 
the Greek province, which also gave its name to the Ionic order 
of architecture. The county seat is at Ionia. Acres in county, 
366,526. Population in 1S40, 1.923; 1850, 7,597; 1860, 16,665; 1870, 27,676; 
1880, 33,872; 1890. 32,801; 1894, 31.820; 1900. 34,329. Votes cast a,t spring 
election of 1899, 7.436. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 5,101, 
Bryan 4,058. 

Iosco Connty 

Was created under the name of Kanotin in 1840, but the name 
was changed to Iosco in 1843. The original name was only a 
pretended Indian name and was without meaning. The present 
name literally means "water of light." Iosco is the title of an 
Ottawa Indian legend written by H. R. Schoolcraft, a noted 
writer on Indian matters, the full title being "Iosco, or a Visit 
to the Sun and Moon." The county was organized in 1857. The 
countv seat. Tawas City, was formerly called Ottav/a City. Acres 
in countv, 353,750. Population in 1860, 175; 1870, 3,175; 1880. 6,873: 
1S90. 15,224; 1894, 12.340: 1900. 10,246. Votes cast at spring election of 
1899. 1,374. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,402, Bryan 680. 

'■ Iron Connty 

Was created and organized in 1885. It was so named because 
of the extensive deposits of iron ore contained in the county. 
The county seat was at first at Iron River, but is now at Crystal 
Falls. Acres in county, 759.903. Population in 1890, 4,432; 1894, 
5,293; 1900, 8,990. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,069. Pr^- 
idential vote in 1900. McKinley 1,559, Bryan 259. r- t J '^ 

nq 

Michigan produces more iron ore than any other stat^. fft 
1898 the total tonnage A'as one-third of the total product of the 
world. The nrst discovery of iron in Michigan was on the morn- 
ing of Sept. 19th, 1844. The compassman of a party surveying in 
Town 47, N. R. 26 W., Marquette County, noticed great fluctua- 
tions of the magnetic needle and finally found his needle pointing 
nearly south instead of north, and called the attention of the 
party to the wonderful variation. Mr. Burt, of the party, then 
requested the men to look about them and they quickly found 
specimens of iron ore, these being principallj' near outcrops. This 
was probably the first discovery of iron ore by white men in 
Michigan, and was later developed as the Jackson mine. 

The five ranges of the Lake Superior iron district, lying to 
the east, the south and the west of the copper country, are the \i 
sources of the largest, richest and purest supply of iron ore 
in the world. 

The growth of the mining of iron ore has practically all been 
since 3850. Michigan then ranked among the states as the 
eighteenth in amount of ore produced, but for nearly twenty 
years she has ranked first. 

The largest iron mine in the world is at Ironwoiod,' ^Gogebic 
Counti". 

The value of the marketed tonnage of iron ore for 1898 was 
$16,835,000, and the total tonnage mined was 7,380,319. 

If all the iron ore produced for the year 1898 in the State of 
Michigan was cast into a steel rail weighing 50 pounds to the 
foot, that rail would encircle the globe one and one-half times. 
See Pig Iron. 

110 



IfltABQUETTE | 







ONTO- 

Inagon 



GOGEBIC 



111 



Isabella. County 

Was created in 1831 and organized in 1859. It was named after 
Queen Isabella of Spain, who fitted out the fleet of Columtous. 
The county seat was originally at Isabella Centre, but is now 
at Mt. Pleasant. Acres in county, 368,741. Population In 1860, 
1,445; 1870, 4,113; 1880, 12,159; 1890, 18,784; 1894, 21,439; 1900. 22,784. Votes 
cast at spring election of 1899, 4,178. Presidential vote in 1900. 
McKinley 2,970, Bryan 1,997. 



CLARE 



R. 6 W. 



1.2. 




m 



I Summerto:n / 

MONTCALM j GRATIOT 

Ref.:—1. Ann Arbor R, R. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 
3. Chippewa River. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Islands. 

The largest island falling within the boundaries of Michigan 
is Isle Royale. The larger of the numerous other islands with 
the counties to which they are attached are as follows: 

Beaver— Charlevoix County. 

Belle Isle— Wayne County. 

Bellows — I^eelanau County. 

Bois Blanc— Mackinac County. 

Charity Islands— Huron County. 

Crooked — Alpena County. 

Drummond— Chippewa County. 

Dickinson's — Macomb County. 

Garden— Charlevoix County. 

Goose— Mackinac County. 

Grand— Alger County. 

Granite— Marquette County. 

112 



Great or North Manitou— Leelanau County. 

Grosse He— Wayne County. 

Gross St. Martin— Mackinac County. 

Gull— Delta County. 

Gull— Charlevoix County, 

Gravelly— Delta County. 

Harsen's — Macomb County. 

Hat — Charlevoix County. 

High— Charlevoix County. 

Hog— Charlevoix County. 

Huron — Marquette County. 

Isle aux Galets— Emmet County. 

Isle Royale — Keweenaw County. 

Katechay or Maison — Huron County. 

Les Cheneaux — Mackinac County. 

Little or South Manitou— Leelanau County. 

Little Summer— Delta County. 

Mackinac — Mackinac County. 

Manitou — Keweenaw County. 

Marion — Leelanau County. 

Marquette — Mackinac County. 

Middle— Alpena County. 

Middle— Marquette County. 

Nebish — Chippewa County. 

North Fox — Leelanau County. 

Poverty— Delta County. 

Round— Mackinac County, 

Sailor's Encampment — Same as Nebish. 

Skilligalee — Same as Isle aux Galets. 

South Fox— Leelanau County. 

Squaw— Charlevoix County. 

Stannard's Rock— Marquette County. 

St. Helena — Mackinac County. 

St. Martin— Mackinac County. 

St. Martin's— Delta County. 

Stony— Huron County. 

Sugar— Chippewa County. 

Sulphur— Alpena County. 

Summer— Delta County. 

The Snows — Same as Les Cheneaux. 

Thunder Bay— Alpena County. 

Train— Alger County. 

Traverse— Houghton County. 

Trout— Charlevoix County. 

Waugoshance— Emmet County. 

"Whiskey — Charlevoix County. 

Wood— Schoolcraft County. 

Isle Royale. 

This island is 45 miles long, contains 132,913 acres, and is much 
the largest island included in the State of Michigan. It is 
located in the northwest portion of Lake Superior and described 
by one of the earliest travelers as containing copper and as a 
matter of fact abundant evidences of mining by a prehistoric 
race have been found upon it. 

It is said that when the commissioners were locating the 
national boundary on Lake Superior after the close of the Revo- 
lution, Benjamin Franklin, one of them, having read the early 
accounts of the presence of copper on the island, drew the line 
so as to include this island within the United States. At one 
time the island was constituted a county by Itself, but it is now 
attached to Keweenaw County. 

113 



Jack Pine Plains. 

These are extensive tracts of light, sandy soil in the northern 
central part of the lower peninsula, bearing a light forest 
growth of dwarf pines and scarlet oak, with a few trees of 
Norway pine. 

Jackson County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1832. It was named after 
Andrew Jackson, President of the United States from 1829 to 
1837. The county seat is Jackson. Acres in county, 455,886. Popu- 
lation in 1810, 13,130; 1850, 19,433; 1860, 26,664; 1870, 36,042; 1880, 34,342; 
1890, 39,273; 1894, 42,056; 1900, 48,222. Votes cast at spring election 
of 1899, 11,011. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,329, Bryan 
6,211. 



EATON 




liENAWEE 



4. 5. 

HILLSDALE 

Ref.:—1. Grand Riuer. 2. M.O.R.R. 3. Grand Trunk 'R a. 
4. L S. & M. S. Ry. 5. Cirwinnati Northern R. R^. Q, Kala- 
mazoo Riuer. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Jesnit Missionaries. 

See First White Visitors and Missionaries. 

Jndsre of Probate. 
See County Judge of Probate. 

Jndg'e of U. S.Oircnit Conrt. 
See U. S. Circuit Court. 

Jndgre oE U. S. District Court. 
See U. S. District Court. 

114 



Judicial Circuits. 

These are as follows: 

First— Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties. 

Second— Berrien County. 

Third — Wayne County. 

Fourth— Jackson County. 

Fifth— Barry and Eaton Counties. 

Sixth— Lapeer and Oakland Counties. 

Seventh— Genesee County. 

Eigrhth — Ionia and Montcalm Counties. 

Ninth — Kalamazoo County. 

Tenth— Saginaw County. 

Eleventh — Chippewa, Schoolcraft, Luce and Alger Counties. 

Twelfth — Baraga, Houghton and Keweenaw Counties. 

Thirteenth— Antrim, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse and Lee- 
lanau Counties. 

Fourteenth— Muskegon and Oceana Counties. 

Fifteenth — Branch and St, Joseph Counties. 

Sixteenth— Macomb County. 

Seventeenth — Kent County. 

Eighteenth — Bay County. 

Nineteenth— Lake, Manistee, Mason, Osceola Counties. 

Twentieth— Allegan and Ottawa Counties. 

Twenty-first— Clare, Isabella and Midland Counties. 

Twenty-second — ^Washtenaw County. 

Twenty-third- Alcona, Iosco and Oscoda Counties. 

Twenty-fourth— Huron, Sanilac and Tuscola Counties. 

Twenty-fifth— Marquette, Delta, Menominee, Iron and Dick- 
inson Counties. 

Twenty-sixth— Alpena, Presque Isle and Montmorency Coun- 
ties. 

Twenty-seventh — Mecosta and Newaygo Counties. 

Twenty-eighth — Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford and Benzie 
Counties. 

Twenty-ninth — Gratiot and Clinton Counties. 

Thirtieth — Ingham County. 

Thirty-first- St. Clair County. 

Thirty-second— Gogebic County. 

Thirty-third— Ma,ckinac, Emmet and Cheboygan Counties. 

Thirty-fourth- Arenac, Crawford, Gladwin, Ogemaw, Ros- 
common and Otsego Counties. 

Thirty-fifth — Shiawassee and Livingston Counties. 

Thirty-sixth — Cass and "Van Buren Counties. 

Thirty-seventh — Calhoun County. 

Thirty-eighth — Monroe County. 

Jury CoiuiULissioners. 

See County Board of Jury Commissioners. 

Justices. 

See Township Justices. 

Kalamazoo College. 

This is under the care of the Baptist Church. It originated 
in 1833 and was incorporated in 1855. It has a general endow- 
ment of $191,563, a special endowment of $5,020, and annuity funds 
amounting to $22,850. The real estate is valued at $60,000. In 1899 
it had 154 students and has graduated since founding 259. 

115 



K.a.la,iu.a,zoo County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1830. The name was derived 
from a Pottowatamie Indian word meanmg the boilmg pot, 
which described the appearance of the Kalamazoo River at that 
point in its course. The county seat was at first located at 
T5rnn<!nn but is now at Kalamazoo. Acres m county, 3o7,8by. 
PopSSfion In 184^^380; 1850. 13,179; 1860, 24.663; 1870, 32.063; 1880. 
34,342; 1890, 39,273; 1894, 42,056; 1930. 44.m Votes cast at spring elec- 
tion of 1899, 8,611. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,007, 
Bryan 4,708. 



ALLEGAN 



U 



BARRY 

5. 




1 



7 5 /. K. 9W. 

ST. JOSEPH 

Ref.:-1. G, ff.& I- ffy- 2. Kalamazoo River. 3. L. S. 
& Af, 5. Ry. 4. Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. 5. Chic. Kal. & 
Saa Rn 6. M. C. R. R. 7. Grand Trunk Western Rii- 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Kalkaska County- 
Was created in 1840 under the name of Wabassee; the name 
was changed in 1843. The original name was a coined word witn- 
out special meaning. Kalkaska was the name of an Indian 
tribe. The county was organized in 1871 and has had its present 
limits since 1881. The county seat is Kalkaska Acres in county, 
359 144 Population in 1870, 424; 1880, 2,93r, 1890, 5,160; 1894, 5,640, 
1900, 7,133. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,061. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 1,312. Bryan 360. 

Kent County .'' 

Was created in 1831 and organized in 1836. Its present limits 
were defined in 1840. It was named after James Kent, the cele- 
brated jurist of New York. The county seat is Grand Rapids. 

116 



Acres in county, 545,408. Population in 1840. 2,587; 1850, 12,017:' 1860. 
30.743- 1870, 50,410; 1880, 73,252; 1890. 109.922; 1894, 121,938; 1900, 129,714' 
Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 21,115. Presidential vote in 
1900, McKinley 17,891, Bryan 13,794. 

KeweenaTT County 

Was created and organized in 1861. The name was derived from 
the Indian word, Ki-wi-wai-non-ing, meaning "portage," and 
evidently has reference to and the same origin as Portage River. 
For municipal purposes, Isle Royale is attached to this county. 



ANTRIM 
2. 







3. U 

MISSAUKEE 

Ref.:—1. Pete Marquette R. R. 2. G. R. it, 7., Ry 
3, Manistee River. 4. Round Lake. 

Copyright '1901, by Silas Farmer. 

ItHi^^^^H ,®^^ ^^ Eagle River. Acres in county— mainland, 
?^oAFLoa !®i?A ^,^?'.^^?'J22,913; total 348,630. Population in 1870, 
4,209; 1880, 4,270; 1890, 2,894; 2,805; 1900, 3,217. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 304. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 452, 
Bryan 31. , j> t 

King Strangr. 

The above title was applied for nearly ten years to James 
J. btrang, a lawyer, who embraced the Mormon religion in 1844 
and two years later established himself and a small colony on 
Beaver Island in Lake Michigan. Almost the entire state north 
Of bagmaw was then practically a wilderness and he was allowed 
to have has own way for many years. He compelled his sub- 
jects, and the few fishermen who inhabited the island to pay 
him one-tenth of their earnings and severely ill-treated all who 



^1 

ere 1 
3ed I 

ind ■ 



made any resistance. For one of his crimes, and they were 
numerous, he was arrested and brought to Detroit, but escaped 
punishment and was more dictatorial and defiant than ever. He 
was even elected on two occasions to the state legislature and 
by his ability and influence controlled the Beaver Islands and 
gave numerous Bible names to the several localities, some of 
which are used to this day. His crimes at length caused a new 

NEWAYGO • MONTCALM 

MUS- 
KEGON5, 




7. 1. ^ 

ALLEGAN BARRY 

Ref..—1. G. R. & f. yty- 5. Tol. Sag. & Mush Ry. 3. 
Pere Marquette R. R. 4. Flat River. 5. D. G. H. & M. 
Ry. 6. M. C. R. R. 7. L S. & M. S. Ry. 8. Grand River. 
9 ,Mgue River. Copyri§hi1MT,. by Silas FarTner. 

warrant for his arrest and in 1856 a boat was sent to the island 
for him. He started to accompany the officer, but while on his 
way to the vessel he was attacked by one of his subjects and 
so severely injured that he died a few days later, on July 9th, at 
Voree, in Wisconsin, his former home, whence he had been 
removed. 

118 










' HOUGHTON T. I 

56 « 



K. 31 W. 

Ref.,:—1. Hancock & Calumet R. R. 
Copyright 1901. by Silas Fanner. 



<3-m 




119 



Labor. 

See State Commissioner of Labor, State Bureau of Statistics 
of Labor, State Court of Mediation, Employees. 

^Lake County 

Was created under the name of Aishcum in 1840, and name 
changed to Lake in 1843. The original name was a manufactured 
Indian word without meaning. The name Lake is certainly ap- 
propriate for a county in a state almost surrounded by lakes. 
The county was organized in 1871. The county seat, at first 
located at Chase, is now at Baldwin. Acres in county, 365.387. 
Population in 1880, 3,233; 1890, 6.505; 1894, 5,897; 1900, 4,957. Votes 
cast at spring election of 1899, 1,054. Presidential vote in 1900, 
McKinley 840, BrysLXi 350. 



WEXFORD 



R. 11 W. 




NEWAYGO 

Ref.:~1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Manistee & Luther 

R. R. 3. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. 4. Branch of G. 

R. & I. Ry. 5. North Branch, Pere Marquette River. 

6. Little Manistee River. 

Cnnjirinht 1901. by Silas Farmer. 

liake State. 

See Cognomens of State. 

Lake Grie. 

Greatest length, 250 miles. 
Greatest breadth, 65 miles. 
Maximum depth, 250 feet. 
Height above sea level, 565 feet. 
Area, 9,760 square miles. 

120 



Lake Huron. 

Greatest length, 268 miles. 
Greatest breadth, 101 miles. 
Greatest depth,, 702 feet. 
Height above sea level, 581.28 feet. 
Area, 7,828 square miles. 

Lake Micltisran. 

Greatest length, 345 miles. 
Greatest breadth, 84 miles. 
Greatest depth, 870 feet. 
Height above sea level, 581.28 feet. 
Area, 16,981 square miles. 

L.ake St. Clair. 

Greatest length, 30 miles. 
Greatest width, 28 miles. 
Greatest depth, 20 feet. 

Iiake Superior. 

Greatest length, 412 miles. 
Greatest breadth, 167 miles. 
Greatest depth, 1,008 feet. 
Height above sea, 601.78 feet. 

Iiakes, Inland 

There are more than 5,000 lakes located in the various coun- 
ties of the state; many of them are exceedingly beautiful, and 
some of the smaller ones give their names to places of resort. 
They cover an area of about 1,200 square miles. The total water 
surface of the state is 1,485 square miles. The larger lakes, with 
the counties in which they are located, are as follows: 

Austin— Kalamazoo County. 

Aux Bees Seles— Benzie County. 

Baubee— Hillsdale County. 

Baw Beese — Hillsdale County. 

Bear— Manistee County, 

Bear— Charlevoix County. 

Big Sable— Mason County. 

Black or Cheboygan— Cheboygan County. 

Black— Ottawa County. 

Brule — Iron County. 

Burt— Cheboygan County. 

Brevoort— Mackinac County. 

Carp— Leelanau . 

Carp— Emmet County. 

Cass— Oakland County. 

Cedar— Alcona County. 

Ceclle — Same as French Lake. 

Clam— Wexford County. 

Coldwater— Branch County. 

Crooked — Barry County. 

Crooked— Emmet County. 

Crystal— Benzie County. 

Chegacon— Iron County. 

Cheboygan— Cheboygan County. 

Devil— Alpena County. 

Devil's— Lenawee County. 

Diamond— Cass County. 

121 



Duck— Grand Traverse County. 

Elk— Grand Traverse County. 

French— Emmet County. 

Glen— Leelanau County. 

Gogebic— Gogebic County. 

Goguac— Calhoun County. 

Grand- Presque Isle County. 

Grand Blanc— Genesee County. 

Grass— Antrim County. 

Grass— Benzie County. 

Gratiot— Keweenaw County. 

Qreen— Grand Traverse County. 

Gull— Kalamazoo County. • 

Gun— Barry County. 

Hamlin— Same as Big Sable. 

Higgins— Roscommon County. 

Hubbard— Alcona County. 

Houghton— Roscommon County. 

Independence— Marquette County. 

Indian— Schoolcraft County. 

Intermediate-^Antrim County. 

Lac La Belle— Keweenaw County. 

Lac Vaux Desert— Gogebic County. 

Lincoln— Same as Little Sable. 

Little Sable— Mason County. 

Long— Alpena County. 

Long— Kalamazoo County. 

Long— Grand Traverse County. 

Manistique— Luce and Mackmac Counties. 

Michigamme— Marquette County. 

Mille Coquins— Mackinac County. 

Manistee— Manistee County. 

Mona— Muskegon County. 

Moss— Delta County. 
Mullet's— Cheboygan County. 
Muscallonge— Luce County. 
Muskrat— Missaukee County. 
Muskegon— Muskegon County. 
Marble— Branch County. 

North Manistique— Luce County. 

Orchard— Oakland County. 

Otsego— Same as Clam Lakes. 

Otsego— Otsego County. 

Otter— Houghton County. 

Paw Paw— Berrien County. 

Pen twater— Oceana County. 

Pere Marquette— Mason County. 

Pierce— Emmet County. 

Pike— Mackinac County. 

Pine— Charlevoix County. 

Portage— Crawford County. 

Portage— Houghton County. 

Portage— Manistee County. 

Portage— Washtenaw County. 

Platte— Benzie County. 

Reed's— Kent County. 

Rush— Huron County. 

St. Helens— Roscommon County. 

Shelldrake— Luce County. 

South Manistique— Mackinac County. 

Tawas— Iosco County. 

122 



Torch — Houghton County. 

Torch— Antrim County, 

Train— Alger County. 

Turtle or Douglas— Cheboygan County. 

Turtle — Alpena Countj'. 

Twin — Montmorency County. 

Walloon — Same as Bear Lake, Charlevoix County. 

White — Oceana County. 

L.ake Traffic. 

The immensity of the lake traffic is shown by the following 
facts: In the lake navigation season of 1899, more than eighty 
million bushels of grain, nearly seven million barrels of flour, 
thirteen million tons of iron and a billion feet of lumber passed 
through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, bound toward the East and 
Europe. 

Land, Abstract.s of Title to 

Upon so important a question as the title to real estate there 
ought to be nothing vague or uncertain. A few lots in Michigan 
are held under deeds obtained under English rule, and for these 
a long chain of title can be shown. All other titles to lands are 
derived primarily from the United States; and secondarily: 1st, 
from persons to whom old French farms were confirmed by the 
United States commissioners; 2d, from the Governor and Judges, 
who were authorized to convey by Congress; 3d, in Detroit only, 
from the "Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen" of the city, and later 
the Common Council, who were made the successors of the 
Governor and Judges, and who also received some of the Military 
Reserves as a gift from the United States; 4th, from the United 
States, who deeded directly some of the Government Reserves; 
and 5th, from the State, which issues deeds for lands on which 
the taxes are not paid to any one who will pay the amount due. 

To constitute a perfect title there should be a chain of deeds 
starting from some one of these classes, and continuing, without 
a break, down to the latest claimant or owner; and each new 
deed should be signed by all the parties to whom the property 
had previously been deeded, or their heirs or assigns. If any 
relationship exists between any of the parties to a deed the 
nature of the relationship should be stated in the instrument. 
If any of the parties have married since a deed was made to 
them the man and wife should in all cases unite in the signing 
of deeds. 

If any of the parties making a new deed are the heirs of 
parties who made the last conveyance, it should be so stated in 
the deed. The description of the property conveyed should be 
the same in each deed; or, at least, it should be carefully exam-, 
ined to see that it covers the same land. To make it certain that 
there are no tax titles on the land, the books of the county and 
city treasurers should be examined, or, as is usual, a certificate 
or statement should be obtained from each of these officers show- 
ing that nothing is due for taxes or special assessments. If the 
land has been sold for taxes, this is a cloud upon the title that 
needs to be removed, and the books in either office will show 
who has acquired the tax title. 

A warranty deed from a responsible party is considered to 
insure a perfect title, but as mistakes may happen in the making 
cut of deeds, and parties may cease to be able to make good 
their warranty, the safe course is to make sure that the abstract 
of title shows the title to be vested in the party or parties who 
convey. A quit claim deed from parties in whom the title to 

123 



land is clearly vested, is considered as good as a warranty deed. 
If any mortgages have been given covering the land, it should 
be seen that they are all discharged by the parties to whom they 
were given. A discharge may be made either by a written docu- 
ment, which should be placed on record, or by the mortgagee 
writing "Discharged" on the face of the original record, with the 
date and their name. ,. ,; 

Land Office, StatfefoO sri 

All lands owned by this state are controlled by this office, 
which is located at Lansing. There are no local ..Qgents. Busi- 
ness can be done by letter. Plats are furnished at the.lega4 
prices payable in advance, as follows: <'■'•' rri 

Showing vacant lands, 25 cents per township, ' ■,,,.\ 

Same, with streams drawn on, 50 cents per township. /, 

Showing vacant lands, streams and names of purchasers ,6t 
State lands, $1,50 per township. 

In ordering plats, always give the number of the town and 
range of the townships wanted. 

Total number or" acres held for sale and homestead entry, June 
30, 1900, was 537,045.77, classified as follows: Primary school land, 
155.989.82; University land, 40; Agricultural College land, 62,523.29; 
salt spring land, 280; asylum land, 1,122.98; swamp land, 81,648.56; 
Tax Homestead land, 235,441.12. 

The lands designated as asylum lands are lands that were 
originally granted to the state as salt spring lands, but which, 
by special act of the Legislature, were set apart to be sold, for 
the benefit of the state asylums. See also "Paper Cities" and 
"State Com. of Land Office." 

The price of swamp land is $1.25 and $2.00 per acre. 

These lands may be sold on not less than one-quarter pay- 
ment down to any person over twenty-one years old who makes 
affidavit that he will settle on the land within one year, that the 
land is not valuable mainly for the Pine, Cedar or Hemlock 
timber growing thereon, and that he has not had the benefit of 
the pre-emption act. 

This affidavit is to be made by the person desiring the land 
and signed and sworn to by him before a Notary Public or 
Justice of the Peace. 

Blanks for this purpose are furnished by the office. 

The law gives ten years' time on the balance due, with interest 
at seven per cent. 

The office will not force the payment of the balance at the 
end of ten years, provided the interest and taxes are duly paid. 

Any person having a State Homestead may buy any lot or 
swamp land which joins his homestead, on the terms and in the 
manner given above, but the number of acres must not be more 
than 160, homestead and all. Lots which only corner on a home- 
stead cannot be bought in this way. 

The price of Primary School Lands is from 50 cents to $6.00 
per acre. 

These lands may be sold on not less than one-half payment 
down, if they are not mainly valuable for Pine, Cedar or Hem- 
lock timber. The person desiring to purchase these lands in this 
way must furnish this office with a Timber Affidavit. 

Blank forms are furnished by the office. 

The affidavit is to be made by two citizens who have made a 
personal examination of the land, and signed and sworn to by 
them before a Notary Public or Justice of the Peace. 

The affidavit must give a description of the land and tell what 
kinds of timber are growing thereon, with an estimate of the 

124 



amount and quality of the Pine and Hemlock, and the amount 
of Cedar, if any. 

It must be dated and signed by the Notary or Justice. 

It mvist then go to the Supervisor of the township where the 
land lies, who must certify that the two citizens who have made 
the affidavit are credible persons. 

By this affidavit the Commissioner will determine whether 
the lands wanted are subject to sale on part-payment. 

Time on the balance due is not limited. The balance or any 
part of it may be paid at any time. 

Salt Spring, Asylum, and Normal School Lands are for sale 
at the same price and on the same terms as School Lands. 

Agricultural College lands have been examined and appraised 
by the State Board of Agriculture at from $4.00 to $12.50 per acre. 
They may be sold on not less than one-quarter payment down, 
if they are not mainly valuable for the timber thereon. ^ 

Time on balance due not limited. Interest 7 per cent. . IJll^e 
balance due, or any part of it, may be paid at any time. ; . ,.?; 

To obtain a Patent for part-paid lands requires the payment 
of all dues to the State and the surrender to the office of the 
certificate and all assignments thereof, if any have been made 
Persons applying for a Patent will be required to show that the 
tax for the last previous year has been paid, by exhibiting their 
receipt for the same unless the tax was paid at the office. The 
Patent will be made in the name of the person who owiis the land 
according to the certificate or the last assignment thereof. In 
case of the loss of a Patent, a duplicate can be obtained by apply- 
ing to "Secretary of State, Lansing, Mich.," and enclosing to 
him $1.00. y ji'Ivr .1 

Lands Granted to Micliiean by th.e United States. 

All of the land in the state not privately owned or not 
specifically granted to the state by Act of Congress, is held to 
belong in fee simple to the United States. • 

AVhen the State was admitted to the Union, Congress granted 
section 16 in every township of the Public Lands, or if said sec- 
tion had been sold its equivalent in other lands in the interest 
of public schools, also the 72 sections of land set apart by Con- 
gress in 1826 for the University, also 5 sections of land to com- 
plete the public buildings in the State, also all salt springs in the 
State, net exceeding twelve in number, with 6 sections of land 
adjoining or contiguous to each of said springs excepting such 
salt springs as were then vested in or should afterwards be con- 
firmed to private individuals, but with the provision that said 
salt springs should never be sold or leased by the State for a 
longer period than ten years without the consent of Congress. 

Congress also agreed that 5 per cent, of the net proceeds of 
all sales of public lands after deducting expenses connected 
therewith should be appropriated for building public roads and 
canals as the Legislature should direct. 

Within 5 years after the State was admitted to the Union by 
act of Sept. 14, 1841, the United States granted the State 500,000 
acres in aid of internal improvements. On Sept. 28, 1850, the 
United States gave the State certain "swamp and overflowed 
lands" for the purpose of drainage and reclamation. This gift 
amounted to 5,891,598 acres. On July 2, 1862, a further grant of 
240,000 acres was made to aid in establishing an agricultural 
college. lo ii'iroi', 

125 



Land Office, U. S. 

The United States Land Office for Michigan is located at 
Marquette. There are two officers, a Register and a Receiver, 
each of whom is paid $500 per year, and also fees and commis- 
sions. 

At the beginning of the year 1900 there were 473,013 acres of 
U. S. land for sale in the state. 

See also "Paper Cities" and "Lands, U. S., Homestead." 

Liands, Location of: Uofv Described. 

See "Surveys: Description of Lands." 

Lands, Private Claims. 

These claims consist of tracts of land, usually narrow strips 
along rivers or lakes in Mackinac, Macomb, Monroe, St. Clair 
and Wayne Counties. Over these lands the public surveys, so- 
called, were never extended, but were made to connect with 
the survey of these claims. These claims were granted to settlers 
under French and English rule and were subsequently confirmed 
by commissioners appointed by the United States and details 
concerning each claim are given in the American State papers. . 

Lands, State STvamp. 

These lands came into possession of the State under an U. 
S. law of 1S50, which ceded to each State "the swamps and over- 
flowed lands" remaining unsold therein and known and described 
as such on the public surveys, for purposes of drainage and re- 
clamation. Under this act Michigan received 5,891,588 acres. The 
prices of these lands range from $1.25 to $2.00 per acre at the 
State Land Office. 

Eighty acres or less of these lands, in one body in the lower 
peninsula, can be bought by any person on a first payment of 
one-quarter of the price down. The buyer must make affidavit 
that he will settle on the land within one year after the purchase. 
Blank affidavits furnished. Ten years' time is allowed to pay the 
balance at 7 per cent, annual interest. Swamp land scrip cannot 
be used in purchase or payment of balance due. 

These lands are subject to homestead entry; any citizen over 
21 years old and not already owjiing 40 acres of land, may home- 
stead not to exceed 80 acres, but he may buy an adjoining 80 acres 
or less on quarter payment down, with ten years' time on the 
balance, with 7 per cent, annual interest. Blank applications 
furnished. 

In cases where swamp lands are paid for all down, payment 
will be received in money or in swamp land scrip, and there is 
no limit to the quantity purchased. 

Lands, Tax Homestead. 

Lands delinquent for taxes and sold to the State for taxes 
of one or more years and no application having been made to 
pay, purchase or redeem said lands for unpaid taxes, are deemed 
"abandoned lands" unless actually occupied by the person having 
the title of record. Any such lands are examined under direction 
of the Auditor -General and the Commissioner of the Land Office 
to ascertain their value and whether they are actually aban- 
doned. If there is no suit pending in the county where such land 
is situated to set aside the taxes or to remove the cloud occa- 
sioned thereby, the Auditor-General may deed to the Commis- 
sioner of the Land Office for the State such land. This deed shall 

126 



be recorded in the county in which the land is situated. Such 
lands are held by the Commissioner of the Land Office and are 
subject to entry as state lands by any person who is not the 
owner of 40 acres of land anywhere in the United States, in 
quantities of IfiO acres or less, but all over 80 acres must be paid 
tor at the rate of 10 cents per acre, but the person applying- must 
file an affidavit that he desires such lands for actual settlement 
for the purpose of a homestead. Thereupon, upon the payment 
of a fee of $2 a certificate is issued for the lands on condition 
that the person shall reside upon the land for 5 years and im- 
prove the same. At the end of 5 years, on proof of the fulfillment 
of his contract, the person is entitled to a deed from the State, 

Lands, U. S. Homestead. 

To obtain a homestead the party must first select and per- 
sonally examine the land he desires to enter and be satisfied of 
its character and true description. When a person desires to 
enter a tract of land under this law he must appear in person 
at the U. S, Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, or at the County 
seat before the Clerk of the Circuit Court or Judge of Probate in 
the county where the land lies and make his application. Accom- 
panying said application there must be an affidavit setting forth 
that he is over the age of twenty-one years (or the head of a 
family) and is not the proprietor of more than 160 acres of land 
in any state or territory, and is either native born, or is a natur- 
alized citizen of the United States or has declared his intention 
to become such, and that he has not heretofore made any entry 
under the homestead laws, and if the application is made out- 
side of the local office this clause must be inserted: "That owing 
to great distance and expense of travel, I am unable to appear 
at the local U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, to make 
this affidavit." 

If the entryman is not a native born citizen, evidence of his 
declaration of naturalization must accompany said application. 
If an applicant claims citizenship by virtue of his father becom- 
ing a naturalized citizen of the U. S, before he (applicant) became 
twenty-one years of age, he must furnish a copy of his father's 
naturalization certificate, together with an affidavit showing that 
he is the party he represents himself to be, and giving his age. 

The fees and commissions payable when application is made 
are as follows: 

For 160 acres, $14.00; for 120 acres. $13.00; for 80 acres, $7.00; for 
40 acres, $6.00, 

Any tract of land exceeding 160 acres, the excess over and 
above the same must be paid for at the rate of $1,25 an acre. This 
is in addition to the $14.00. Six months from date of entry are 
allowed the entryman within which to establish his residence 
upon the land. 

Timber land embraced in a homestead or other entry not 
consummated may be cleared in order to cultivate the land and 
improve the premises but for no other purpose. If after clearing 
the land for cultivation there remains more timber than is re- 
quired for improvement there is no objection to the settler dis- 
posing of the same. But the question whether the land is being 
cleared of its timber for legitimate purposes is a question of fact 
which is liable to be raised at any time. If the timber is cut and 
removed for any other purt)ose it will subject the entry to can- 
cellation, and the person who cut it will be liable to civil suit 
for recovery of the value of said timber, and also to criminal 
prosecution. 

127 



A person who has entered under the homestead laws less than 
160 acres of land and who has complied with the conditions or" the 
law with regard to the original entry, and has had the final 
papers issued therefor (viz: that of offering final proof) may- 
enter so much additional land as to complete the maximum quan- 
tity of 160 acres, and when an entry is made under this act, viz: 
Section 6 of the act of March 2, 1889. the entryman is required to 
reside upon, cultivate and improve the land as in ordinary home- 
steads. The land so additionally entered need not be contiguous 
to the original homestead. 

A party who has entered lands under the homestead lavf prior 
to March 2, 1889, which entry has been canceled, is entitled to 
enter 160 acres of land. If the entry was made, however, subse- 
quent to March 2, 1889, and the entry has been canceled for failure 
to comply with the requirements of the homestead law, he (en- 
tryman) has exhausted his right of homestead entry. 



A person possessing the requisite qualifications under th< 
homestead law (not having exhausted his right by previous entry 
thereunder) owning and residing on land not amounting in 
quantity to a quarter section, may enter other land lying con- 
tiguous to his own, to an amount which shall not with the land 
already owned by him exceed in the aggregate 160 acres. The 
parties will be required to fulfill the requirements of the home- 
stead law as to residence and cultivation, but will not be required 
to remove from the land which he originally owned in order to 
reside upon and cultivate that which he thus acquires under the 
homestead law, since the whole 160 acres are considered as con- 
stituting one farm or body of land; residence upon and cultiva- 
tion of a portion of which is equivalent to residence upon and 
cultivation of the whole. 

Final proof may be offered thereon after a period of five years 
from date of entry. 

A party desiring to relinquish his land to the United States 
may do so on the prescribed form or the following form written 
on the back of his Homestead Entry receipt, viz: "I hereby relin- 
quish to the United States all my right, title and interest in and 
to the within described land." This must be signed by the entry- 
man and sworn to in the presence of two witnesses before a 
Notary Public or other officer duly authorized to administer 
oaths,' and his official seal must be executed to said jurat. If 
such officer is not in possession of the seal he is. required to 
procure a certificate of the County Clerk setting forth that he 
is an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. To said cer- 
tificate must be affixed a ten-cent documentary revenue stamp. 

The homestead receipt must in all cases accompany said re- 
linquishment, or in case of its loss an affidavit of that fact 
executed under seal. 

A settler desiring to make final proof in support of his Home- 
stead Entry must first file with the Register and Receiver of the 
U, S. L.and Office at Marquette. Michigan, a written notice on 
the prescribed form of his intention to do so, which notice will 
be published by the Register in a newspaper to be by him desig- 
nated as nearest the land, once a week for six successive weeks, 
at the applicant's expense, viz: $5.00. Applicants should begin 
to make their proof in sufficient time to complete and file them 
in the land office within the statutory period of seven years from 
date of entry. 

If the entry was made subsequent to July 26, 1894, the appli- 

12S 



cant has seven j'ears from date of entry within which to offer 
proof. If prior to July 26, 1894, he has eight years from date of 
entry within which to offer proof. 

Final proofs can be made before the Register and Receiver 
of the local U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, or before 
any Commissioner of the United States Circuit Court having 
jurisdiction over the county in which the land lies, or before the 
Judge or Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county in which the 
land is situated. Final proof cannot be made outside of the 
county unless before the Register and Receiver. 

Final proofs can only be made by the homestead claimant in 
person and cannot be made by an agent, attorney, assignee or 
any other person, except in case of the death of the entryman. 
In that event proof can be made by the widow of the deceased 
entryman, and if unmarried, by his heirs. 

Final proofs can be made only by native born or naturalized 
citizens, and if naturalized, evidence of sUch naturalization must 
accompany the proof. 

Where the homestead settler dies before the consummation of 
his claim, the widow, or in case of her death, the heirs may 
continue settlement or cultivation and obtain title upon requisite 
proof at the proper time. A deserted wife can also submit final 
proof. 

On the day set for the taking of the proof in the advertised 
notice the entryman must appear with two of the witnesses 
named therein. 

The fees to accompany said proofs are as follows: 

40 acres, $1.00; 80 acres, $2.00; 120 acres, $3.00; 160 acres, $4.00, 
together with fifteen cents per hundred words for all written 
testimony in said proof, including affidavits, if any thefe be. The 
officer taking the proof should count the number of words In the 
written testimony and transmit the Register and Receiver the 
proper amount of money therefor, viz: 15 cents per hundred 
words, together with the above mentioned fees. 

Any officer, soldier, seaman or marine who served for not less 
than ninety days in the army or navy of the United States during 
the rebellion, and who was honorablj'- discharged therefrom, is 
entitled to have the term of his service in the army or navy, not 
exceeding four years, deducted from the period of five years' 
residence and cultivation required under the homestead laws. If 
the soldier was discharged from wounds or disabilities incurred 
in the line of duty, the whole term of his enlistment (not exceed- 
ing four years) is to be deducted from the required period of five 
years, but no patent can issue to any homestead settler who has 
not resided upon, improved arid cultivated his homestead for a 
period of at least one year after he commences his improvement. 

A certified copy of the soldiers' certificate of discharge (or the 
original) showing when he enlisted and when he was discharged, 
must be filed with the Register and Receiver or the Clerk of the 
Circuit Court at the time of offering final proof. 



If a homestead settler does not wish tO' remain five years on 
a tract of land he may pay for it in cash. To entitle a homestead 
claimant to the land upon making such payment he must prove 
his actual settlement, improvements and cultivation of the land 
for a period of fourteen months from the date of establishing 
residence upon the land and subsequent to the date of entry. 

Parties commuting homestead entries cannot be excused for 
any cause for failure to live upon, improve and cultivate the land 

129 



for the required period. They are not obliged to make proof 
within the short time in which commutation is allowed, and 
when such proof is made full compliance with law must be suf- 
ficiently shown. 

The fees to accompany all commuted proofs are $1.25 per 
acre, together with fifteen cents per hundred words for all writ- 
ten testimony in said proof, including affidavits if any there be. 

The homestead entry receipt or an aflidavit of its loss, to- 
gether with evidence of citizenship, must accompany all final and 
commutation proofs, together with proof of publication of the 
notice. 

All affidavits must have the ofTlcial seal of the officer before 
whom such affidavits were taken executed thereon, without 
which they cannot be accepted. 

If for any reason the proof is not made on the day designated 
in the notice, the officer before whom said proof is to be taken 
may adjourn the taking of the same from day to day for a period 
of ten days, and in that event the officer before whom said proof 
is to be taken will be required to furnish his certificate, under 
seal, showing that on the date set for the taking of the proof, 
or any of the subsequent days thereto, no one appeared in person 
or otherwise to protest against the allowance of the same, and 
the entryman will also be required to furnish an affidavit giving 
his reasons why proof was not made on the day set. 

All proofs must be received at the local land office within 
fifteen days from the taking of the same, otherwise the same 
must be rejected. A rejection of a final proof for non-compliance 
with law does not debar applicant from reoffering proof anew 
within the statutory period. 

Should a discrepancy appear, either in the spelling of claim- 
ant's or witnesses' names, in the final proof, from that of the 
advertised notice, the claimant will be required to furnish an 
affidavit correcting same, showing the true orthography of the 
corrected name. 

Proofs cannot be accepted should the names of both witnesses 
be signed differently from that appearing in the advertised 
notice. 

Any party desiring the sale of an isolated tract under the 
provisions of Section 2455. Revised Statutes, U. S., as amended 
February 26, 1895. will be required to file in the district Land Office 
an affidavit made by himself and duly corroborated by two wit- 
nesses, setting forth the character of the land, stating whether it 
is covered with timber or contains stone or any mineral, whether 
it is agricultural in character, for what purpose the land would be 
chiefly valuable, and why he desires the same ordered into mar- 
ket. It must also be shown that the tract is unoccupied by anyone 
having color of title thereto. No lands are subject to be ordered 
into market as aforesaid until the same shall have been subject 
to homestead entry for a period of three years after the surround- 
ing lands have been entered, filed upon or sold by the govern- 
ment. This affidavit, when received at the Land Office, will 
be transmitted to the General Land Office, Washington, D. C, 
for examination and when instructions are received ordering 
such lands to be exposed at public sale, the applicant will be 
notified of such fact and the party will then be required to 
deposit the sum of $5.00 to cover the cost of publication of said 
notice which must be published once a week for five successive 
weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity of 
the land. On the day set for such sale the lands designated in 

130 



said notice will be sold at public auction to the highest bidder 
at the minimum price of $1.25 an acre. 

It must be observed that no more than 160 acres shall be 
sold to any one person at the offering under th\s act. Other 
purchases can be made at any time thipreafter, and such lands 
need not be contiguous. 

Any person desiring to enter land under the "Timber and Stone 
act" must appear in person before the Register and Receiver 
of tl^e United States Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, and 
execute an affidavit setting forth that he has not made any 
prior application under this act, and that he is by birth or 
naturalization a citizen of the United States, or has declared 
his intention to become such. If not native born record evidence 
of his prescribed qualifications must be furnished. The affidavit 
must show the legal subdivisions of the tract and of its char- 
acter stating that the same is unfit for cultivation and valu- 
able chiefly for its timber or stone, and is uninhabited, contains 
no mining or other improvements, nor as deponent verily be- 
lieves any valuable deposit of gold, silver, cinnabar, copper or 
coal, that deponent does not apply to purchase the same for 
speculation but in good faith to appropriate it to his own ex- 
clusive use and benefit and that he has not directly or indirectly 
made any agreement or contract in any way or manner with 
any person or persons whomsoever by which the title which 
he may acquire from the United States shall inure in whole or 
in part to the benefit of any person except himself. 

You will note that the land must be chiefly valuable for its 
timber and stone and unfit for cultivation if the timber was 
removed. 

A married woman may be permitted to purchase land under 
this act but in addition to the above she is required to make 
an additional affidavit at the time of entry, showing that she 
proposes to purchase said land with her separate money in which 
her husband has no interest or claim and that said entry is 
made for her sole and separate use and benefit. 

The foregoing affidavits can only be made before the Register 
and Receiver at the U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan. 

After the filing of the aforesaid affidavit the sum of $7.50 is 
required to cover the costs of the publication of the notice 
which must appear in a weekly newspaper for ten successive 
weeks. On the date set the applicant (together with two wit- 
nesses) must appear at the U. S. Land Office at Marquette, 
Michigan, and offer final proof. 

The fees in connection with said proof are $2.50 per acre plus 
$10.00 government fees to be paid at the time of offering proof. 
This must be in currency. 

The applicant has only one timber and stone right which 
can be exhausted in an entry of forty acres of land, or the full 
complement of 160 acres. The lands embraced in any entry must 
be contiguous. 

A person who has made a homestead entry may relinquish, 
the same and enter the land under this act, providing the land 
is chiefly valuable for the timber or stone thereon. 

The charges to be made by the Register and Receiver for 
plats and diagrams of a particular township are as follows: 

For a township diagram showing vacant government lands, 
$1.00. 

For a township plat showing entries, names of claima.nt and 
character of entry, $2.00. 

131 



For township plat showing" entries, names of claimant, char- 
acter of entry and number, $3.00. 

For a township plat showing entries, names of claimant, 
chairacter of entry, number and date of filing or entry, together 
with topography, etc., $4.00. 

Lansings 

See State Capitol. 



^ I - ' METAWiOFi^ ^ PTkorm-illle! M^ni^nt^tl 

OAKLAND j 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. P. 0. & N. 
R. R. 3. Gd. Trunk Western Ry. 4. Relle Riuer., 
6^ M. C. R. R. 6. Flint River. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. 

Lapeer County 

"V^aW 'created in 1822 and organized in 1835. Its present limits 
were defined in 1855. "La" being the French for "the,." Governor 
Cass, who named this county, perhaps meant to indicate that it 
was the Peer, i. e., the equal of any of the existing counties. 
It has been claimed that he named it after a French officer 
named Lapere, who is said to have aided the colonists during the 
Revolution. The county seat is Lapeer. Acres in county, 424,030. 
Population in 1840, 4,265; 1850, 7,026; 1860, 14,875; 1870, 21,345; 1880, 

132 



30 138; 1890, 29,213; 1894, 28,879; 1900, 27,641. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 5,232. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,709; 

Bryan 2,217. , ^ o^ ^ 

Latitude of State. 

Reckoning- the southern boundary of the state where it 
strikes Lake Erie as its most southerly point, and the north 



{T^LMmcMTjp.Ledaf^^^ 




tTo'Lmiundm Tp,) 







,■51 



\Dindhain 

P 7 - - 



, I i O'.Centet 

/_, -. , 1 Sheflaiid I riile 
[6^ie».^r6o,^ l,Hci|orfeQ 

iBurdickviUp? ,^Cv^N^^.^^ ^ 

L l^mni^p', J^asson !4)'*\y^l?\ Traverse 

/ r\ -r, .r_ r>.--^ 1^ VwKorris 28 

^Oyij^ttn . ,, _ LJjir_ J GreilMck viile^ ^'"^ ]V. 

[Manistee A K. ii VV. 

i/V. £. ff/^. 
GRAND 
TBAVEBSE 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 
133 



end of Isle Royale in Lake Superior as its most northerly point, 
the state liies between Latitude 41 degrees 44 seconds and 48 de- 
grees 12 seconds. See Longitude of State. 

gee Stkte^Cfempiled Laws. 

LiaTvs of State, Distribution of Copies of. 

The published Laws of the State are given away to nearly 
all State, County and Township officials and to all public and 
incorporated libraries. 

Lia-«vyers. 

See State Board of Law Examiners. 

lieelanan County. 

Was created in 1840 and organized in 1863. The name was derived 
from the Indian word, Leel-in-au, meaning "Delight of Life." 
For municipal purposes, Fox and Manitou Islands are attached 
to this county. The county seat was at first located at North- 
port, but is now at Leland. Acres in county, 219.288. Population 
in 1860, 2,445; 1870, 4.577; 1880, 6,253; 1890, 7,944; 1894, 9,395; 1900, 10,556. 
Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,600. Presidential vote in 
1900, McKinley 1,484, Bryan 637. 

liegrislative Conncil. 

See Territory, Legislative Council of. 

Liegrislatnre. 

See State Legislature 

IienaTree County 

Was created in 1822 and organized in 1827. It was named from 
the Shawnee Indian word, Lenawai, "Man," i. e., man redeeming 
the wilderness. The county seat is Adrian. Acres in countv. 
482,795. Population in 1840, 17,889; 1850, 26,380; 1860, 38.497; 1870, 45,507: 
1880, 48,343; 1890, 48.448; 1894, 48,541; 1900, 48,406. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 10,671. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,848, 
Bryan 5,965. 

Ijibrarian. 
See State Librarian. 

Libraries, Associate 

Any public incorporated school or college library having 1,000 
or more volumes may by agreeing to certain rules be classed as 
an "associate library" and entitled to receive help and advice 
from the state library. All state documents are sent directly 
to them and any patron of an "associate" library may receive 
through the local librarian, books for a limited time from the 
state library. There are now twenty-six "associate libraries" in 
the state; many of their patrons have received books from the 
state library on special subjects. 

The following are the rules governing loans to associate 
libraries : 

1. No reference book shall be loaned from the State Library, 
nor shall any book which because of its cost or rarity cannot 
be easily replaced. 

2. Such precautions shall be taken in packing as to guard 
against any possibilitj- of injury in transportation. 

3. All expenses of transportation shall be borne by the 
borrower. 

134 



4. The book borrowed will be accompanied by a slip giving 
the exact time during which the volume may be kept, and the 
date, on or before which, it shall be returned to the State 
Library. The provisions of this rule will be strictly enforced. 

5. An Associate Librarian must protect the State Library 
against loss of, or injury to, the books owned by the State, and 
may apply to a traveling library the same local rules regarding 
the loans of books, that are in force for the Associate Library. 

6. In case of the necessity arising for debarring an Associate 
Library of the privileges given under Act. No. 28, laws of 1895, 
such library may appeal to the Governor and the Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, who shall act as arbiters in the matter. 

i.i E.JACKSON i WASHTENAW 

1,2. ' ^ 







OHIO 



Ref.;- 1. Cincinnati Northern R.R.; . 2. L S. & M. S. Ry.; 
3. Wabash R.R.; 4. Raisin River: 5. Detroit Southern Ry. 

Liibrai'ies, Micliissin Travelingr 

Acting under the "traveling library" provision of the State 
law, the state board of library commissioners has created "trav- 
eling libraries" so-called. These libraries are made up of fifty 
carefully selected books, about twenty per cent of which is 
fiction, the balance being divided between ethics, religion, litera- 
ture, biography, history, and travels. Special libraries bearing 
on certain lines of work are also made up for the use of study 
clubs, working in isolated portions of the state. Thirty-one of 
these special libraries are now in use. The books are sent out 
in neat oak cases and are accompanied by the simple machinery 
necessary for the care and circulation of the books. 



135 



The libraries are intended for the use of . residents of the 
small villages and rural districts, who are deprived of the hbrarj 
advantage? of the large cities and literary centers of the state. 

A library can be obtained on application of twenty-five tax- 
payers in a rural community; a grange or a farmers olub or in 
fact by any society organized for study. The books may be kept 
from three to six months, then they can be returned and another 
set of fifty volumes will be sent. The only expense to the re- 
cipients is a yearly fee of $5, which is used In paying all the 
transportation expenses both going and coming, of as many 
libraries as are desired during the year. For the benefit of those 
localities where, while needing the books, they ^are unable to 
pay the whole fee, the amount has been divided so that one- 
fourth of it may be sent, which will pay for one library. It is 
d?sSble to pay the yearly fee if possible, as that insures libraries 
for the entire year. Address the State Librarian at Lansing. 

Libraries, Public 

Any incorporated city, by its city council, may establish a 
Dublic library and may levy a tax of one mill on the dollar for 
the support of the same, and is authorized to provide for its 
management. . , . \j * « ^ 

The State Board of Library Commissioners, consisting of five 
persons, the state librarian being secretaxy, aid towns and 
villages desiring free public libraries in the following ways: 

First By furnishing lists of books selected with the .great- 
est, care and of the highest literary character, and securing, if 
desired by the purchasers, the highest possible discount on the 

Second By giving advice as to the classification, cataloguing 
and arrangement of books on the shelves; in fact, furnishing in- 
formation in all the details of library economy. /_ 

Third. The State Librarian will provide for the admission into 
the State Library, for a limited time, of men and wome« who may 
be appointed librarians of the free public. libraries The instruc- 
tion will be limited to the practical training and the elementary 
details of library work. There will be no charges made for this 
tuition- the only expense will be that of a personal character. 

Fourth. Public free and incorporated librax'ies will he fur- 
nished by the State with a valuable set of books called The 
Pioneer and Historical Society collections of Michigpan. This 
set now numbers 28 volumes and is of great historical value. 

Libraries, School District 

See School District Libraries. 

Library Commissioners. 

See State Board of Library Commissioners. 
^'/y^ii ■ Library Director. 

'^''■Sik Township Board of Library Directors. 

Licenses. 
See Liquor Licenses, Marriage, Hawkers and Peddlers; also 
State Boards of Registration in Medicine. Law, Pharmacy, Den- 
tistry, Veterinary, for Examination of Barbers, and for Regu- 
lation of Horse-shoeing. 

136 



Liientenant Governor. 

See State Liieutenant-Governor. 

Life Insurance. 

The statistics of business in Michigan for 1900 is as follows : 
Number of companies^^g^igan^^.^.^ .......... . . . .... . . . i ^1 

Number of new policies issues 19,416 

Amount of new policies issued $29,043,449.99 

Number of policies in force at end of year 83,213 

Amouht of policies in force at end of year $158,174,154.33 

Premiums received $ 5,594,510.64 

Losses paid ....$ 2,153,118;33 

iO .six .ft I iiiMjj' .m ,. ; ■.'";jj, 

--^fffJ^ fii "f >•>:•- <>;'_>" f'""^Xife Savins: Service. • ^di 

'^^e'^^^'i^'li^ife' Saving Service. '^'^ 

liigrlit Honses. li 

See IT. S. Inspector of Lighthouses. ."■ 

Limestone. 

There are nearly a dozen quarries in the state and the outt>ut 
is valued at about $100,000 yearly. r-rRrnoi .1 bnn r. --iToinj 

liiQnor Law of Maine in Micliisran. 

An act popularly known as the Maine Liquor Law, because 
modelea after the law of the State of Maine was passed by the 
Legislature on February 12, 1853, subject to the approval of the 
voters of the state. The state vote was as follows: For, 40,409; 
against, 23,034; majority in favor of the law, 17,395. :r; 

It nominally went into force, but in the greater portion of 
the state was so nullified that after 20 years' trial it was repealed 
and a Liquor Tax or License Law was passed instead. ' 

Meanwhile Section 47 of Article IV. of the Constitution ■Vvas 
still in force, and reads as follows: ■' - ^ 

"The Legislatvire shall not pass any Act authorizing the grant 
of licenses for the sale of ardent spirits or other Intoxicating 
liquors." 

The question of striking this article out of the Constitution 
iXfas submitted to the people, and in November,, 1876, th6 vote 
\vas as follows: 60,639 for striking out, and 52,561 against. A 
majority being in favor of so doing. Section 47 of Article IV. was 
stricken from the Constitution. 

^^f'^, Liauors, Sale of, by Drngrsrists. 

It is unlawful for any druggist to sell or give away any 
spirituous, malt, brewed, fermented or vinous, or any mixed 
liquor to any minor except for medicinal or mechanical use, 
and on the written order of parent or guardian, nor to anypersoii 
in the habit of getting intoxicated, nor to any person when for-*- 
bidden in writing by his or her husband, wife, parent, child, 
guardian, or employer, or by the supervisor, mayor, director, or 
alderman, president or trustee of a village or superintendent of 
the pocr. And, unless licensed as retail liquor dealers, said 
druggists may only sell for medicinal, chemical, scientific, me- 
chanical and sacrimental purposes, and shall keep a list of the 
names of all persons, procuring liquors, the date of the sale, 
amount and kind of liquor sold, and the purpose for which the 
same was to be used as stated by the purchaser. 

m 



Liquor Saloons, Wlieii to Be Closed. 

"It shall not be lawful for any person to sell, offer to sell, 
furnish, give or have in his possession any liquors in any con- 
cert hall, variety show, theater, or other place of amusement, 
nor in any building opening into where any such concert hall, 
variety show, theater or other place of amusement may be. 

"All saloons, restaurants, bars, in taverns or elsewhere, and 
all other places, except drug stores, where any of the liquors 
mentioned in this act are sold, or kept on sale either at whole- 
sale or retail, shall be closed on the first day of the week, com- 
monly called Sunday, on all election days, on all legal holidays, 
and until 7 o'clock of the following morning, and on each week- 
day night from and after the ho\ir of 9 p. m. until 7 a. m. of 
the moi'ning of the succeeding day. The word "Closed" in this 
section shall be construed to apply to the back door or other 
entra,nce as well as the front door. And in prosecutions under 
this section it shall not be necessary to prove that any liquor 
was sold: Provided, that in all cities and incorporated 
villages, the common council, or board of trustees, or 
council, may, by ordinance, allow the saloons and other places 
where said liquors shall be sold to open at six o'clock in the 
forenoon and to remain open not later than eleven o'clock in 
the afternoon, and no longer of any week-night, except on elec-- 
tion days and holidays." State T-iaw. 

Liianor Tax. 

In all townships, cities and villages there must be paid annu- 
ally the following tax upon the business of selling or offering for 
sale spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or mixed liquors by re- 
ta:il, or any mixture or compound, except proprietary patent 
"medicines, which in whole or in part consist of spirituous or in- 
toxicating liquors, and anj' malt, brewed or fermented liquors, 
five hundred dollars per annum; upon the business of selling 
only brewed or malt liquors, at wholesale or retail, or at whole- 
sale and retail, five hundred dollars per annum; upon the busi- 
ness of selling spirituous or intoxicating liquors at wholesale, 
five hundred dollars ; or at wholesale and retail, eight hundred 
dollars per annum; upon the business of manufacturing brewed 
or malt liquors for sale, sixty-five dollars per annum; upon the 
issues of manufacturing for sale spirituous or intoxicating 
liquors, eight hundred dollars per annum. The^e taxes ai;e pay- 
able May ist to the County Treasurer. • "I %"* '''' . ' ' 

One-half of the^e taxes are placed to the credit of the town- 
ship, village or city from which the same was collected, and shall 
be by such county treasurer paid over, on demand, to the treasur- 
er of such township, village or city, to be applied as other gen- 
eral funds. 

The law went into effect the day it was passed. May 3, 1875, 
but only $600.00 was collected in that year. In 1876 the total 
collections vv^ere $4.^7,705.52. The number of dealers and the 
amounts collected in the several counties for the j'^ears indi- 
cated are as follows: 

138 






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141 



Liiqnor Traffic Resti'aints. 

The council of every incorporated village is invested with 
power "to suppress saloons for the sale of spirituous and intox- 
icating liquors, and license taverns and eating houses." — Com- 
piled Laws 1897, Section 2769. Acting under this law, councils 
have refused to accept the bonds offered by prospective saloon- 
keepers. 

No Justice of the Peace can hold court in any place where 
intoxicating liquors are sold. 

No spirituous or intoxicating liquor can be sold or given away 
on the parade grounds of the State troops. 

~No Board of Registration can hold sessions in any room or 
building in which intoxicating liquors are sold, nor in any room 
adjacent thereto, connected by doorway. 

No election can be held in any saloon or bar-room or in any 
room or place contiguous with or adjoining thereto. 

After a cemetery site shall have been purchased or located 
no place for the sale of intoxicating liquors can be established 
within a i^ mile of the entrance thereto. 

No spirituous, vinous or malt liquors can be sold or given 
away on any election day. 

No caucus or primary election can be held in a saloon or 
bar-room, nor in any place adjacent to a room in which intox- 
icating liquors are sold. 

No person can sell or give away intoxicating liquor within 
two miles of the place where any religious society is actually 
assembled for religious worship. 

No w.oman or girl may be employed as bar-keeper or furnish 
music or dancing in any saloon or bar-room. 

It is not lawful to establish or maintain a saloon or other 
place where intoxicating liquor is sold, within one mile of the 
Soldiers' Home. 

It is not lawful to sell or give away intoxicating liquors in 
any concert hall, theatre or other place of amusement, nor in 
anj' room opening into any such place of amusement. 

Liiquors, liocal Option oii Sale of 

The first provision for local option in the State was by act 
of March 19, 1845, which provided that at each township and 
charter election, the question of license or no license should be 
submitted to the voters, and if a majority in any locality said 
no license, then it was illegal in that locality to issue licenses. 
The frequency with which the law was violated led to the in- 
sertion in the constitution of 1850 of a clause forbidding the 
granting of licenses; it v/as repealed in 1876. The present local 
option law dates from 1889. The steps in obtaining local option 
in any county are as follows: 1; File with the County Clerk a 
written application and petition addressed to the Board of Super- 
visors of the County, signed by 1-3 of the qualified electors, as 
shown by the returns of the last general election asking that 
an election be held in the county to ascertain whether the man- 
ufacturing of liquors and the liquor traffic shall be prohibited 
in the county, all the signers of said petition in anj'' one election 
district being grouped together, which list, together with the 
polling list, shall be posted in the three most conspicuous places 
in the county. 

2. It is then the duty of the County Clerk at the next regular 
or adjourned meeting of the Board of Supervisors to lay before 
them said petition. 

S. The Board of Supervisors at such meeting shall issue an 
order to the effect that local option shall be voted on at the 

142 



ntxt election for township officers in all of the townships In 
the county to ascertain the sentiment of electors with regard to 
such a petition. • 

4. The County Clerk shall then without delay cause a copy 
of such order, duly certified by him, to be delivered to the 
Tov^nsbip Clerk of each township and to one of the inspectors 
of election of each ward or election district of every city Jn 
the county, and shall also publish such order for three consecu- 
tive weeks in two newspapers published in the county. 

5. The officers whose duty it is to furnish ballots at township 
elections must provide ballots with the question of prohibition 
printed on them at the next township election. 

SHIAWASSEE j GENESEE 




WASHTENAW 

Ref. :-1. Ann Arbor R. R. 2. Shiawassee Rioer. 
-i. Huron River. 4. Pere Marquette R. R. 5 Gd 
Trunk Ry. 6. Red Cedar River. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

6. If the county canvass shows that the proposition to pro- 
hibit has been adopted, the Board of Supervisors must adopt 
resolutions prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors and the 
prohibition shall take effect from the first day of May following. 
After that date all sales of liquor are violations of law and sub- 
ject to fines and penalties, save such as are made by druggists 
and registered pharmacists under the special laws that govern 
such parties. 

But no such election may be held oftener than once In two 
years. 

Since 1892 both Eaton and Van Buren have been local option 
or no license counties. 

143 



Live Stoclv. 

. . ^^S ^*,^^1 ^^"^^ stock Sanitary Commission, also Croo aaci 
Liive Stock Reports. 

liivingrston County- 
Was -created in 1833 and organized in 1836. It was named after 
Edward Livingston, Secretary of State of the United Sta,tes i 
from 1831 to ISS-'?. The county seat is Howell. Acres in county, " 
370,845. Population in 1840, 7,430; 1850, 13,475; 1S60, 16,629; 1870, lf.417- 




I 






4, K. 8 W. 

MACKINAC 

Ref.:—1. Shellctrahe Lake. 2. Taquamenon Riuer. 3. D. 

S. S. & Atl; Ry. 4. Manistique Lake. 5. Manistique Riuer. 

Copyright 1901 . by Silas Farmer. 



144 



1880, 22,251; 1890, 20,858; 1894, 20,437; 1900, 19,664. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 5,313. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,858, 
Bryan 2,730. 

liocal Option. 

See Liquor. Local Option on Sales of. 

liongrtitnde of State. 

Reckoning Port Huron as its most eastern point, and the 
mouth of Montreal River at the west end of Gogebic County as 
its most western point, the State lies between longitude 82 de- 
grees 25 seconds and 90 degrees 25 seconds west of Greenwich, 
England. See Latitude of State. 

Lost Articles. 

If any person finds any money or other article of the value 
of $3 or more, he must post notice in two public places and also 
give notice to the Township Clerk of the finding of such article. 

If money or article found be of the value of $10 or over, the 
finder must advertise it in some newspaper in the county or in 
an adjoining county for six weeks successively.— State Laws. 

' liuce County- 

Was created and organized in 1887. It was named after Cyrus 
G. Luce, Governor of the State from 1887 to 1891. The county seat 
is Newberry. Acres in county, 581,436. Population in 1890, 2,455; 
1894, 2,348; 1900, 2,983. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 472. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 405, Bryan 159. 

Tjnmberin^. 

For many years Michigan was the center of the pine- 
lumber industry of the United States, and hundreds of thousands 
of houses and factories in many states have been built from 
timber grown in Michigan. There are probably more wealthy 
men in the State as the result of lumbering operations than from 
the pursuit of any other one industry. Square miles upon square 
miles of land, and in some cases practically whole counties have 
been ov/ned by single individuals or corporations, who have 
cut, sawed and shipped all the valuable pine in these localities. 

The State has also possessed immense forests of birch, 
maple and oak, and these also are being disposed of with great 
ra,pidity. 

In earlier days a heavy fall of snow was essential to suc- 
cessful lumbering, the logs being drawn on sledges to a mill 
or to the margin of some convenient rtream to be floated down 
in the spring. Of late years, what are known as forest or log- 
ging roads are laid into the fores;ts for the conveying of logs, 
and then taken up and relaid elsewhere as occasion de- 
mands. See also "Pine." 

Mackinac County 

Was created and organized in 1818. The name is an abbreviation 
of Michilimackinac, an Indian word meaning "Great turtle," 
having reference to the contour of the notable island which forms 
a part of the county. The county seat, originally at Mackinac 
Island, is now at St. Ignaoe. Acres in county, 648,857. Population 
in 1S4U, 923; 1850, 3,597; 1860, 1,939; 1870, 1,716; 1880, 2,902; 1890, 7,830; 
1894, 7,237; 1900, 7,703. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,202. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,060, Bryan 632. 

145 



Mackinac Island. 

This enchanting island lies just north of the Lower Penin- 
sula in the Straits of Mackinac. A large portioa is a park, under 
the control of a State board. The place abounds in peculiar and 
interesting examples of nature's handiwork. Prominent among 
the points of special interest are Arch Rock, a wonderful natural 
bridge, eighty feet high; Fairy Arch, Sugar Loaf, Lovers' Leap, 
Devil's Kitchen, etc. A eopl, invigorating temperature prevails 
during the summer .months, and the views and drives are mag- 
nificent. Large hotels and summer cottages are thronged 
throughout the summer by people from near and far. 



LA peer; 

B£12 E. j 



ST. CLAIR 




Ref.i 



2. 1. 

WAYNE 

Grand Trunk Ry. 2. M. V. H. ft. 



Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer., 
Mackinac Island Park Commissioners. 

See State Board of. 

Macomb County 

was created and organized in 1818. Its present limits were de- 
fined in 15:32. It was named after Maj.-Gen. Alexander Macomb 
of the U. S. army, whose family were among the earliest set- 
tlers in Michigan. The county seat is Mt. Clemens. Acres in 
county, 306,963. Population in 1840, 9,716; 1850, 15,532; 1860, 23,112; 
1870, 28,050; 1880, 31,627; 1890, 31,813; 1894, 32,387; 1900, 33,244. Votes 
cast at spring election of 1899, 6,933. Presidential vote in 1900, 
McKinley 4,244, Bryan 3,489. 

147 



Mails. 

See Postage, Rates of. 

Ma-il Deliverj'. 

See "Rural Mail Delivery" and "Marine Mails." 

Manistee County- 
was created in 1840 and organized in 1855. It was named from 
the Manistee River, which flows through the county. Manistee 
is an Indian word meaning "river at whose mouth there are 
islands." The county seat is Manistee. Acres in county, 346,371. 
Population in 1860, 874; 1870. 6,074; 1880, 12,533; 1890, 24,230; 1894, 26.114; 
1900, 27,856. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,529. Presiden- 
tial vote in 1900, McKinley 3,146, Bryan 2,340. 



B E H Z I E 

7. 2.3 



4. 




MASON J LAKER-13W. 

Ref-1. Arcadia & BeUey River Ry. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 
3. Ann Arbor R. R. 4. Manistee & N. E. R. R. 5. Mams- 
ten d Luther R. R. 6. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. 



Manufactures. 

Leading articles of manufacture are: Boots and shoes, Ireet- 
sugar, freight cars, cigars, cement, capsules, caskets, drugs, 
furs, furniture, fertilizers, leather, lumber, matches, organs, 
ships, silk thread, stoves, soda ash, varnish, white lead and 
woodenware. 

148 



iflanufactaireis in Micliiig^an. 
Census of 1S90. 



PRODUCT. 



Wool manufacture 

Silk 

Fertilizers y 

Acetate of Lime 

Potash 

Sulphuric Acid [ 

High explosives 

Paints (in oil ' I 

(ready mixed ) 

Varnish 

Pharmaceutical Preparations 
Wood Alcohol- (Cr de) . . . . * 
" (Refined) .. f 

Chemical establishments... . 

Iron and Steel > 

Rolling Mills 

Iron 

Steel 



Brick and Tile . 



Shipbuilding 



Year. 



Salt 

Newspapers and Periodicals . 

Gas 

Agricultural Implements 

Blacksmithing and Wheel- 
wrighting 

Boots and Shoes 

Carriages and Wagons 

Cars (railroad) 

Clothing 

Flour and Grist 

Foundry and Machine Shop 
products 

Chairs . '. 

Furniture 

Leather 

Liquors— Malt 

Lumber, etc 

Paper 

Wood Pulp 

Saddlery and Harness 

Meat Packing 

Tobacco- Chewing and Smok- 
ing 

Cigars, Cigarettes 



1890 
1890 
1880 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1880 
1890 
1890 

1890 

1890 
1890 

1890 

1890 
1880 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1880 
1890 

1880 

1890 

1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 

1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 

1890 
1890 
1S90 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 
1890 

1890 
1890 






43 
1 



15 

19 

4 



179 

185 

73 

62 

81 

657 

27 

65 

1,026 

12 

407 

5 

20 

544 

260 
8 

108 
20 
78 
1,918 
21 
10 

323 
10 

5 
373 



4-5 
Q, Q 



f 1,559,004 



673,900 



1.086,404 ] 
571,200 



o o 



$ 1,689,974 



3,342,3^6 

6,696,541 
1,437,540 



710,259 
1,585,955 

476,775 

3,266,4r2 
3,195,120 



4,030,363 
6,944,005 

1,198,564 
978,534 

5,311,833 

3,769,483 
642, 6n2 

8,472 852 

14,331 924 

703 635 

8,625,321 

1,20.1,982 

2.744.353 

110.990.H28 

1.779,5*0 

933,233 

990.524 

802,463 

1,586,460 
1,516,953 



900 tons 

18,715 tons. 

3,135,653 lbs 

2 995,259 lbs 

98. ',000 lbs. 

7,275,600 lbs 

2.301 944 lbs 

2,550,000 lbs 

601,473 gals. 

1,783 000 gals 

$3 035 999 

89,806 gals 

59,808 gals. 



$4,591,613 
5,829,843 



33,478 tons. 
7,110 tons. 
" $822,475 
1,179,605 
3 steel vessels 
66 wooden " 
5 steel vessels 
wooden " 
18,645 553 bu. 
$3,274,089 
495.969,010 eft 
$3,955,306 

1,763,135 
2.065.53: 
5,699,941 

11.078,381 
1,862,85?9 

22,778,829 

13,363.030 

868 200 

9.898.838 

1,743.760 

2,9;9,258 

73,484,306 

2,292.984 

626,182 

1.459,«]3 

3,069,298 

4,743,412 
3,512,603 



Ms 



1,428 



210 



235 
111 



2,159 
3,089 
1,509 

777 



1,933 

2,616 

1,537 

2,284 

1.629 
3,668 

257 
1,847 

1,7.52 
1,371 
3,375 
3,808 
651 
2,435 

8,560 
990 

8.109 
378 
839 
46,593 
938 
364 
988 
321 

1.352 
2,830 



Total capital invested $262,412 240. 
Number of employees 163.941. 
Value of products $277,896,706. 



Marble. 

At Ishpeming, Marquette County, are several large outcrops 
of the finest verde antique marble found in the United States. 
It fully equals the best from foreign sources. 



,^<.T» 



3fai-gtte«« Cb.) 



\__^ . - i- sT-Kuron Mt. 




DICKINSON 

Hef.:—1. b. S. S. & A. Ry. 2. Mur.ising Ry. 

3. C. & N. W Ry. 4. Escanaba River. 5. 

Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. d. Ford River. 

7. Michigainme River. 8. C. M.& St. P. Ry. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



DELTA 



I l" I 4. 

'MENOMINEE * D E LT A 



150 



Marine Mails. 

The delivery of mails to, and the collecting of mail from, ves- 
sels passing through the Detroit River is unique, being peculiar 
to that locality. During the season of navigation, which lasts 
for eight months of the year a greater number of vessels passes 
Detroit than traverses any other body of water in all the world, 
there being an average of one steam vessel every three and a 
half minutes. ^ ■ 

All passing vessels are boarded, for the purpose of delivering 
and collecting mails, from a small boat, and Detroit is the only 
place in the world where this is done by night as well as by day. 
The service is hazardous and exciting and is warmly appreciated ; 
16,200 weather maps were furnished to masters of vessels through 
this marine postofflce during 1S99. 

MANISTEE 



1.2. 



R. 15 W. 




Ref.i-1. 



M=ftoirr- [Branch 

IcSriS 

Bass Lake { J 
3. 
OCEANA 

Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Manistee & Gd. Rapids 
R. R. 3. Mason & Oceana R. R. 



Copyright 7901, by Silas Farmer. 

Mai'iiie Hospital. 

See U. S. Marine Hospital. 

Marl. 

See "Cement." 

Marquette County- 
was created in 1843 and organized in 1851. Its present limits 
were defined in 1891. It was named after the Jesuit missionary, 
Jacques Marquette, one of the very earliest visitors to the land 
of the lakes. The county seat is Marquette. Acres in county, 
1,182,510. Population in 1850, 136; 1860, 2.821; 1870, 15,077; 1880. 25,393; 
1890, 39,521; 1894, 38,008; 1900, 41,239. Votes cast at spring election 
of 1899, 4,660. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 5,237, Bryan 1,476. 

151 



Marriage Iiicenses. 

Prior to 1887 no marriage licenses were required and returns 
were not regularly made of marriages to any public office, so that 
it is often difficult to prove marriages prior to that date. Now, 
however, marriage licenses are required to be obtained from 
county clerk (fee $1.00) before the ceremony is performed. Males 
and females nnust be 18 before they can marry, except that with 
the written consent of parents or guardians girls may marry 
earlier. The applicant for a license must give under oath the 
following facts: Full name of groom and bride, age of each at 
last birthday, whether white, black, mulatto, or Indian, resi- 
dence, birthplace, occupation, father's name, mother's maiden 
name, number of times previously married, and maiden name of 
bride, if a widow. 

OCEANA 




MONTCAIiM 



Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R R 2. Little Muskegon 
River 3. Muskegon Riuer 

Copyriaht 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Marriagres. 

Number of, in State in 1900, 23,295. 

3Iasoii County 

was created under the name of Notipekago in 1840. The name 
was changed to Mason in 1843. The original name was a sup- 
posed Indian word, but had no particular significance. The 
county was called Mason after Stevens T. Mason, the last ter- 
ritorial and the first state governor. The county was organized 
in 1855. The county seat was originally at Lincoln, then at Au 
Sable, and is now at Ludington. Acres in county, 315,526, Pop- 
ulation in 1850, 93; 1860, 831; 1870, 3,294; 1880, 10,063; 1890, 16,385; 1894, 

152 



18,422; 1900, 18,885. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,879. Pres- 
idential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,186, Bryan 1,252. 

Mecosta County 

was created in 1840 and organized in 1859. Its present limits were 
defined in 1857. The name is believed to have been derived from 
Irish sources, as were those of several other counties, which 
were created about the same time. It has also been suggested 
that Mecosta was the name of an Indian chief. The county seat 
was originally at Leonard, but is now at Big Rapids. Acres in 
county, 361,876. Population In 1860, 1,017; 1870, 5,778; 1880, 13,973; 1890, 
19.697; 1894, 20,729; 1900, 20,693. Votes cast at spring election of 
1897, 3,317. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,804, Bryan 1,376. 

Mediation and Arbitration. 

See State Court of Mediation and Arbitration. 

Medicine^ Registration in 

See State Board of Registration. 

Menominee County 

was created as the County of Bleeker in 1861. Its name was 
changed and the county organized in 1863. Its present limits were 
defined in 1891. It was named after the Menominee tribe of In- 
dians. The county seat is Menominee. Acres in count5^ 666.706. 
Population in 1870, 1894; 1880, 11,988; 1890, 33,639; 1894, 23,740; 1900. 
27,046. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,776. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 3,122, Bryan 1,543. 

Mexican War. 

See War, Mexican. 

Michigran Agricultui*al College. 

See "State Agricultural College." 

Micliigan Allegorically. 

The Staite has been idealized in but one figure, namely, the 
crowning statue of the Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monu- 
ment at Detroit. 

This statue is of bronze, 11 feet high, and represents Mich- 
igan as a woman in aboriginal garb, holding in her right hand 
a short sword and in her left a shield, which is raised aloft 
as if prepared to defend. The thought is evidently to illustrate 
the legend, "I will defend," which is found on the State Seal, 
and the suggestion is, Michigan, fearless of danger, will pro- 
tect and defend her citizens and their rights. 

The tomahawk in the girdle taken in connection with other 
Indian accessories, represents the wilderness that in part is 
still as wild as ever. 

The 'headdress of feathers and wings speaks of high alti- 
tudes and swiftness, and the ample mantle of skins and fur 
symbolizes shelter and plenty. 

All of these emblematic ideas are more than realized in the 
experiences of the favored citizens of Michigan. 

Micbigran Asylum for tlie Insane. 

See State Asylums. 

Micbigra'n's Block in Washington Monument. 

On invitation from the society which was in charge of the 
erection of the Washirigton monument at Washington, the leg- 

153 



MARQUETTE 

R. a 5 W. 



PaitlioniiXc. *"- 
or Penibii 
2 




r River 



Ref.:—1. Ford River. 2. Minn. Si. Paul & Soo Ry. 3. Chic. 
& N. W. Ry. 4. Wis. & Mich. Ry. 5. Little Cedar River. 

Couyriqhi 1901. by Silas Farmer. 
154. 



islature in 1850 appropriated not to exceed $1,000 to procure a 
block of native copper for insertion therein. The block was pro- 
cured and it was a magnificent specimen of rock containing a 
large proportion of virgin copper and also considerable silver. 
Its size was 351/^x21% inches and several inches thick. On the 
surface at the top in large letters is the word "Michigan" and 
underneath is the center of the state seal with the words "An 
Emblem of Her Trust in the Union." One corner bears the fol- 
lowing: "Native copper and silver from Lake Superior— 2,100 
pounds." 

Micliigran, Colonial Claimants of 

See Colonial Claimants of. 

Micliig-an College o£ Mines. 

See State College of Mines. 

Micliiiiran — Dei'ivation of Name. 

The meaning of the word is "Great Lake," and it is derived 
from two words in the Chippewa language, Mitchaw, great, and 
Sagiegan, lake. Great Lake. 

Micliis^an Home £or Feeble-Minded and. Epileptic. 

See State Home for Feeble-Minded and Epileptic. 
Micliigan Hospital for Insane in Upper Feninsnla. 

See State Hospital for Insane in Upper Peninsula. 
Mieliis'an Farmers' Institutes. 

These institutes are held under the control of the State 
Agricultural Society, aided by the State Agricultural College. 
County Institute Societies are organized, which arrange the pre- 
liminary details as to place and topics. The state society, from 
its office at the Agricultural College, after consultation with the 
local society, determines the date of, and speakers for, the insti- 
tute. 

The institutes are free to everybody, and conducted at the 
expense of the state. During 1889-1900, 65 two-day and 72 one-day 
institutes were held. They are becoming influential factors in 
farm life. 

Micliisran Military Academy. 

This institution on the shore of Orchard Lake, Oakland 
County, 26 miles northwest of Detroit, was established in 1877 
and has large grounds and extensive buildings and equipment. 
The officer in charge holds a commission in the United States 
army. It has academic, military and cavalry departments. Its 
diploma admits to prominent universities. Special attention is 
given to physical training, and an arnay outfit is furnished 
each cadet by the United States government. It is reached from 
Detroit and Pontiac by electric cars. 

MidLigan, My Micliig'an. 

By Mrs. Jane W. Brent. 
Tune, "Maryland, Mj?- Maryland." 

Home of my heart I sing of thee, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
Thy Lake-bound shores I long to see, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 
From Saginaw's tall whispering pines 
To Lake Superior's farthest mines, 
Fair in the light of mem'ry shines, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

155 



Thou gav'st thy sons without a sigh, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

And sent thy bravest forth to die, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

Beneath the hostile southern sky, 

They bore thy banner proud and high, 

Ready to fight, but never fly, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

From Torktown on to Richmond's wall, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
They bravely fight— as bravely fall, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 
To Williamsburg we point with pride, 
Our Fifth and Second, side by side. 
There stemmed and turned the battle's tide, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

Afar on Shiloh's fatal plain, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
^,. Again behold thy heroes slain, 

Michigan, my Michigan; 

Their strong arms crumble into dust, 

And their bright swords have gathered rust. 

Their memory is thy sacred trust, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

And often in the future years, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 

The widowed mother' 11 dry her tears, 
Michigan, my Michigan, 

And turning with a thrill of pride. 

Say to her children at her side, 

"At Antietam j'our father died," 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

Dark rolled the Rappahannock's flood, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
The tide was crimsoned with thy blood, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
Although for us the day was lost. 
Yet it shall be thy proudest boast, 
At Fredericksburg the Seventh crossed, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

At Gettysburg a hundred graves, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
Now mark the spot where sleep thj' braves. 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
And though that bloody field was won, 
Yet thou Shalt mourn for many a son. 
Whose work was but too bravely done, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

So Vicksburg and East Tennessee, 
Michigan, my Michigan, 

Add to thy glorious history, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

On many a well fought western field. 

Where rebel hosts were forced to yield. 

Thy sons in death their valor sealed, 
Michigan, my Michigan. 

156 



With General Grant's victorious name, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
Thy sons still onward march to fame, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
And foremost in the fight we see, 
Where'er the bravest dare to be, 
The sabres of thy cavalry, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

When worn with watching traitor foes, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
The welcome night brings sweet repose, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
The soldier, weary from the fight. 
Sleeps sound, nor fears the rebel's might, 
For "Michigan's on guard tonight," 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

Mid. when the happy day shall come, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
That brings thy war-worn heroes home, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
What welcomes from thy own proud shore. 
What honors at their feet thou' It pour— 
What tears for those who come no more, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

A grateful country claims thee now, 

Michigan, my Michigan, 
The deathless laurel binds each brow, 

Michigan, my Michigan. » 
And history the tale will tell. 
Of how they fought and how they fell, 
For that dear land they loved so well, 

Michigan, my Michigan. 

Micliigran, Notable Facts Concerning 

As compared with other states Michigan stands 
1st in Lumber Products. 1 1 .(. .; 

1st in Iron Ore, / '-;. 

1st in Charcoal Iron. 
1st in Salt. 
1st in Gypsum. 

1st in yield of Wheat per acre, 
1st in value of farm crops generally^ per acre, 
1st in Hardwood forests. 
1st in Furniture. 
1st in Fruit. 

1st in Peppermint Oil— more than all of the rest of the coun- 
try combined. 
1st in extent of coast line. 
1st in lake commerce. 
1st in ship building. 
1st in inland commercial fisheries. 
1st in number of summer resorts. 
In comparison with all the world, 
Michigan has the largest seed establishment. 
Michigan has the largest mint farm: 
Michigan has the largest drug manufactory. 
Michigan has the largest, varnish factory, 

157 



Michigan has the finest sandstone. 

Michigan is the greatest producer of celery. 

Michigan is the center of the silk-thread industry. 

Michigan has the longest sub-marine tunnel. 

Michigan has the largest pump. 

Michigan has the largest engines. 

Michigan has the largest ore-docks. 

Michigan has the largest stove and range works. 

Michigan has the largest car shops. 

Micliis'aii Keforuia^ory. 

See "State Reformatory." 

Midiigan's Repi'esentative in. Statuary Hall : at Wasli- 

insrton. 

The old House of Representatives at Washington was set 
apart by Congress as Statuary Hall, and each state was author- 
ized to furnish two bronze or marble busts or statues of its 
distinguished citizens, to be placed therein. In 1885 a resolution 
of the State Legislature authorized the expenditure of not to 
exceed $1U,000 to procure a statue of Gen. Cass for Statuary Hall. 
It was made by D. C. French at a cost of $3,000 and was formally 
accepted by Congress in an address by Senator T. W. Palmer. 

Micliig'an Scliool for tlie Bliud. 

See State School for the Blind. 

Micliigan School for tlie Deaf. 

See State School for the Deaf. 

Mich.ig'aii Soldiers' Home, 

See State Soldiers' Home. 

Michigran Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. 

At a war meeting held July 20, 1861, at Detroit, a resolution 
was adopted to erect a monument to our "heroic dead," and a 
committee was appointed to carry the resolution into effect, but 
for various reasons it was deemed advisable to defer active 
efforts, and it was not until July 20, 1865, that a committee was 
appointed to report a plan of work. 

On August 11, 1865, the committee reported, the association 
was organized, and one hundred and six directors with other 
officers appointed. The first public and inaugural meeting was 
held at Young Men's Hall, on August 31, 1865, and subscriptions 
amounting to $9,500 were then received. Several thousand dollars 
were subsequently contributed by the scholars in the public 
schools; other large amounts were received from the Masonic, 
Odd Fellow, and Good Templar organizations,* and also from 
various auxiliary Ladies' Monument Associations. Competing 
designs for the monument were advertised for on February 26, 
1867, and on June 7 of the same year the design furnished by 
Randolph Rogers, of Rome (a former resident of Ann Arbor, 
Michigan), was accepted, and on September 25 a formal contract 
was made. The corner-stone was laid in East Grand Circus 
Park, Detroit, on July 4, 1867; delegations from various places in 
Michigan were present, and an immense procession of military, 
civil and secret societies preceded the ceremonies. 

The association was formally incorporated on August 12, 1867, 
under the name of the "Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monu- 
ment Association." The annual meeting is on the first Tuesday 
after the first Monday in September. 

158 



After much consultation, and in accordance with the recom- 
mendation of Mr. Rogers, it was decided to locate the monu- 
ment on the Campus Martius — in front of the City Hall. The 
corner-stone was accordingly removed from East Grand Circus 
Park, and relaid, and the monument erected by J. G. Batterson, 
of Hartford, Connecticut. 

On April 9, 1872, the monument was formally unveiled, and 
dedicated with appropriate and imposing ceremonies, which were 
witnessed by thousands of people from the interior of the state. 

The monument is designed as an offering to the memory of 
the brave men from Michigan who perished in the war with 
the South, and bears the following inscription: "ERECTED BY 
THE PEOPLE OF MICHIGAN, IN HONOR OF THE MAR- 
TYRS WHO PELL, AND THE HEROES WHO FOUGHT IN 
DEFENCE OF LIBERTY AND UNION." 

The body of the monument is of Westerly, Rhode Island, 
granite, and the statues are of golden bronze, cast in Munich, 
Bavaria. The general design of the monument is embraced in 
four sections. The first section has, at its corners, four bronze 
eagles. The second section has four statues, representing the 
four departments of the United States Service — Infantry, Marine, 
Cavalry and Artillery; each of the statues is seven feet high. 
The third section has four allegorical figures, representing Vic- 
tory, Union, Emancipation and History. The fourth section, or 
crowning figure of the monument, is eleven feet high, and 
represents Michigan allegorically, in aboriginal garb. On the 
four sides of the monument are bronzed medallions of Lincoln, 
Grant, Farragut and Sherman. The height of the monument, 
including the crowning figure, is sixty feet. 

Lack of funds prevented the finishing of the *f our figures for 
the third section at the time the monument was unveiled. 
Finally, on November 17, 1870, they were contracted for, and on 
July 19, 1881, were set in position and unveiled, with a parade of 
the military. The total cost of the monument was a little in 
excess of $70,000. The cost of the bronzes was as follows: the 
crowning statue, $8,000: the four army and navy statues, $20,000; 
the four allegorical figures, $10,000; the four medallions, $4,000; 
the four eagles, $2,400. 

By an Act approved January 31, 1883, the State appropriated 
$350 for repairs to the railing and foundation, and provided for 
the further expenditure of not exceeding $100 per year, for the 
care and preservation of the monument. 

Micliig-an Soldiers in U. S. Militai*y Cemeteries. 

The United States government set apart and cared for the 
cemeteries containing the soldier dead of the war with the 
South, but the state has also made large appropriations for that 
purpose. In 1864 and '65, $6,000 Was voted for the ground set 
apart for this state in the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. 
This cemetery contains the bodies of 3,559 Michigan soldiers, of 
whom 2,580 are identified. In 1867 the state appropriated $3,345 as 
its share towards the National Cemetery at Sharpsburgh, Md., 
where 37 of Michigan's soldiers are buried. At the National 
Cemetery at Andersonville, Ga., the remains of, 623 Michigan 
soldiers are buried. r : : : r .. -> r^i 

Micliig^an State Gx-ans-e. 

This organization, designed to promote and unify theijiter- 
ests of the farmers of the state, has 400 Granges, ,pj* local' asso- 
ciations, and 20,000 members, * i ' - 

1S9 



MicliigO'ii State Naval Brig'ade. 

See State Naval Militia. 

Micliigraii Territory. 

See Territory of Michigan. 

Mieliisaii Traveling Libi-aries. 

See Libraries, Michigan Traveling. 

GLADWIN 



Hi 



03 

M 




Jradford 4sfo-im4 ^Q-P^sj 



GBATIOT . SAGINAW 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. M. C. 
R. R. 3. Tittabawassee River. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Midland County 

was created in 1831 and organized in 1855. It was so named 
because a large part of it lies between the forks of the Chippewa 
and Tittibawassee rivers. It is also near the center of the lower 
peninsula. The county seat is Midland. Acres in county, 335,867. 
Population in 1850, 65; 1860, 782; 1870, 3,517; 1880, 6.894; 1890, 10,657; 
1894, 13,218; 1900, 14,439. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,544. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,783, Bryan 1,224. 

Militia. 

See State Militia. 

Military. 

See State Military Board, State Inspector-General, State 
Quartermaster-General, State Adjutant-General, State Militia, 
State Soldiers' Home, Rebel Raid of 1863, County Soldiers' Relief 

160 



I 



Commi&sion, U. S. Ports, U. S. Military District, U. S. 
Pension' Agency, Michigan Soldiers in U. S. Military Cemeteries, 
Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Surrender, Dates of; 
Wars, Battles, Treaties; State Naval Militia. 

Minerals. 
See State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, State Col- 
lege of Mines, Copper, Graphite, Iron Ore, Pig Iron, Ore Docks, 
Gold, Silver, Coal, Salt, Soda Ash, Cement, Brick Clay, Plaster, 
Sand, Limestone, Marble, Waverly Stone, Sandstone. 



KALKASKA 



R. 3 W. 

^traiftirtfTiT. 




OSCEOLA CLARE 

Ref.: I. Manistee Riuer. 2. Branch Pere 
\ Marquette R. R. 3. Branch G. R. & I. Ry. 4. Ann 

Arbor R. R, 5. Muskegon Riuer. 

Copyright 190T, by SUns Farniey. 

Missaukee County- 
was created in 1840 and organized in 1871. It is believed to have 
been named from a Chippewa Indian chief. The word is a cor- 
ruption of Missisaging, meaning "at the mouth of a large 
river." The county seat was originally at Falmouth, but is now 
at Lake City. Acres in county, 362,798. Population in 1880, 1,553; 
1890, 5,048; 1894, 6,955; 1900, 9,308. Votes cast at spring election of 
1899, 1,307. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,420, Bryan 617. 

Mitten State. 

See Cognomens of State. 

Money, Substitutes for 

The earliest money circulated in New France, and to some 
extent current in this region, known as "Card Money," was first 

161 



Issued in 1685, to pay the soldiers; it consisted of ordinary play- 
ing cards cut into four pieces, each piece being stamped with a 
fleur de lis and a crown, and signed by the governor, intendant 
and clerk of the treasury. This money was in use in Detroit in 
1717, and was worth only fifty cents on the dollar in silver. It 
continued in use until 1729 or later. Specimens are preserved at 
Quebec. 

In 1763 Pontiac is said to have issued pieces of birch-bark as 
money, with the figure of an otter, his totem or seal, rudely 
drawn thereon, and tradition says that he faithfully redeemed 
them. The wampum used by the Indians was sold by traders 
for the purpose. It was largely manufactured by the Dutch at 
Albany from both the purple and the white part of clam and 
oyster shells, and the Hollanders of the Mohawk grew rich from 
the product of their primitive mint. The pieces of wampum 
were about half an inch long with a hole in them, and were car- 
ried on strings. 

The usual currency of the trading posts was the peltry of 
various animals; they were the chief productions, and were 
readily exchanged at Montreal and Quebec for goods of every 
kind. In earlier days there was little variation in the price of 
skins, and as the demand usually kept pace with the supply, 
there was but little depreciation in the currency. Accounts were 
often kept in beaver-skins, and other furs were reckoned accord- 
ing to their value in such skins. Otter skins were reckoned at 
six shillings each, and martens at one shilling and six pence. A 
stroud-blanket cost ten beaver-skins, a white blanket eight, a 
pound of powder two, a pound of shot or ball one, a gun twenty, 
a one-pound axe two, and a knife one beaver-skin. 

Buck and doe skins succeeded the beaver currency as a 
medium of exchange. Until the present century a good deerskin 
was equivalent to about a dollar. 

During revolutionary days accounts were usually kept in 
York currency, so called because issued by the Provincial Con- 
gress of New York, which, even at that day, was a controlling 
factor in the commerce of the country. The first York currency 
was issued under Act of September 2, 1776. The notes were of the 
denomination of fifty cents, and one, two, three, five and ten 
dollars. Soon after, notes for one-ninth, one-sixteenth, one-third 
and one-fourth of a dollar were issued. It was usual to reckon 
these notes at $2.50 to the pound. Halifax currency was esti- 
mated at $4.00 to the pound. Spanish dollars were the most 
valuable. 

Skins, as currency, were supplanted in 1779 by bills issued by 
merchants under authority of the governor. Each merchant 
was allowed to issue paper money, or due bills, to the value of 
the property he had on hand, and on a given day they exchanged 
with each other the bills they had received. This was the begin- 
ning of the clearing-house system. 

In the old Macomb ledgers of 1780 and 1781 there are frequent 
entries of "cash destroyed," the amounts evidently referring to 
the destruction of the bills of the firm after they had been re- 
deemed. The same sort of currency was continued under the 
earlier years of American rule, and was adopted as a means of 
driving out of circulation the "cut money,"— silver pieces that 
had been cut into many parts, and otherwise so mutilated that 
they were no longer desirable as a circulating medium. 

Various substitutes for money came into use soon after 
the war with the South began. Silver disappeared, and 
the noise of dropping coin was no longer heard on the 

162 



counter or in the tontribution-box. Single pieces were 
soon exhibited as a curiosity. In December, 1861, all the 
banks suspended, and before the close of the year thousands 
of dollars wdrth of postage stamps had been bought, and were 
circulating as change. Sometimes they were enclosed in a 
round brass case with mica covering, and packages in small 
envelopes, with the value marked, passed uncounted and unex- 
amined. So great was the demand for these sticky substitutes 
that enough could not be procured. In the fall of 1862 many busi- 
ness firms revived the custom of fifty years before, issuing little 
pasteboard cards and bills of various denominations, from five 
to fifty cents. Silver half-dollars, when they were in circulation 
at all, passed for sixty cents, quarters for thirty cejats, and 
ten-cent pieces for twelve cents. 



WASHTENAW 

■Oakville 



I 



WAYNE 

3. 



outl. 
kwood 




<J 6 

I ll5xj:ML)rDccol 



j ville 
K. 6E. ' " 1..SS. 

OHIO 

*^ ,;— r. Ann Arbor R. R. 2. Wabash R. R. 3. Pere Mar- 
quette R. R. 4. Det Southern Ry. 5. M. C R. R. 6. L S. & 
M. S. Ry. 7. Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. & Det. Southern Ry. 

Copyright f901, by Si las 'Farmer. 

Meanwhile the government was preparing the "postal cur- 
rency." It was so called because issued to take the place of 
postage stamps as change, and contained fac-similes of postal 
stamps of various kinds. The trouble, however, was not over. 
No postal currency less than five cents in amount had yet been 
provided, and the lowest issue was never less than three cents. 
The copper cents had disappeared as thoroughly as the silver 
coins, and thousands of business men all over the country soon 

163 



issued in copper, brass and vulcanized rilbber, "Business Cards" 
or "Tokens." They were about the size and thickness of the 
newer copper coins, and circulated freely as change from April, 
1863, for fully a year, and were then, in most instances, honestly 
redeemed. 

See also Banks and Banking. 

Monroe County- 
was created and organized in 1817. Its present limits were defined 
in 1822. It was named after James Monroe, President of the 
United States, who visited the Territory the year this county 
was organized. The county seat is Monroe. Acres in county, 



MECOSTA 



ISABELLA 




4.5. 



R. 5 W. 



5. 
IONIA 

ffgf:—i. Little Muskegon River. 2. G. R. & I. Ry. 3. Tol. 
Sag. & Mush. Ry. 4. Flat River. 5. Pere Uarauette R. R. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

354,528. Population in 1840, 9,922; 1850, 14,695; 1860, 21,648; 1870, 27,534; 
1880, 33,623; 1890, 32,337; 1894, 33,181; 1890, 32,754. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 6,491. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,874, 
Bryan 3,859. 

Montcalm Connty 

was created in 1831 and organized in 1850. Its present limits were 
defined in 1857. It was named after the French general, Marquis 
de Montcalm, killed at the taking of Quebec in 1759. The county 
seat was originally at Greenville, but is now at Stanton. Acres 
in county, 454,281. Population in 1850, 891; 1860, 3,984; 1870, 13,642; 
18S0, 33,148; 1S90, 32,637; 1S94, 34,158; 1900, 32,754. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 5,206. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,826, 
Bryan 2,638. 

164 



i 



Montmorency County- 
was created under the name of Cheonoquet in 1840, but was 
changed to Montmorency in 1843. The original name was not 
really an Indian word and was without meaning. The present 
name is derived from Matthew Jean Felicte Montmorency, a 
French statesman who served in the American Revolution. The 
county was organized in 1881. The county seat was at first at 
Hillman, but is now at Atlanta. Acres in county, 355,540. Popu- 
lation in 1890, 1,487; 1894, 2,438; 1900, 3,234. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 652. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinlev 542 
Brj^an 233. 



CHEBOYGAN 



PRESQUE ISLE 
2. R. 4 K. 




OSCODA 

Ref.:—1. Black River. 2. Branch Det & Mack. 
Ry. 3. Thunder Bay River. 4. Turtle Lake. 5. 
Branch M. C. R. R. 



Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. - 
Monnct Builders. 
See Aboriginal Inhabitants. 

Mountains in Micliis;an. 

i .,, J?® .■^S^?."Pil^^ Mountains in Ontonagon County are about 
1.400 feet high. There is also a range known as the Huron Moun- 
tains, In the northwestern corner of Marquette county. 

Mnskegron County 

was created and organized in 1859. The name was derived from 
the Pottowatamie Indian word, Muskeeginac or Muskego, mean- 

165 



Ing "cranberry maxsh" or marshy place, cranberries and marsh 
being usually associated together. The county seat is at Mus- 
kegon. Acres in county, 321,492. Population in 1860, 3,893; 1870. 
14,896; 1880, 26,586; 1890. 40,013; 1894, 37.324; 1900, 37,036. Votes cast 
at spring- election of 1899, 6,248. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
5,247, Bryan 2,801. 

Pfational Banks. 

See Banks, National. 

Nativity of Population. 

See Population, Nativity of. 

Naval Reserves. 

See State Naval Militia. 



OCEANA 



K. 15 W. 




r FRQI T PJOR'^ 

7. "* "■ 4." 

OTTAWA 

Ref.:—1. Pert Marquette R. R. 2. ToL, Sag. & MusH. Ry. 
3. G. R. & I. Ry. 4. Crockery Cr^ek. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Navigation. 

See U. S. Inspectors of Steamboats, U. S. Lake Survey, U. S. 
Engineer's Office, U. S. Weather Bureau, U. S. Light House 
Inspector, U. S. Life Saving Service, Canals, Marine Mails, Ton- 
nage of Great Lakes, Lake Traffic, Sailors. 

NcTvaysTO County 

was created In 1840 and organized in 1851. It was named from 
Ne-Gwa-Gon, a Chippewa Indian chief, the literal meaning of 
which is "much water." It is also claimed that the word Ne- 
waygo means "Here we rest." The county seat is Newaygo. 
Acres in county, 542,222. Population in 1850, 510; 1860, 2,767; 1870, 

166 



7,292; 1880, 14,688; 1890, 20,476; 1894, 19,125; 1900, 17.673. Votes cast 
at spring election of 1899, 3,153. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
2,612, Bryan 1,423. 

NcTvspapers and Periodicals. 

The first regular newspaper published in the State was the 
"Detroit Gazette," a weekly. The first number was issued 
July 25th, 1817. It was discontinued April 22, 1830. 

In 1901 there were in the State 77 dailies, 5 tri -weeklies, 
21 semi-weeklies, 604 weeklies, 6 semi-monthlies, 89 monthlies, 
3 bi-monthlies and 5 quarterlies. 



LAKE 



11 w. 



5 









u. 






His 



Hun^erford 



^ 



■ iD^nvef'' 



m 



t»tijmbert| 
Woe 



Warwich 



«. LocLlJ, 

^* ZillCollfli 



WilTcoop, 



<f : y A|et.m o|^„ iTE cLoSu^ 









-i... ..... 

■RtEMONT 

Brboliside {Garfield 
,o JO 

\Sheri4mi\ Bishop 

qMc L 



Y JG _ 

Big Praiii|iePjB4gi>^' 
veretti 4 JPal*/f Grid- 



/. 



I 



DlCiCinsoniOAshlandSta.^! Sllll 



Br]ookS t GROTON 

j"! Brooks I 



Asldaucl 

miOAshlandt.^,, , ^ 
! or ^k&P.O,^!-- 



I Ensley '\_ 

jGrovfc* 

! o Plumviile 



7. I 

MUSKEGON i KENT 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Little Muskegon 
River. 3. Muskegon River. 4. Wfiite River. S. Pere 
Marquette River, 



See State 
State Normal 



Copyright 1901, hy Silas Farmer, 
Normal Scbools and Collegres. 

Normal School, Northern; State Normal College; 
School, Central. 

167 



Northern Midiigran Asylnm. 

See State Asylums. 

Northern State Normal School. 

See "State Normal School, Northern." 

North^vest and Indiana Territories. 

See Territories, Northwest and Indiana. 

I 

GENESEE 5 LAPEER 




WASH- 7. 

Ref.:-f. M. C. R. R. 
Ry. 4. Clinton River. 
Rouge. 



6. 

WAYNE 

2. P. 0. & N. R. R. 3. Gd. Trunk 
5. D. G. H. & M. Ry. 6. River 
7. Pere Marquette R. R. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Notary Pnhlic. 

See Covmty Notary Public. 

Oakland Connty 

was created and organized in 1820. Its present limits were defined 
in 1822. It was named from the abundance of its oaks. The 
county seat is Pontiac. Acres in county, 575,400. Population in 
1840, 23,646; 1850, 31.267; 1860, 38,020; 1870, 40,906; 1880, 41,537; 1890, 

168 



41,245; 1894, 42,676; 1900, 44,792. Votes cast at spring election of 
1899, 9,565. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,174, Bryan 4,968. 

Oceana CoTinty 

was created in 1831 and organized in 1855. Its present limits were 
defined In 1859. It was named from its location on Lake Michi- 
gan, which in itself was regarded as a small-sized ocean. The 
county seat is Hart. Acres in county, 344,895. Population in 1840, 
496; 1850, 300; 1860, 1,802; 1870, 7,222; 1880, 11,699; 1890, 15,698; 1894, 
16,599; 1900, 16,644. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 3,221. Pres- 
idential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,406, Bryan 1,200. 

MASON 




4 3, B. 15 W. 

MUSKEGON 

Ref.:-1. Mason & Oceana R. R. 2. Pere Marquette River. 
3. White River. 4. Pere Marquette R. R. 

Copyright 1901. bu Silas Farmer. 

OgemaTr County 

was created in 1840 and organized in 1875. The name was derived 
from a Chippewa Indian word meaning "chief." The county 
seat is at West Branch. Acres in county, 365,959. Population in 
1880, 1,914; 1890, 5,583; 1894, 5,638; 1900, 7,765. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 1,291. Presidential votes in 1900 McKinley 1,186, 
Bryan 518. 

Oil, Kerosene 

All oil which on test of one-half pint emits a combustible 
vapor at a temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit is to be rejected 
as unfit for general sale. During the last six months of 1899, 
10,768,960 gallons of oil were inspected. 

See State Oil Inspector. 

169 



Oleomarsrarine. 

No imitation of butter can be sold in this state which is col- 
ored to look like butter, nor unless each package thereof has 
printed thereon in bold black letters the true name of the sub- 
stance, its ingredients, and the name and address of the man- 
ufacturer; the character of the substance must also be verbally 
told to every purchaser thereof. 

The proprietor of any store, hotel or restaurant where imi- 
tation butter Is sold or furnished must conspicuously place in 
the room where such is sold or furnished, a white placard on 
which is printed in Roman letters of not less than three inches 
in length and two inches in width, the words "Oleomargarine 
Sold or Used Here," the word "Oleomargarine" as defined by 
law covering all substitutes for butter. 



OSCODA 



B. IE- 




o 













T ^. 

GLADWIN 1 ARENAC 

Jfef.:—1. Det. & Mack. Ry. 2. Rifle RTuer. 
3. M. C. R. R. 4. Log Road, 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

Violation of these laws is punishable by a fine of not less 
than $50 nor more than $500 and eosts, or imprisonment at Ionia 
for not less than six months, nor more than three years, or both. 

Olivet Collegre 

at Olivet, belongs to the Congregational and Presbyterian 
Chxirches. Was organized in 1859. Statistics for college year, 
1897-'98: 24 instructors, 258 students, 15 graduates. Graduates 
since founding, 455. Number of volumes In library, 26,000. Value 
of buildings and grrounds, $158,757. 

170 . - 



Ontonagron County- 
was created In 1843 and organized in 1852. Its present limits were 
deAned In 1887. Ontonagon was the name of an Ottawa Indian 
chief. Some say that the name was derived from the Indian 
word, Nunda-norgan, meaning "hunting river." Others give 
"place of wooden bowl" as the meaning of the name. The county 
seat is at Ontonagon. Acres in county, 844,648. Population in 
1850, 389; 1860, 4,575; 1870, 2,846; 1880, 2,565; 1890, 3,756; 1894, 6,873; 1900, 
6,197. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 664. Presidential vote 
in 1900, McKinley 982, Bryan 430. 




Sane hurst ^ Ixntcyiorl 



Hef.:~1. Copper Range R. fi. 2. Mineral hange^ 

R. R. 3. C. M. & St. P. Ry. 4. D. S. S. & Att. Ry^l, -,^ . , 

5. C.&N. W.Ry. 6. Lake Gogebic. j' ^^ ^^*"-^ j"^, j"*— — 

Copyright 1901. by Silas FarmerA w^^^V '^ JJ \S*^^ *^ I T. fe 

I ,. ., W^, . Interior 4J(\ 9 jN. O 



eOGEBIC { 

I 



171 



Ore Docks. 

No other part of the world has such facilities for the handling 
and transportation of vast quantities of ore as exist at Escanaba, 
Mich. The docks, together with their equipment of over 5,000 
cars, cost $2,290,000. They can load 36 vessels at one time and 
from 20,000 to 30,000 tons can be shipped in 24 hours. The dimen- 
sions of the docks are as follows: 
Number. Height. Length. Pockets. Tracks. 

1,104 184 2 

1,082 192 2 

1,212 202 2 

1,500 250 2 

1,392 232 2 



1 46 ft. 

2 39 ft. 

3 39 ft 

4 46 ft. 

5 51ft. lOin 



Capacity. 
23,000 long tons 
19,300 long tons 
20,000 long tons 
33,200 long tons 
40,600 long tons 



WEXFORD I MISSAUKEE 

■ 

4, 




MECOSTA 

Ref.:—1. G. R. & I. Ry- 2. Manistee & Gd. 
Rapids R. R. 3. Manistee & Luther R. R. 4. Pere 
Marquette R. R. 5. Muskegon Riuer. 6. Ann 
Arbor R. R. Copyright 1901. bn Silas Fanner. 

Ore and Forest Railroads. 

See Rail Roads, Ore and Forest. 

Osceola County- 
Was created under the name of Unwattin in 1840, but the name 
was changed to Osceola in 1843. The original name was a coined 
word without meaning. The present name was that of the cele- 
brated chief of the Seminole Indians. The county was organized 



172 



in 1869, The county seat Is at Hersey. Acres in county, 367,247. 
Population in 1860, 27; 1870, 2,624; 1880, 10,777; 1890, 14,630; 1894, 16,475; 
1900, 17,859. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,404. Presi- 
dential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,635, Bryan, 880. 

Oscoda County 

Was created in 1840 and organized in 1881. Its name is the Indian 
word, Oscoda, meaning "pebbly prairie." The county seat is 
Mio. Acres in county, 365,127. Population in 1880, 467; 1890, 1,904; 
1894, 1,806; 1900, 1,468. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 180.' 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 245, Bryan 60. 



MONTMORENCY 



Bv 1£. 



T. 

88 

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OGEMAW 

Ref.:—1. Au Sable & Northwestern R. R., 
2. Au Sable River. 

Copyright 7907, by Silas Farmer. 

Otsego County- 
Was created in 1840 under the name of Okkuddo, but the name 
was changed to Otsego in 1843. The original name was a pre- 
tended Indian word without meaning. Otsego is derived from 
the two Indian words Ot, water, and Sego, welcome. The county 
was organized in 1875. The county seat was at first at Otsego 
Lake, but is now at Gaylord. Acres In county, 334,085. Popula- 
tion in 1880, 1,974; 1890, 4.272; 1894, 4,794; 1900, 6,175. Votes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 893. Presidential vote in 1900. McKinley 
1,021, Bryan 435. 

173 



Ottavea County 

Was created in 1831 and organized in 1837. Its present limits were 
defined in 1859. It was named from the Ottawa tribe of Indians. 
The name Ottawa means the "nation with a hole in their nose" 
because they wore little stones suspended from their noses. 
Some give the word "Traders" as a free rendering of the word 
Ottawa. The county seat is at Grand Haven, originally known 
as Ottawa. Acres in county, 352,633. Population in J.840, 208; 1850, 
5.587; 1S60, 13,127; 1870, 26.665; 1880, 33,125; 1890, 35,358; 1894, 39,083; 1900, 
39,667. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 5,972. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 5,334, Bryan 3,064. 



CHEBOYGAN 



CHABLEVOIX 




3 4 K. 1 w. 

CRAWFORD 

Ref.:—1. G. R. & I- R. R- 2. Log. Branch of 

Det. & mack. Ry. 3. Det. & Charlevoix R. R. 

4. M. C. R. R. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. 

Overseer of HigliTeays. 

See Township Overseer of Highways. 

Panics. 

See "Banks and Banking." 

Paper Cities. 

From 1825 to 1837, the immigration from the Eastern States 
increased so rapidly that business flourished, and by the pur- 
chase and clearing of lands large sums of money were brought 
into and scattered about the Territory. As early as 1833 capital- 
ists began to come from New York to invest in wild lands. In 
1836 the number of Immigrants was simply amazing; the eteam- 

174 



era and sailing vessels were literally loaded down with people 
who came to settle in Michigan and the West. From five hun- 
dred to seven hundred frequently arrived on a single boat. 
During the month of May public lands were entered so rapidly 
that on Monday, May 9, the register had to close his door and 
receive applications through the window, and the receipts at 
the Land Office between the 1st and 25th of the month were 
$278,000. The total amount received at the three Michigan land 
offices, namely, Detroit, Kalamazoo, and Monroe, was over 
$1,000,000. During the year the total sales in Michigan amounted 
to the enormous sum of $7,000,000. Numerous associations were 
formed for the purchase of wild lands and embryo city sites, 



_4. 



MUSKEGON 



OraBd HaveU u5^p RING "g^ 

*'''^n3^ LAJKE coo 

i=^\ iCrochery 



v-^t 



IC-H^ 



^v^ 



'-^ ^\OiT.=T/ 



^t Olivet; ^ 

Olive Cientero 
PortShdd^nO <fSl i v e s€|u"th'Btendo^o Geo^e 
HarlemSs Borculoi'^ Hudson^iWei/^^wn 



Yentam o Noordelj oos o s,c 
, SolimAA ,^^ 



Ottawa Beacl 



Ju 



PERSVILLE^ 



Eastnian- 
villeo 



, Harris-! 
J)urg 

Chesterjl. 
UBSOfii 

Conklin 

Ben<K 
erring 

J.^ ,__ 






Slendon 



Bwrer 

'■eland 
ZEELAND 



%5 C rpnlngen _ o Forest- i 2 ' 



l)rentile 



©Forest- 
H. 13 W. 



4. 
ALLBGAK" 

Ref.:—1. To!. Sag. AMush. Ry. 2. G. R. & I. Ry. 3. D. G. H. 
& M. Ry, 4. Pere Marquette R. R. 

Copyright 7907, by Silas FarmGr, 

and at the mouth of every western river, and almost every 
township corner, towns were laid out. "On paper," creeks were 
magnified into streams, and comparatively insignificant streams 
were transformed into large rivers floating steamboats and 
other water-craft, while on the land the speculator's dreams 
took form in imaginary hotels, churches, schools, and railroads. 
Absolute forests were in imagination transformed into cities, 
and sold at ten thousand per cent advance. The laying out and 
making maps of these "paper cities" kept the few draughtsmen 
then in Detroit busy all day long and far into the night. Him- 
oreds of doUgj-s, In the "wildcat" currency of the times, were 

175 



frequently paid for a draughtsman's services for a single day 
Leading men of both parties formed pools with fifty or a hun 
dred thousand dollars, and committed the amounts to the dls 
cretion of agents who were to be compensated by a share of th- 
profits in the lands purchased. 

Men who one day were the possessors of meadow or pasture 
lots near some village or city found themselves, the next day 
the proprietors of inniunerable fractions into which their acre 
had been subdivided, and could hardly believe they were tin 
same persons who, so short a time before, had been hewers ol 
wood and drawers of water. 

It is utterly impossible to describe, in terms which the pres- 
ent generation would comprehend, the actual condition of the 
public mind at that period. This abnormal activity began to 
show itself in 1834, grew rapidly in 1835, and culminated in 1836: 
and when the panic came, the sites of many "paper cities " 
could be bought for less than the price of -nald land, and to 
this day are owned and assessed as farm lands. 

Pardons. 

See State Advisory- Board. 

Patriot War. 

See War, Patriot. 

Paapers. 

The average number of paupers maintained In the poor 
houses of the state during the j-ear 1900 was 2.751; whole num- 
ber, 6.563; males, 5,059; females, 1,504; number under 16 years of 
age, 221. 

The number of persons temporarily relieved outside the 
poor houses during the j^ear was 42,434; number permanently 
relieved outside of poor houses, 3,488; number of different per- 
sons who received assistance in any form during the year, 53,648. 

The whole amount expended in the care and support of the 
poor was $1,044,948.50; poor house and farm expenses, exclusive 
of interest on capital invested, $401,547.64; expenditures for tem- 
porary relief outside of poor houses. $463,541; cost of main- 
taining permanent paupers outside of poor houses, $30,688.52; 

The total value of poor farms and appurtenances is 
$1,324,768.78. 

Peddlers. 

See Hawkers and Peddlers. 

Peninsular State. 

See Cognomens of State. 

Pensions. 

See U. S. Pension Agency. 

Peppermint Oil. 

Michigan produces annually more peppermint oil than all 
the other states combined, and St. Joseph County, in which it 
was first successfully produced on a commercial scale, still 
furnishes something more than half of Michigan's annual 
product. Next in order of their product are the counties of Kala- 
mazoo, ■Wa3''ne, Van Buren, Allegan and Cass, and peppermint 
is raised and stilled to a small extent in several other counties. 
At Three Rivers is the largest mint farm in the world. The 
number of acres of peppermint now raised in the State is about 
11,000. The average yield per acre is about 8 pounds, making a 
total of 88,000 pounds. 

176 



Perry's Victory. 

See "War of 1812." 

Pbarmacy. ^ 

See State Board of Pharmacy. 

Physical Geograpliy of Mlcliigran. 

The State of Michigan illustrates in itself almost all the facts 
and peculiarities of physical geography. It has mountains, 
bluffs, hills, high tablelands, rolling prairies, forests, plains, 
mai^shes, great sand dunes, sandy and rocky shores, g,nd many 
islands. Brooks, creeks and rivers traverse its entire territory. 
Great fresh-water seas and beautiful straits lave its boundaries 
broken by capes and peninsulas, large and small. Immense bays 
and charming coves indent its extensive coast line. Thousands 
upon thousands of lakes glisten here and there on its broad 
surface like diamonds in the sun. Its coast line is the longest 
of any state in the union, and longer than from Maine to Florida. 

The lower peninsula has an approximate width of 200 miles 
from east to west, and is about 300 miles in length, its surface 
gradually rises in gentle undulations from both sides of the 
surrounding lakes toward the centre to an elevation which in 
the southern part is from 400 feet to 600 feet above Lake Huron. 
In the northern part the ordinary height of the central plateau 
is about 800 feet above Lake Huron and some summit points 
reach to an elevation of 1,100 feet. 

In the middle portion of the upper peninsula a mountainous 
watershed reaches an altitude of 1,250 feet above Lake Michigan, 
the hills commonly being 800 to 1,000 feet in height. Lake Michi- 
gamme lies at an altitude of 980 feet. 

In Ontonagon County, west of the Ontonagon River, there is 
a ridge developing near the shore and trending southwesterly, 
known as the Porcupine mountains; their altitude is 1,000 to 1,400 
feet above Lake Superior. The Huron Mountains in the north- 
western part of Marquette County also attain quite an altitude. 

See also Bays, Islands, Lakes, Pictured Rocks, Points, 
River?, Sand Dunes, Geology and Geological Peculiarities. 

Pbyslcians. 

See State Board of Registration in Medicine; also County 
Physicians. 

Pictured Rocks. 

These are a series of sandstone bluffs extending along the 
shore of Alger County, Lake Superior, for about five miles, and 
rising, in most places, vertically from the water, without any 
beach, to a height varying from 50 to nearly 200 feet. There are 
two features which give them a wonderful and almost unique 
character. These are, first, the curious manner in which the 
cliffs have been excavated and worn away by the action of the 
lake; and, second, the equally curious manner in which large 
portions of the surface have been colored in bands of brilliant 
hues. 

Beyond the sandy beach at Miner's River the cliffs attain an 
altitude of one hundred and seventy-three feet. 

It is in this portion of the series that the phenomena of 
colors are most beautifully and conspicuously displayed. These 
colors do not by any means cover the whole surface of the clifC 
and are also limited in their vertical range, rarely extending 
mdre than thirty or forty feet above the water. The prevailing 
tints consist of deep-brown, yellow, and gray— burnt sienna and 

177 



French gray predominating". There are also bright blues and 
greens, though less frequent. All of the tints are fresh, brilliant 
and distinct, and harmonize admirably with one another. 

They are not scattered indiscriminately over the surface of 
the rock, but are arranged in vertical and parallel bands, extend- 
ing to the water's edge. 

Previous to September, 1900, the most imposing feature in the 
series was the Grand Portal. This opened out on the lake and 
was of magnificent dimensions, being about 100 feet high, and 168 
feet broad at the water-level. The distance from the verge of 
the cllfC over the arch to the water was 133 feet, leaving 33 feet 
for the thickness of the rock above the arch itself. The extreme 
height of the cliff was about 50 feet more, making in all one 
hundred and eighty-three feet. Unfortunately, however, a great 
storm destroj'-ed it in the month and j'ear stated. 

One of the novelties consists of a beautiful stream of water 
emerging from a cliff, 70 feet above the lake. In its escape into 
the lake, it leaps to such a distance that boats pass dry and 
safe between it and the rocks. 

Fig Iron, Charcoal. 

Michigan iron furnaces produce only charcoal pig iron, and 
of that more than any other state. The tonnage turned out 
during 1898 was an increase over the previous year of 24,803 tons, 
the product for 1898 being 150,916 tons. 

The foundries and iron works at Houghton and Hancock, in 
the Upper Peninsula, stand alone in quality of output. It is con- 
sidered a remarkable feat in the best foundries of the world, 
outside of this district, to make a casting having a half-inch 
chill, yet the foundries there regularly turn out stamp-shoes 
which are chilled to a depth of two and three inches, the shoes 
having an inner core of cast iron and an outer jacket of the 
finest quality steel from two to three inches in depth. The 
foundries and machine shops of this district send their products 
to every mining state in the Union, to Australia, Mexico, South 
America and South Africa, and simply have no competitors in 
this particular branch of metallurgy. 

Pine. 

The pine regions of the state once embraced a large portion of 
the upper half of the lower peninsula and fully a third of the 
eastern half of the upper peninsula. 

In large part, the lumbering regions could be designated by 
the principal rivers, as it was along their valleys or within their 
easy reach that the pine grew in greatest abundance. 

In the very earliest period of the history of the state it was 
the pineries of the St. Clair River that furnished this useful 
product; later on the Black, the Saginaw, the Flint, the Au 
Sauble, the Thunder Bay and the Cheboygan Rivers on the 
eastern side, and the Muskegon, the White, the Pere Marquette, 
the Manistee, and the Boardman Rivers on the west coast, with 
the Menominee, the Escanaba, and the Manistique Rivers in the 
Upper Peninsula, became the principal pine streams. The chief 
centres of the pine industry of past and present days are Port 
Huron. Lexington, Bay City, Saginaw. Oscoda, Alpena, Cheboy- 
gan, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Grand Traverse, 
Menominee, Escanaba, and Manistique. 

In 1897 it was estimated that there were 6,000,000,000 feet of pine 
still uncut In Michigan. 

178 



About 85 billions of feet of pine have been cut in Michigan 

since 1872. 

Five billion feet have been produced in a single year and the 
lumber and by-products in one year amounted to $40,000,000. 

Pioneer Society. 

See State Pioneer and Historical Society. 
Plaster or Gypsum. 

Michigan ranks first in the production of gypsum. In 1899 
there was produced 131,767 tons valued at $373,740. 

In the bluffs on the shores of Lake Huron, near Alabaster, 
in Iosco County, and at the outskirts of the City of Grand Rap- 
ids, there is a vast bed of this limestone or gypsum spreading 
at a depth of from 40 to 70 feet below the surface over an area 
of 10 or 12 square miles. 

Points of Land on Lakes. 

The more notable points of land on the lakes are: 

Abbaye— Houghton County. 

Adams — Presque Isle County. 

Au Sable^Alger County. 

Aux Barques— Huron County. 

Aux Barques— Schoolcraft County. 

Aux Chenes — Mackinac County. 

Aux Gres— Arenac County. 

Aux Bees Scies— Benzie County. 

Au Sauble— Iosco County. 

Big Bay— Marquette County. 

Burnt Cabin— Huron County. 

Big Sable— Mason County. 

Biddle — Mackinac County. 

Brulee— Mackinac County. 

Beaver Tail— Mackinac County. 

Cat Head — Leelanau County. 

Crisp— Luce County. 

De Tour— Delta County. 

Detour— Chippewa County. 

Forty Mile— Presque Isle County. 

Fourteen Mile — Ontonagon County. 

False Presque Isle— Presque Isle County. 

Fish— Tuscola County. 

Flat Rock— Huron County. 

Fugard— Mackinac County. 

Grosse Pointe— Wayne County. 

Gravelly— Arenac County. 

Granite— Marquette County. 

Grand Portal— Alger County. 

Hat— Huron County. 

Huron River— Marquette County. 

Iroquois— Chippewa County, 

Keweenaw— Keweenaw County. 

Little Girl- Gogebic County. 

Little Sable— Oceana County. 

La Barbee— Mackinac County. 

Laughing Fish— Alger County. 

McGulpin's— Emmet County. 

New Mission— Leelanau County. 

North Port— Leelanau County. 

North— Alpena County. 

179 



Old Mission — Grand Traverse County. 

Oak— Huron County. 

Peninsula — Delta County. 

Pyramid — Leelanau County. 

Patterson — Mackinac County. 

Presque Isle — Presque Isle County. 

Partridge— Alpena County. 

Presquisle — Marquette County. 

Sleeping Bear — Leelanau County. 

St. Ignace — Mackinac County. 

Sutton's — Leelanau County. 

Seul Choix— Schoolcraft County. 

South— ^Alpena County. 

Sturgeon— Alcona County. 

St. Martin — Mackinac County. 

Sand— Huron County. 

St. Vital— Chippewa County. 

Stony— Monroe County. 

Salt— Chippewa County. 

Shot— Marquette County. 

Tawas— Iosco County. 

Traverse — Houghton County. 

Vermilion— Chippewa County. 

Windmill— Wayne County. 

Waugoshance — Emmet County. 

Poisons, Sale of 

Every druggist is required to label all poisonous articles, 
when sold, with the true name and the name of a simple anti- 
dote when any is known; and to keep a record of the date of 
the sale, the name of the poison, the amount sold, and the 
person to whom delivered. 

Political Parties and Campaigns. 

See Elections, Political Parties and Campaigns. 

Polls, Adjournment of 

See Elections, Adjournment of Polls. 

Poll Tax. 

See Tax, Poll. 

Pontiac Conspiracy. 

See "War: Conspiracy of Pontiac." 

Poor. 

See "County Superintendent of Poor and Paupers." 

Population of Incorporated Cities and Villag^es of Micli- 
igran: 1890 and 1900. 

See also "Population of Unincorporated Villages." 

Population. 

1900 1850 

Addison village 470 425 

Adrian city 9,654 8,756 

Albion city 4,519 3,76? 

Algonac Village 1,216 

Allegan village 2,667 2,6S9 

Alma village 2,047 1,655 

Almont village 718 717 

Alpena city 11,802 11,283 

180 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Ann Arbor City 14,509 9,431 

Armada village 863 638 

Ashley village 617 711 

Athens village 583 4U 

Augusta village 541 493 

Au Sable city 1,116 4,328 

Bad Axe village 1,241 842 

Baldwin village 343 429 

Bancroft village 528 642 

Bangor village 1,021 S04 

Baraga village 1,185 

Battle Creek city 18,563 13,197 

Bay City 27,628 27,839 

Bear Lake village 448 432 

Belding city 3,282 1,730 

Bellaire village 1,157 

Bellevue village 1,074 914 

Benton Harbor city 6,562 3,692 

Benzonia village 484 

Berrien Springs village 808 745 

Bessemer city 3,911 2,566 

Big Rapids city 4,686 5,303 

Birmingham village 1,170 899 

Blissfield village 1,268 1,132 

Bloomingdale village 379 380 

Boardman village 298 

Boyne village 912 450 

Boyne Falls village 431 

Breedsville village 236 21^ 

Brighton village ' 781 741 

Britton village 345 

Bronson village •. 1,176 875 

Brooklyn village 494 596 

Brown City village 603 437 

Buchanan village 1,708 1,994 

Burlington village 334 3(J4 

Burr Oak village 744 687 

Byron village 432 413' 

Cadillac city 5,997 4,461 

Caledonia village 427 438 

Camden village 376 

Capac village 547 

Caro village 2,006 1,701 

Carson City village 906 921 

Carsonville village 400 

Caseville village 507 508 

Casnovia village 277 275 

Cass City village 1,113 813 

Cassopolis viilagG 1,330 1,369 

Cedar Springs village 950 1,035 

Centerville village 645 775 

Central Lake village 1,307 

Charlevoix village 2,079 1,496 

Charlotte city 4,092 3,S57 

Cheboygan cit3' 6,489 6,235 

Chelsea village 1,635 1,356 

Chesaning village 1,244 1,05B 

Clare city 1,326 1,174 

Clarkston village 360 387 

181 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Clayton village 370 

Clifford village 339 30? 

Climax village 398 565 

Clin. on village 1,038 960 

Clio village , 640 577 

Cold water city 6,216 5,247 

Coleman village 1,014 5^ 

Colonja village 687 

Columbiaville village 457 578 

Concord village 534 580 

Constantine village 1,226 1,346 

Coopersville village 660 790 

Copemish village 429 

Corunna city 1,510 ' 'i*382 

Crosweil \allage 606 504 

Croton village 59 125 

Crystal Falls city 3,231 

Custer village 269 .!!!!" 

Dansville village 374 366 

Davison village 751 156 

Dearborn village 844 

Decatur village 1,356 "i',i6g 

Deckerville village 398 

Deerfleld village 440 421 

Delray village 4,573 

Detroit city 285,704 205',876 

Dexter village 900 879 

Douglas village 444 404 

Dowagiac city 4,151 2,80B 

Dry den village 328 322 

Dundee village 1,118 1,166 

Durand village 2,134 255 

Eagle village 142 141 

East Grand Rapids village 466 

East Jordan village 1,205 ' 731 

Bast Tawas city 1,736 2 2»0 

Eaton Rapids city 2,108 1970 

Eau Claire village 281 ....... 

Edmore village 642 ""735 

Elkton \'illage 471 

Elsie village 576 *"396 

Emmet village 265 

Empire village 609 

Escanaba city 9,549 "6,808 

Essexvllle village 1,639 1,545 

Evart village 1,360 1,269 

Farrnmgton village 530 320 

Farv.-ell village 535 584 

Fennville village 454 360 

Fenton village 2,408 2182 

Fife Lake village ,. 456 394 

Flint city 13,103 9,803 

Flushing village 900 965 

Porestville village 282 

Fowler village 426 346 

Fowlerville village 946 

Frankfort village 1,465 1175 

Eraser village s 252 . ' 

Fremont village 1,331 i]697 

182 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Fruitport village 311 

Gagetown village 329 237 

Gaines village 240 304 

Galesburg village 689 702 

Galien village 440 492 

Garden village 465 153 

Gaylord village 1,561 061 

Gladstone city 3,380 1,S57 

Gladwin city 775 DuG 

Glennwood village 999 

Gobleville village 505 

Grand Haven city 4,743 5,023 

Grand L.edge city 2,161 1,606 

Grand Rapids city 87,565 60,27S 

Grandville village 457 

Grant village 214 

Grass Lake village 648 617 

Greenville city 3,381 3,056 

Grosse Pointe village ._^. 343 298 

Grosse Pointe Farms village 817 

Hancock village 4,050 1,772 

Hanover village 378 :iB3 

Harbor Beach village 1,149 1,046 

Harbor Springs village 1,643 1,052 

Harrietta village 419 335 

Harrison city 647 7E2 

Harrisville village 403 987 

Hart village , 1,134 757 

Hartford village 1,077 1,044 

Hastings city 3,172 2,972 

Hersey village 327 328 

Hesperia village 474 506 

Highland Park village 427 

Hillman village 253 

Hillsdale city 4,151 3,915 

Holland city 7,790 3,935 

Holly village 1,419 1,266 

Homer village ,.... 1,097 1,063 

Houghton village 3,359 2,0^ 

Howard City village 1,398 1,137 

Howell village 2,518 2,387 

Hubbardston village 450 

Hudson city 2,403 2,178 

Imlay City village 1,122 1,251 

Ionia _ city 5,209 4,482 

Iron Mountain city 9,242 8,599 

Iron River village 1,482 1,117 

Iron wood city 9,705 7.715 

Ishpeming city 13,255 11,1S7 

Ithaca village 2,020 1,627 

Jackson city 25,180 20,798 

Jonesville village 1,367 1,288 

Kalamazoo city 24,404 17,853 

Kalkaska village 1,304 1,161 

Kingsley village 419 

Kingston village 286 

Tjaingsburg village 690 654 

Dak© Ann village 241 

Lake City village 816 663 

1S3 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Lake Linden village 2,597 1,862 

Lake Odessa village 1,037 635 

Lakeview village 935 1,024 

L'Anse village 620 655 

Lansing city 16,485 13,102 

Lapeer city 3.297 2,753 

Laurium village 5,643 1,159 

Lawrence village 598 564 

Lawton vill age 942 788 

Leonard village 335 276 

Le Roy village 375 452 

Leslie village 1,114 1,058 

Lexington village 619 712 

Linden village 543 552 

Lisbon village 187 136 

Litchfield village 645 601 

Lowell villaere 1,736 1,829 

Ludington city 7,166 7,517 

Luther village 837 1,084 

Lyons village r 656 612 

McBain village 709 

McBride village 289 333 

Mackinac village 665 750 

Mackinac City village 564 333 

Mancelona village 1,226 1,205 

Manchester village 1,209 1,191 

Manistee citv 14,260 12,812 

Manistiquo A'illage 4,126 2,940 

Manton village 895 661 

Maple Bapids village 579 533 

Marcellus village 1,025 830 

Marine City 3,829 3,268 

Marion village 741 

Marlette village 996 

Marquette city 10,058 9,093 

Marshall city 4,370 3,563 

Mason city 1,828 1,875 

Mayville village ^ 825 728 

Mecosta village 416 472 

Memphis village 586 588 

Mendon village 777 808 

Menominee city 12,818 10,630 

Merrill village 459 412 

Metamora village 313 314 

Middleville village 829 678 

Midland city 2,363 2,277 

Milan village 1,141 9l7 

Milford village 1,108 1,138 

Millington village 638 454 

Minden City village 408 394 

Monroe city 5,043 5,258 

Montague village 998 1,623 

Montrose village 1,512 

Morenci village 1,334 1,248 

Morley village 334 485 

Morrice village 476 422 

Mt. Clemens city ^ 6,576 4,748 

Mt. Morris village 1,470 351 

Mt. Pleasant city 3,662 2.701 

184 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Muir village 566 490 

Munising village 2,014 — ^. 

Muskegon city 20,818 22,702 

Muskegon Heights village 1,012 

Nashville village 1,164 1,029 

Naubinway village 87 578 

Negaunee city 6,935 6,078 

Newaygo village 1,172 1,330 

New Baltimore village 922 865 

Newberry village 1,421 1,115 

New Buffalo village 629 553 

New Haven village 489 606 

Niles city 4,287 4,197 

North Adams village 422 504 

North Branch village 654 706 

North Muskegon city 513 1,590 

Northville village 1,755 1,573 

Norway city 4,170 

Oakley village 231 299 

Olivet village 800 790 

Onaway village 1,204 

Onekama village 274 

Ontonagon village 1,267 

Orion village 756 522 

Osooda village 1,109 3,593 

Otisville village 291 277 

Otsego village 2,073 1,626 

Otter Lake village 212 243 

Ovid village 1.293 1,422 

Owosso city 8,696 6,564 

Oxford village 1,172 1,128 

Palmer village 799 1,011 

Parm.a village 420 490 

Paw Paw village 1,465 1,391 

Pentwater village 1,061 1,510 

Perrinton village 330 349 

Perry village 641 440 

Petersburg village 468 408 

Petoskey city 5,285 2,872 

Pewamo village 446 384 

Pierson village 215 215 

Pinckney village 500 449 

Pinconning village 729 885 

Plainwell village 1,318 1,414 

Plymouth village 1,474 1,172 

Pontiac city 9,769 6,200 

Port Austin village 507 571 

Port Hope village 319 393 

Port Huron city 19,158 13,543 

Portland village 1,874 1,678 

Port Sanilac village 314 

Potterville village 495 505 

Qulncy village 1,563 1,250 

Reading village 1,096 

Red Jacket village 4,668 3,07S 

Reed City village 2,051 1,776 

Reese village 416 

Richland village 312 293 

Richmond village 1,133 1,074 

185 



Population. 

1900 1890 

River Rouge village 1,748 

Rochester village 1,535 900 

Rockford village 711 

Rogers village 544 431 

Romeo village 1,580 1,687 

Roscommon village 465 511 

Royal Oak village 468 

Saginaw city 42,345 46,322 

St Charles village 1,317 

St. Clair city 2,543 2.353 

St. Ignace city .= 2,271 2,704 

St. Johns village 3.388 3,127 

St. Joseph city 5,155 3,733 

St. Louis city 1.989 2,246 

Saline village 584 706 

Sand Lake village 326 386 

Sanilac Center village 578 403 

Saranac village 768 790 

Saugatuck village 707 799 

Sault Ste. Marie city 10,538 5,760 

Schoolcraft village 859 836 

Scottvllle village 554 147 

Sebewaing village 1,243 719 

Shelby village 1,081 994 

Shepherd village 635 469 

Sheridan village 437 

Sherman village 427 

Sherwood village 366 447 

South Frankfort village 639 

South Haven village 4,009 1,924 

Pouth Lyon village 657 707 

Sparta village 1,126 904 

Spring Lake village 696 1,168 

Springport village 559 407 

Stambaugh village 695 

Standish village 829 611 

Stanton city 1,234 1,3S2 

Stephenson village 395 456 

Stevensville village 250 

Stockbridge village 677 497 

Sturgis city 2,465 2,489 

Sunfield village • 451 

Buttons Bay village 398 

Tawas City 1,228 1,544 

Tecumseh village 2,400 2,310 

Tekonsha village 573 570 

Thompsonville village 893 

Three Oaks village 994 S85 

Three Rivers citv 3,550 3,131 

Traverse City 9,407 4,833 

Trenton village 1,167 789 

Tustin village 303 

Ubly village 432 

Union City village 1,514 1.156 

Unionville village 427 414 

Utica village 562 583 

Vandalia village 407 423 

Vassar village 1.832 1,682 

V^ermontville village 684 T^ 

186 



Population. 

1900 1890 

Vernon village 536 585 

Vicksburg village 972 921 

Wakefield village 1,191 

Warren village 350 

Watervliet village 717 

Wayland village 619 523 

Wayne village 1,361 1,226 

Webberville village 346 404 

West Bay City 13,119 12,981 

West Branch village 1,412 1,302 

Westphalia village 374 350 

White Cloud village 595 743 

Whitehall village 1,481 1,903 

White Pigeon village 705 961 

Williamston village 1,113 1,09 

Woodland village 319 

Wyandotte city 5,183 3,817 

Yale village 1,125 937 

Ypsllantl city 7,378 6,129 

Zealand village 1,320 785 

Population of Unincorporated Villages. 

The United States census does not give the population of 

unincorporated places distinct from the townships in which they 

are located. We give from local estimates the population of the 

more important unincorporated places: 

Village Pop. Village Pop. Village Pop. 

Ada 375 Brimley 500 Bast Saugatuck . . 400 

Akron 500 Byron Centre .... 400 Ecorce 4.50 

Alabaster 300 Calumet 5500 Edwardsburg .... 364 

Alba 550 Cambria 350 Elk Rapids 2022 

Alden 300 Carleton 500 Ellsworth 450 

Allen 550 Carrollton 2200 Elmira 500 

Allouez 2000 Cedar 600 Engadine 350 

Amasa 600 Cedar River 400 Estey 502 

Amelith 400 Cement City 500 Ewen 500 

Anchorville 425 Ceresco 350 Fairfield 350 

Applegate 250 Champion 1800 Pair Grove 400 

Arcadian Mine .. 600 Chase 300 Fayette 300 

Atkinson 300 Chassell 650 Ferrysburg 300 

Atlantic Mine ...3000 Chatham 300 Filer City 1000 

Attica 400 Chippewa Lake.. 350 Flat Rock 650 

Auburn 300 Clarksville 375 Freeland 450 

Au Gres 350 Colon 1000 Freeport 500 

Bailey 300 Coral 350 Fulton 350 

Bark River 300 Covington 400 Goodrich 350 

Barryton 600 Crooked Lake ... 500 Grand Blanc .... 300 

. Bay Mills 1000 Cross Village .... 580 Grand Marais ....2000 

Bay Port 300 Crystal 350 Grayling 1800 

Beacon .. . 1500 Davisburg 300 Grindstone City.. 450 

BeavertOK , 800 De Tour 1000 Hadley 300 

Beech 350 De Witt 450 Harris 500 

Belleville 600 Dimondale 450 Hartland 300 

Beulah 300 Dollar Bay 1500 Hermansville .... 800 

Black River 500 Dollarville 750 Holt 300 

Boston 600 Downington 325 Holton .-... 300 

Breckenridge .... 475 Doyle 500 Honor 500 

Bridgeport 300 Eastlake 2000 Hubbard Lake ... 600 

187 



Village Pop. 

Ida 325 

Indian River 350 

Jacobsville 800 

Jasper 300 

Jennings 800 

Kearsarge 600 

Kent City 350 

Kenton 300 

Lattin 300 

Leland 350 

Lenox 1133 

Leonldas 350 

Lewiston 800 

Loretto 500 

Martin 350 

Marysville 350 

Mass City 750 

Mattawan 300 

Maybee 400 

Meade 300 

Meauwataka 400 

Mesick 450 

Metropolitan 350 

Michigamme 1200 

Mlddleton 300 

Millbrook 350 

Millersburg 800 

Montgomery 300 

Nadeau 300^ 

Nahma 375 

Napoleon 375 

National Mine ..3000 

Nessen City 300 

New Lothrop 350 

Newport 450 

Northport 375 

North Star 400 



Village 
Oakhill . . 
Omena . . . 

Omer 

Onondaga 
Opechee 



Pop. 
.2000 
. 350 
. 500 
. 400 
.1750 



Ortonville 400 

Osceola 1750 

Palmyra 500 

Paris 300 

Park Lake 300 

Paul 466 

Peck 300 

Pequaming 500 

Perkins 300 

Pickford 300 

Pigeon 500 

Pittsford 500 

Plainfleld 300 

Powers 1000 

Prescott 500 

Princeton 350 

Quinnesec 600 

Ramsay 450 

Rapid City 400 

Rapid River 12W 

Ravenna 400 

Redridge 750 

Remus 350 

Republic 2500 

Riverdale 300' 

Rockland 1000 

Rockwood 400 

Romulus 325 

Rose City 300 

Rosedale 300 

Roseville 400 

Sagola 520 



Village Pop. 

Scipio 300 

Sidnaw 350 

Slocum 500 

South Arm 400 

South Boardman. 298 
South Grand 

Rapids 400 

South Lake Lin- 
den 2000 

South Rockwood. 300 

Spalding 1000 

Spring Arbor — 300 

Sterling 400 

Stronach 150 

Temperance 300 

Thompson 500 

Turner 650 

Twining 600 

Upton Works .... 500 

Vanderbilt 600 

Vogel Centre .... 400 

Vulcan 2000 

Waldenburg 500 

"Waldron 500 

Wallin 300 

TValtz 300 

Watersmeet 300 

Weidman- 500 

Welch 400 

TS^ells 500 

Whittemore 385 

Williamsburg 250 

Wilson 300 

Winn 298 

Wolverine 600 

Woodmere 1000 

Zilwaukee 850 



Popnlation of Townships iu 1900 and 1890 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Alcona 1,039 

Caledonia 386 

Curtis 487 

Greenbush 245 

Gustin 602 

Harrisville 1,255 

Hawes 291 

Haynes 791 

Mikado 410 

Millen 117 

Mitchell 68 



Alcona county. 



5,691 



Autrain 484 

Burt 1.927 

Limestone 275 

Mathias 314 



1890 
597 

190 

264 
697 

1,923 

'"m 

■"'83 

5,409 

2S4 

177 



Minor Civii 
Divisions. 1900 

Munising 2,277 

Onota 226 

Rock River 3^ 



1890 
288 
161 



Alger county 5,868 1,255 

Allegan 3,807 3,983 

Casco 2,041 1,819 

Cheshire 1,325 1,457 

Clyde 968 850 

Dorr 1,730 1,670 

Fillmore 2,019 2,151 

Ganges 1,751 1,477 

Gun Plain 2,263 2,525 

Heath 898 930 

Hopkins 1,753 1,821 

Laketown 989 905 



18S 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Lee 951 9® 

Leighton 1,187. 1,162 

Manlius 1,153 l,r40 

Martin 1,140 1,313 

Monterey 1,361 1,514 

Otsego 3,246 2,556 

Overisel 1,752 1,788 

Salem ...." 1,595 1,584 

Saugatuclc 2,123 2,233 

Trowbridge 1,255 1,311 

Valley 493 53^ 

Watson 1,117 1,193 

Wayland 1,895 1,763 

Aillegan county... 38,812 38,961 

Alpena city 11,802 11,2S3 

Alpena 1,173 1,115 

Green 670 436 

Long Rapids 1,243 817 

Maple Ridge 783 598 

Ossineke 587 132 

Sanborn 542 204 

Wilson 1,454 996 

Alpena county... 18,254 15,581 

Banks 1,810 802 

Central Lake 1,935 510 

Chestonia 481 537 

Custer 526 411 

Echo 598 473 

Elk Rapids 2,042 1,486 

Forest Home 1,181 548 

Helena 926 537 

Jordan 482 440 

Kearney 1,143 437 

Mancelona 2,729 2,323 

Milton 928 868 

Star 598 380 

Torch Lake 488 350 

Warner 701 311 

Antrim county... 16,568 10,413 

Adams 378 222 

Arenac 1,250 662 

Au Gres 622 531 

Clayton 774 646 

Deep River 816 711 

Lincoln 1,606 1,007 

Mason 977 399 

MofEatt 246 240 

Standish 1,236 883 

Turner 1,274 48 

Whitney 642 334 



Arenac county... 9,821 5,683 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Arvon 299 209 

Baraga 2,097 1,T>90 

Covington 298 

L'Anse 1,360 1,468 

Spurr 266 269 

Baraga county... 4,320 3,036 

Assyria 1,050 1,074 

Baltimore 1,212 1,266 

Barry 1,113 1,221 

Carlton 1,300 1,357 

Castleton 2,342 2,391 

Hastings city 3,172 2,972 

Hastings 1,025 1,187 

Hope 1,128 1,214 

Irving 1,346 1,379 

Johnstown 962 1,068 

Maple Grove 1,198 1,375 

Orangeville 775 968 

Prairieville 915 1,040 

Rutland 899 1,030 

Thornapple 1,849 1,684 

Woodland 1,552 1,728 

Yankee Springs ... 676 829 

Barry county 22,514 23,783 

Beaugrand \.. 506 332 

Benton 1,063 770 

Burt 404 376 

Cheboygan city ... 6,489 6,235 

Ellis 326 159 

Forest 622 161 

Grant 542 455 

Hebron 379 207 

Inverness 1,589 1,153 

Mackinac 606 475 

Mentor 463 391 

Munro 418 254 

Nunda 967 581 

Tuscarora 711 380 

Waverly 115 53 

Wilmot 316 

Cheboygan county 15,516 11,986 

Bruce 1,071 1,318 

Dafter 738 

Detour 1,043 964 

Drummond Isiland. 499 496 

Kinross 144 

Pickford 1,425 993 

Raber 644 

Rudyard 678 

Sault S'te. Marie 

city 10,538 5,760 

Sault Ste. Marie.. 878 669 



189 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Sugar Island 540 

Superior 2,274 

Trout Lake 367 

Whitefish 499 

Chippewa countj'. 21,338 

Arthur 500 

Clare city 1,326 

Franklin 73 

Frost 194 

Garfield 294 

Grant 848 

Greenwood 484 

Hamilton 199 

Harrison 647 

Hatton 380 

Hayes 170 

Redding 585 

Sheridan 809 

Summerfield 282 

Surrey 1,292 

Winterfleld 277 

Clare county 8,360 

Bath 1,065 

Beng-al 1,045 

Bingham 4,452 

Dallas 1,647 

De Witt 1,236 

Duplain 1,831 

Eagle 1,158 

Essex 1,482 

Greenbush 1,400 

Lebanon 1,098 

Olive 1,122 

Ovid 2,555 

Riley 1,155 

Victor 999 

Watertown 1,334 

Westphalia 1,557 

Clinton county... 25,136 

Beaver Creek 316 

Frederic 228 

Grayling 1,716 

Maple Forest 484 

South Branch 199 

Crawford county. 2,943 

Baldwin 862 

Bark River 1,075 

Bay de Noc 469 

Escanaba city — 9,549 

Escanaba 792 

Fairbanks 298 



Minor Civil 

1890 Divisions. 1900 

563 Ford River 1,386 

893 Garden 1,234 

112 Gladstone city .... 3,380 

551 Maple Ridge 653 

Masonville 2,203 

12,019 Nahma 967 

Sac Bay 185 

168 Wells 828 

1,174 

545 Delta county 23.881 

134 

• ••••• Breen 532 

794 Breitung 1,074 

259 Felch 400 

508 Iron Mountain city 9,242 

752 Norway city 4,170 

535 Norway 1,230 

192 Sagola 527 

•'••^X Waucedah 715 

693 

147 Dickinson county 17,890 

365 Bellevue 2,344 

Benton 1,517 

7,558 Brookfleld 1,243 

^ „„, Carmel 1,021 

1>224 Charlotte city 4,092 

1-1,1* Chester 1,243 

4.252 Delta 1,383 

1'668 Eaton 959 

I'Sxi Eaton Rapids city. 2,103 

1'773 Eaton Rapids 1,172 

1-246 Bangor 1,195 

1.5JJ gay City 27,628 

1-453 Beaver 1.539 

I'S.? Frankenlust 1,395 

1.245 Eraser 1,656 

2'»^5 Garfield 555 

H-il Gibson 761 

1-2S Hampton 3,319 

1-505 Kawkawlin 1,864 

1,699 Merritt 1.563 

l^TTZ, Monitor 2,150 

26,509 -j^^ Forest 350 

i7n Pinconning 2,104 

ofin Portsmouth 1,363 

1 cS West Bay City .... 13,119 

^'llg Williams 1,818 

^ Bay county 62,378 

^'^^^ Almira 790 

385 Benzonia 1,122 

706 Blaine 498 

478 Colfax 962 

6,808 Crystal Lake 1,903 

724 Gilmore 886 

740 Homestead 1,009 

IdO 



1890 
837 
1,267 
1,337 
241 
924 
697 
186 



15,330 



8,599 



2,084 

1,537 

1,344 

1,089 

3,867 

1,420 

1,482 

1,084 

1,970 

1,25B 

745 

27,839 

879 

1,206 

950 

147 

335 

2,890 

1,249 

1,0T7 

1,702 

" 1,956 
1,156 

12,981 
1,SD0 

56,412 

278 
606 
346 
404 
1,472 
755 
330 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Inland 485 419 

Joyfield 328 262 

Lake 126 170 

Platte .:.. 477 198 

Weldon 1,099 97 

Benzie county.... 9,685 5,237 

Bainbridge 1,803 1,519 

Benton 3,234 2,377 

Benton Harbor city 6,562 3,692 

Berrien 1,490 1,584 

Bertrand 932 1.093 

Buclianan 2,575 2,849 

Chickaming 920 964 

Galien 1,239 1,238 

Hagar 1,105 953 

Lake 2,694 1,518 

Lincoln 1,877 2,112 

New Buffalo 1,240 1,192 

Niles city 4,287 4,197 

Niles 1,131 1,364 

Oronoko 1,951 1,815 

Pipestone 1,386 1,446 

Royalton 1,147 1,164 

St. Joseph city.... 5,155 3,733 

St. Joseph 1,070 574 

Sodus 1,165 953 

Three Oaks 1,844 1,754 

Watervliet 3,009 2,016 

Weesaw 1,349 1.178 

Berrien county... 49,165 41,285 

Algansee 1,265 1,38^" 

Batavia 1,133 1,210 

Bethel 1,328 1,391 

Bronson 2,323 1,991 

Butler 1,169 1,303 

California 922 861 

Coldwater city .... 6,216 5,247 

Coldwater 1,361 1,4^ 

Gilead 813 808 

Girard 1,235 1,274 

Kinderhook 623 639 

Matteson 1,067 1,169 

Noble 604 629 

Ovid 969 1,036 

Quincy 2,781 2,586 

Sherwood 1,256 1,405 

IPnion 2,746 2,406 

Branch county.. 27,811 26,791 

Albion city 4,519 3,763 

Albion 760 799 

Athens 1,527 1,469 

Battle Creek city.. 18,563 13,197 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Battle Creek 1,008 552 

Bedford 1,217 1,127 

Burlington 1,387 1,325 

Clarence 979 1,129 

Clarendon 1,082 1,167 

Convis 876 853 

Eckford 975 1,098 

Emmet 918 911 

Fredonia 825 954 

Homer 1,948 2,032 

Lee 1,053 1,117 

Le Roy 1,084 1,165 

Marengo 1,023 1,110 

Marshall city 4,370 3,968 

Marshall 774 873 

Newton 873 847 

Pennfield 1,040 1,047 

Sheridan 980 1,060 

Tekonsha 1,534 1,538 

Calhoun county.. 49,315 43,^1 

Calvin 1,271 1,478 

Dowagiac city 4,151 2.806 

Howard 755 829 

Jefferson 790 894 

La Grange 2,256 2,23B 

Marcellus 1,883 1,849 

Mason .,... 668 775 

Milton 433 484 

Newberg 1,313 1,42'6 

Ontwa 848 929 

Penn 1,351 1,530 

Pokagon 1,039 1,214 

Porter 1,310 1,575 

Silver Creek 951 859 

Volinia 1,033 1,239 

Wayne .- 824 828 

Cass county 20,876 20,^3 

Bay 503 469 

Boyne Valley 1,258 509 

Chandler 273 144 

Charlevoix 2,257 1,518 

Evangeline 1,254 719 

Eveline 847 923 

Hayes 780 692 

Hudson 255 US 

Marion 681 441 

Melrose 620 438 

Norwood 652 484 

Peaine 372 

St. James 420 — .. 

South Arm 2,839 2,103 

Wilson 945 576 

Charlevoix county 13,956 9,686 

191 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Adams 3,253 1,475 

Calumet 25,991 12,529 

Chassell 1,088 680 

Duncan 1,316 476 

Elm River 532 

Franklin 5,418 2,687 

Hancock 5,995 2,735 

Laird 658 159 

Osceola 7,615 3,630 

Portag-e 5,019 3,531 

Quincy 1,667 1,258 

Schoolcraft 4,197 3,325 

Torch LA'k.e 3,314 2,904 

Houghton county 66,063 35,3S9 

Bingham 1,404 1,348 

Bloomfield 884 692 

Brookfield 981 867 

Caseville 1,421 1,193 

Chandler 1,214 1,047 

Colfax 1,425 1,116 

Dwight 1,585 1,424 

Fairhaven 887 763 

Gore 244 315 

Grant 1,145 1,133 

Hume 808 "^Sl 

Huron 1,100 923 

Lake 448 333 

Lincoln 834 532 

Meade 1,231 922 

Oliver 1,764 692 

Paris 1,614 1,680 

Port Austin 1,449 1,469 

Rubicon 1,075 1,19J 

Sand Beach 2,431 2,288 

Sebewaing 2,500 1,810 

Sheridan 1,011 885 

Sherman 1,719 1,318 

Sigel 1,058 907 

Verona 1,821 1,288 

Wlnsor 2,109 1,279 

Huron county.... 34,162 28,545 

Alaiedon 1,172 1,287 

Aurelius 1,387 1,489 

Bunker Hill 920 1,012 

Delhi 1,467 1,504 

Ingham 1,155 1,232 

Lansing city 16,485 13,102 

Lansing 1,353 1,422 

Leroy 1,441 1,572 

Leslie 2,220 2,337 

Locke 1,248 1,265 

Mason city 1,828 1,875 

Meridian 1,625 1,720 

Onondaga 1,264 1,392 

Stockbridge 1,389 1,27.6 

Itt 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Vevay 923 1,131 

Wheatfield 882 929 

White Oak 1,026 1,070 

Wrlliamston 2,083 2,051 

Ingham county.. 39,818 37,666 

Belding city 3,282 1,730 

Berlin 1,167 1,573 

Boston 1,865 1,940 

Campbell 1,692 1,688 

Danby 1,181 1,284 

Easton 2,175 1,868 

Ionia city 5,209 4,482 

Ionia 1,534 1,482 

Keene 1,004 1,024 

Lyons 2,370 2,437 

North Plains 1,410 1,477 

Odessa 2,403 2,251 

Orange 1,108 1,311 

Orleans 1,231 1,397 

Otisco 1,174 1,450 

Portland 2,857 2.620 

Ronald 1,284 1,371 

Sebewa 1,383 1,416 

Ionia county 34,329 32,801 

Alabaster 464 372 

Au Sable citv 1,116 4,328 

Au Sable 752 170 

Baldwin 349 2^ 

Burleigh 743 443 

East Tawas citv.. 1,736 2,200 

Grant 287 149 

Oscoda 1,349 3,848 

Plainfield 330 200 

Reno 364 358 

Sherman 280 168 

I'awas City 1,228 1,544 

Tawas 980 805 

Wilber 268 299 

Iosco county 10,246 15,224 

Grand Ledge citv.. 2,161 1,606 

Hamlin 1,086 1,224 

Kalamo 1,428 1,591 

Oneida 1,187 1,324 

Roxand 1,598 1,731 

Sunfield 1,979 1,891 

Vermontville 1,755 1,881 

Walton 1,900 1,995 

Windsor 1,497 1,718 

Eaton county 31,668 32,094 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Bear Creek 1,387 

Bliss 704 

Carp Lfake 561 

Center 636 

Cross Village 544 

Egleston 354 

Friendship 369 

Lrittlefield 877 

Little Traverse .. 2,152 

Maple River 516 

Petoskey city 5,285 

Pleasant View — 341 

Readmond 479 

Resort 752 

Springva,le 630 

West Traverse . . . 344 



Argentine 927 

Atlas 1,199 

Burton 1,145 

Clayton 1,227 

Davison 1,768 

Fenton 3,843 

Flint city 13,103 

Flint 1,172 

Flushing 2,132 

Forest 1,600 

Gaines 1,619 

Genesee 1,556 

Grand Blanc 1,370 

JMontrose 1,859 

Mtt. Morris :. 1,158 

Mundy 1,368 

Richfield 1,338 

Thetford 1,297 

Vienna 2,123 



1890 
1,153 

202 
236 
219 
484 
140 
305 
3?3 

1,488 
603 

2,872 
278 
433 



Emmet county... 15,931 8,756 



1,069 
1,256 
1,233 

1,337 
1,617 
3,667 
9,803 
1,330 
2,444 
1,696 
1,735 
1,588 
1,430 
1,654 
1,22H 
1,390 
1,471 
1,372 
2,115 



Genesee county.. 41,804 39,-f30 



756 
534 
333 
156 
254 
359 
.. 101 
775 
732 
713 
668 
213 
Tobacco 1,070 



Beaverton — 

Bentley 

Billings 

Bourret 

Buckeye ...... 

Butman j . . , , 
Clement ..... 

Gladwin city 

Gladwin 

Grout 

Sage 

Sherman 



253 



385 
260 
124 
903 
683 
857 
547 



196 



Minor Civil >r/ir>'io. 

• Divisions. -rlSOOr 

Bessemer city 3,911 

Bessemer 817 

Ironwood city 9,705 

Iron wood 459 

Mareniseo Ill 

Wakefield 1,438 

Watersmeet 297 

Gogebic county.. 16.738 

Acme 692 

Blair 797 

East Bay 553 

Fife Lake 1,019 

Garfield 986 

Grant 699 

Green Lake 787 

Long Lake 663 

Mayfleld 878 

Paradise 1,693 

Peninsula 1,134 

Tt averse City 9,407 

Union 208 

Whitewater 963 



1890 

2,566 
680 

7,745 
562 
22S 
782 
606 

13.166 



676 

1,018 

810 

843 

458 

871 

492 

560 

1,357 

957 

4,833 

148 

792 



Grand Traverse 
county 



20,479 13,355 



Arcada ;. 3,489 

Bethany. 1,691 

Elba 1,895 

Emerson 1,461 

Fulton 1,797 

Hamilton 904 

Ithaca ...;... 2,179 

Lafayette 1,497 

Newark 1,251 

New Haven 1,329 

North Shade 1,331 

North Star 1,583 

Pine River 1,253 

St. Louis city 1,989 

Seville 1,403 

Sumner' . 1,544 

Washington 1,404 

Wheeler :- 1,889 



2,943 
1,497 
1,7SB 
1,441 
1,911 
752 
1,768 
1,336 
1,338 
1,394 
1,421 
1,645 
1,346 
2,246 
1,322 
1,371 
1,538 
1,640 



Gladwin county.. 6,594 4,208 



Gratiot county.. 29,889 28,668 

Adams 1,522 1,773 

Allen 1,328 1,429 

Amboy 1,137 1,236 

Cambria 1,355 1,498 

Camden 1,926 1,911 

Fayette 1,941 1,833 

Hillsdale city 4,151 3,915 

Hillsdale 447 455 

Jefferson 1,601 1,771 

Litchfield 1,617 1,714 



193 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Moscow 1,090 1,127 

Pittsford 1,537 1,560 

Ransom 1,215 1,403 

Reading 2,163 1,989 

Scipio 957 960 

Somerset 1,216 1,237 

Wheatland 1,195 1,260 

Woodbridge 1,318 1,343 

Wright 2,149 2,246 

Hillsdale county. 29,865 30,660 

Bingham 811 719 

Centerville 1,285 927 

Cleveland 506 552 

Elmwood 824 734 

Empire 1.155 596 

Glen Arbor 593 353 

Kasson 685 558 

Leelanau 1,620 1,357 

Leland 946 708 

Solon 888 367 

Buttons Bay 1,243 1,033 

Leelanau county. 10,556 7,944 

Adrian city 9,654 8,756 

Adrian 1,708 1,860 

Blissfield 2,139 2,137 

Cambridge 1.125 1,104 

Clinton 1,483 1,490 

Deerfield 1,528 1,548 

Dover 1,307 1,361 

Fairfield 2,209 2,263 

Franklin 1,197 1,405 

Hudson city 2,403 2,178 

Hudson 1,229 1,301 

Macon 1,117 1,195 

Madison 1,348 1,406 

Medina '. 1,447 1,6B7 

Ogden 2,069 2,136 

Palmyra 1,663 1,765 

Raisin 1,343 1,444 

Ridgeway 1,507 1,399 

Riga 2,189 2,301 

Rollin ............... 1,519 1,559 

Rome 1,204 1,256 

Seneca 2,638 2,679 

Tccumseh 2,948 2,784 

Woodstock 1,432 1,434 

Lenawee county. 48,406 48,448 

Brighton 1,505 1,676 

Cohoctah 1,340 1,286 

Conway 1,206 1,298 

Dfeerfield 898 1,072 

Genoa «43 916 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Green Oak 770 

Hamburg 876 

Handy 1,969 

Hartland 969 

Howell 3.365 

Iosco 908 

Marion ....•...,• 1,108 

Osceola .•.•.•..•.•••.•.• • 865 

Putnam !k ..... .-: /.' ? " 1.201 

Tyrone 911 

Unadilla 930 

Livingston county 19,664 

Columbus 204 

Lakefield 297 

McMillan 2,263 

Pentland 219 

Luce county 2,983 

Bois Blanc 226 

Brevort 377 

Cedar 389 

Garfield 601 

Hendricks 727 

Mackinac Island 

city 665 

Marquette 445 

Moran 329 

Newton 1,046 

Portage 173 

St. Ignace city 2,271 

St. Ignace 185 

Sherwood 269 

Mackinac county. 7,703 

Armada 1,933 

Bruce 1,789 

Chesterfield 2,093 

Clinton 1,825 

Erin 2,440 

Harrison ^ 721 

Lenox 2,351 

Macomb ........... 1,677 

Mt. Clemens city.. 6,576 

Ray 1,363 

Richmond 2,275 

Shelby 1,726 

Sterling 1,915 

Warren 2,567 

Washington 1,993 



1890 

817 

918 
2,103 
1.049 
3,388 

947 
1,146 

914 
1,242 
1,076 
1,010 

20,858 



159 

1,949 

M7 

2,455 



313 

58^ 

1,090 

282 

750 
310 
452 
762 
171 
2,704 
130 



7,830 

1,770 
2,021 
2,121 
1,819 
2,449 
695 
2,385 
1,721 
4,748 
1,404 
2,486 
1,653 
2,038 
2,423 
2,080 



Macomb county.. 33,244 31,813 



191 



Minor Civil 
Divisions. 1900 

^Atkinson 366 

-Bates ; 402 

Crystal Falls city. 3,231 

Crystal Falls ..;j.- 79V 

Hematite 694 

Iron River 1,177 

Mansfield 350 

Mastodon 172 

Stambaugh 1,201 



1890 

""504 
1,176 



1,426 

"m 

711 



Iron county 8,990 4,432 



Broomfield 
Chippewa . 

'Coe 

•Coldwater 
-'Deerfteld .•., 
-Denver .'i... 

Fremont 

Gilmore 

Isabella 

Lincoln 

Mt. Pleasant city 

Nottawa 

Rolland 

Sherman 

Union — 

Vernon — 

Wise 



'.iih 



723 
1,192 
2,082 

907 
1,213 

912 
1,271 

787 
1,673 
1,238 
3,662 
1,447 
1,023 

878 
1,247 
1,363 
1,165 



495 

719 
1,801 
1,084 

93S 

681 
1,176 

571 
1,523 
1,248 
2,701 

S43 
l.OBl 

l?.S 
1.270 
1,311 

826 



Isabella county.. 22,784 18,784 



Blackman 1,695 

.Columbia 1,579 

Concord 1,330 

Grass Lake 1,623 

Hanover — .... — 1,431 

Henrietta 1,091 

Jackson city 25,180 

Leoni 1,438 

Liberty .............. 872 

Napoleon ............. 948 

Norvell' 800 

Parma .............. 1,072 

Pulaski ............. 961 

Rives : 1,183 

Sandstone — ...;.. 1,368 

Spring Arbor . ; — 1,032 

Springport ......... 1,422 

Summit 1,047 

Tompkins — 1,076 

Waterloo 1,074 



1,713 

1,574 

1,415 

1,643 

1.575 

1,145 

20,708 

1,381 

974 

999 

824 

1,175 

1,046 

1.511 

l.lSf 
1,474 
9'67 
1,159 
1.171 



Jackson county.. 48,222 45,031 

Alamo 1,213 1,185 

Brady 1,2^§, ,1,410 

Charleston .....•.:.. 907 384 



Minor Civil 
' Divisions. 1900 

Climax 1,368 

Comstock 1,694 

Cooper 942 

Kalamazoo city ... 24,404 

Kalamazoo . .. .. 1,904 

Oshtemo 1,069 

Pavilion 986 

Portage 895 

Prairie Ronde 830 

Richland 1,023 

Ross 1,412 

Schoolcraft 2,138 

Texas 837 

Wakeshma 1,430 



1890 
1,476 
1,779 
1,099 

17,853 

2,293 

1,206 

1,014 

9il 

998 

1,135 

1,347 

2,124 

893 

1,536 



Kalamazoo 

county . . . 



44,310 39,273 



Boardman 857 740 

Clearwater 882 542 

Cold Springs 270 137 

Excelsior 438 339 

Garfield 262 181 

Glade 73 183 

Kalkaska . . . . ; 1,727 1,542 

Oliver 152 131 

Orange 591 383 

Rapid River 657 549 

Springfield .'... 602 285 

Wilson 409 148 

Town. 25, N., range 

6, W 133 

Town. 26, N., range 

5, W.. 14 ...... 

Town. 27, N., range 

5, W 28 

Town. 28, N., range 

5, W 38 

Kalkaska county. 7,133 5,160 



Ada 

Algoma 

Alpine 

Bowne 

Byron 

Caledonia 

Cannon 

Cascade 

Courtland ...^ 

Gaines 

Grand Rapids city. 

Grand Rapids 

Grattan 

Lowell 

Nelson 

Oakfield 

Paris 



1,308 
1,982 
1,471 
1,340 
1,944 
1,593 
1,055 
1,200 
1,311 
1,342 
87,565 
2,748 
1,102 
3,097 
2,132 
924 
2,058 



1,296 
2,077 
1,382 
1,214 
l,7l5 
1,7B5 
1,115 
1,147 
1,280 
1,351 
60,278 
8,325 
1,109 
3,145 
2,147 
1,048 
3,171 



195 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Plainfleld 1,771 1,571 

Solon 1,631 1,769 

Sparta 2,898 2,639 

Spencer ............ 1,185 ,1,260 

l^rone .............. 1,513 1,501 

Vergennes 982 1,094 

Walker 2,166 3,229 

Wyoming 3,396 3,234 

Kent county .129,714 109,922 

Aliouez 1,610 1.103 

Eagle Harbor 770 526 

Grant 157 100 

Houghton 576 189 

Shermaa ., . 104 868 

Keweenaw county 3,217 2,894 

Chase ■.."...■.■... 1,075 1,169 

Cherry ....•.'.■.■.■.■.:.. 211 301 

Dover .....:.■.■.■.:... 396 303 

Eden 1 : . ". 21 120 

Elk 245 569 

Ellsworth 1,080 1,949 

Lake .....;... 177 59 

Newkirk 811 

Pinora 373 890 

Pleasant Plains ... ,416 657 

Webber '. , ". 1 . .7 .152 162 

-i 

L«ake county.... 4,957 6,505 

Almont 1,836 1,854 

Arcadia 1,179 1,193 

Attica 1,301 1,527 

Burlington 1,292 1,518 

Burnside 1,781 2,055 

Deerfleld 1,106 1,072 

Dryden 1,226 1.378 

Elba 984 1,089 

Goodland 1,093 1,126 

Hadley 1,201 1,316 

Imlay 2,373 2,620 

Lapeer city 3,297 2,753 

Lapeer 870 957 

Marathon 1,686 1,846 

Mayfield 1,148 1,204 

Metamora 1,170 1,306 

North Branch 1,779 1,886 

Oregon 1,067 1,295 

Rich 1,252 1,218 

Lapeer county... 27,641 29,213 

Albert 827 142 

Briley 417 338 

Hillman 819 5Bo 

Montmorency 445 177 

196 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. ' 1900 

Rust , 371 

Vienna , 355 

Montmorency 
county 3.234 

Blue Lake 149 

Casnovia 1,940 

Cedar Creek ... 367 

Dalton 815 

Eggleston 319 

Pruitland 844 

Fruitport 927 

Holton .............. 846 

Laketon 419 

Montague 1,384 

Moorland 86& 

Muskegon city 20,818 

Muskegon 1,316 

North Muskegon 

city 513 

Norton .................. 1,416 

Ravenna ; . .'. . ^j i-a. ^a 1,492 

Sullivan ...*....::..: 447 

Whitehall 1,582 

White River 574 

Muskegon county 37,036 

Ashland 1,523 

Barton 743 

Beaver 503 

Big Prairie 394 

Bridgeton 585 

Brooks 1,009 

Croton 509 

Dayton '. 1,930 

Denver 1,193 

Ensley ..,4.1,....illy) 1,164 

Everett ..'..".. I'.*.'.'.. ; 390 

Garfield .............. 1,387 

Goodwell 350 

Grant 612 

Home 310 

Lincoln 411 

Monroe 439 

Norwich 402 

Sheridan 1,861 

Sherman 734 

Troy 224 

Wilcox 1,000 

Newaygo county. 17,673 

Addison 1,116 

Avon 2,584 

Bloomfleld ......... 2,296 

Brandon 1,179 

Commerce 1,124 



1890 
20? 



1,487 

138 

1,734 

237 

638 
289 
580 

1,446 
906 
614 

1,967 

738 

22,702 

1,498 

1,590 

723 

1,466 

'2i6i4 
633 

40,013 

1,489 
773 
4t)9 
445 
584 

1,01^ 
706 

1,958 

1,055 

1.177 
576 

1,686 
339 
455 

1,016 
695 

1,066 
910 

1,546 
625 
643 

1,307 

20,476 

1,139 
1,946 
2,044 
1,260 
1,113 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Farmington 1,753 1,639 

Groveland 828 917 

Highland 1,142 1,393 

Holly 2,266 2,120 

Independence 1,191 1,297 

Lyon 1,569 1,660 

Milford 1,866 1,962 

Novi 1,245 1,306 

Oakland 870 896 

Orion .- 1,507 1,297 

Oxford 1,990 2,080 

Pontiac city 9,769 6,200 

Pontiac 1,016 947 

Rose 862 958 

Royal Oak 2,012 1,844 

Soutbfleld 1,378 1,444 

Springfield 906 1,064 

Troy .1,527 1,470 

Waterford 1,079 1,163 

West Bloomfield... 999 1,229 

White Lake ....... 718 857 

Oakland county.. 44,792 41,245 

Arcadia 881 671 

Bear Lake 1,428 1,287 

Brown 799 726 

Cleon 1,237 810 

Filer 2,283 2,101 

Manistee city 14,260 12,812 

Manistee ,.,... 3,128 2,631 

Maple Grove 508 361 

Marilla 404 341 

Onekama 920 1,082 

Pleasanton 659 593 

Springdale 558 105 

Stronach 791 710 

Manistee county. 27,856 24,230 

Champion 1,707 2,622 

Chocolay 662 1,285 

Ely 303 694 

Forsyth 595 270 

Humboldt 341 608 

Ishpeming city ... 13,255 11,197 

Ishpemdng 360 904 

Marquette city .... 10,058 9,093 

Marquette 200 268 

Michigamme 1,143 1,435 

Negaunee city .... 6,935 6,078 

Negaunee 94 833 

Republic 2,293 2,594 

Richmond 892 1,132 

Sands 192 

Scandia 338 

Tilden .' 1,448 908 

197 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Turin 141 100 

West Branch 282 

Marquette county 41,239 39,521 

Amber 1,329 1^036 

Branch 614 319 

Custer 1,541 1,287 

Eden 782 579 

Freesoil 1,112 87S 

Grant 569 301 

Hamlin 293 85 

Ludington city ... 7,166 7,517 

Pere Marquette .. 965 944 

Riverton 1488 1203 

Sheridan 461 349 

Sherman 1,026 550 

Summit 486 508 

Victory 1,053 658 

Mason county.... 18,885 16,3Sff 

■<■■ .; .>iiy'.) 

Aetna 946 1,!;, 122 

Austin 713 695 

Big Rapids city.... 4,686 5,302 

Big Rapids 683 655 

Chippewa : 870 969 

Colfax 911 1,000 

Deerfield 1114 1260 

Fork 1,435 570 

Grant 636 493 

Green 1404 1311 

Hinton 1,310 1,152 

Martiny 745 633 

Mecosta ;. 926 851 

Millbrook 1,210. 971 

Morton 966 967 

Sheridan 864 430 

Wheatland 1, 274 1,315 

Mecosta county.. 20,693 19,697 

Cedarville 813 536 

Ingailston^ 769 . .491 

Me-nominee city ... 12,818 10,630 

Menominee 1,290 1,566 

Mellen 1022 ...... 

Meyer 1,387 1,252 

Nadeau 2,003 1525 

Spalding 3,326 1915 

Stephenson 3,006 2,279 

Menominee 

county 27,046 33,639 

Edenville 763 .460 

Geneva 584 458 

Greendale 247 151 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Homer 657 552 

Hope 752 655 

Ingersoll 1,304 1,130 

Jasper 1,019 701 

Jerome 533 503 

Larkin 702 377 

Lee 538 264 

Lincoln 343 252 

Midland city 2,363 2,277 

Midland 1,057 1,020 

Mills 241 

Mt. Hayley 683 444 

Porter 779 504 

Warren 1,874 903 

Midland county.. 14,439 10,657 

Aetna 384 169 

Bloomneld 284 159 

Butterfield 221 

Caldwell 708 405 

Clam Union 987 678 

Forest 2S5 193 

Lake 1,099 636 

Norwich 789 441 

Pioneer 263 151 

Reeder *..... 1,439 832 

Richland 1,166 534 

Riverside 1,368 617 

West Branch 315 ^0 

Missaukee county 9,308 5,048 

Ash 1,913 1,997 

Bedford 2,179 1,SS7 

Berlin 1,820 1,906 

Dundee 3,061 3,539 

Erie 1,426 1,463 

Exeter 1,696 1,716 

Prenchtown 1,938 2,023 

Ida 1,809 1,410 

La Salle 1,320 1,315 

London 1,271 1,315 

Milan 2,111 2,079 

Monroe city 5,043 5,258 

Monroe 1,137 890 

Raisinville 1,811 1,830 

Summerfleld 2,169 1,858 

Whiteford 2,050 1,901 

Monroe county... 32,754 32,337 

Belvidere 1,201 1,027 

Bloomer 2,254 2,182 

Bushnell 1,216 1,3£6 

Cato 2,087 2,016 

Crystal 1.445 1,344 

Day 1,438 1,737 



Ivlinor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1850 

Douglas 1,104 968 

Eureka 816 933 

Evergreen 1,367 1,308 

Fairplain 1,183 1.181 

Ferris 1,163 1,314 

Greenville city .... 3,381 3,056 

Home 1,653 1.498 

Maple Valley ..... 1.842 l.SOS 

Montcalm 1,310 1.510 

Pierson 1.250 1.410 

Pine 1.186 1.072 

Reynolds 2,015 1,804 

Richland 1,136 1,140 

Sidney 1,378 1,514 

Stanton city 1,234 1,352 

Winfield 1.095 1,137 

Montcalm county 32,754 32.^7 

Berlin 1.267 1.237 

Brockway 2,325 2,^7 

Burchvllle 532 572 

Casco 1,722 1.811 

China 1.318 1,380 

Clay 2,462 1,681 

Clyde 948 1.014 

Columbus 1,054 1.158 

Cottrellville 1,130 1.054 

East China 257 2H 

Emmet 1,155 1,251 

Fort Gratiot 774 774 

Grant 923 1.142 

Greenwood 1,236 1.4.57 

Ira 1,304 1,495 

Kenockee 1.264 1,202 

Kimball 1,437 1,356 

Lvnn 859 857 

Marine City 3,829 3,268 

Mussey 1,617 1,683 

Port Huron city... 19,158 13.543 

Port Huron 1.666 1,407 

Riley 1,462 1,6P5 

St. Clair city....... 2,543 2,353 

St. Clair 1,554 1.807 

Wales 1,432 1,635 

St. Clair county. 55,228 52.105 

Burr Oak 1.698 1,73S 

Colon 1.842 1,515 

Constantine 1,919 2,141 

Fabius 838 1,035 

Fawn River 526 602 

Florence 665 791 

Flowerfield 1.048 1,184 

Leonidas 1.269 1.452 

Lockport 731 741 

Mendon 1.776 1.893 

19S 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. >1900 

Mottville 493 

Nottawa 1,577 

Parh: 891 

Sherman 765 

Sturgis city 2,465 

Sturgis 488 

Three Rivers city. 3,550 

White Pigeon 1,348 

St. Joseph county 23,889 

Argyle 1,107 

Austin 1,010 

Bridgehampton ... 1 ,327 

Buel 985 

Custer 1,202 

Delaware .......... 2,042 

Elk 1,539 

Elmer 1,002 

Evergreen 1,063 

Plynn 1,049 

Forrester 909 

Fremont 1,062 

Greenleaf 893 

Lamotte 1,036 

Lexington 2,653 

Maple Valley 1,746 

Marion 1,838 

Marlette 2,569 

Minden 1,068 

Moore • 1,019 

Sanilac 1,582 

Speaker 1,331 

Washington 1,566 

Watertown 1,533 

Wheatland 742 

Worth 1,182 

Sanilac county... 35,055 

Benona 1,173 

Claybanks 712 

Colfax 314 

Crystal ." 665 

Blbridge 1,414 

Perrv 972 

Golden 958 

Grant 840 

Greenwood 482 

Hart 2,396 

Leavitt 1,052 

Newfield 874 

Otto 171 

Pentwater 1,138 

Shelby 2,568 

Weare 915 



1890 

545 
1,910 
1,095 
1,048 
2,489 

500 
3,131 
1.5^6' 

25,356 

767 
1,015 
1,479 

852 

721 

2,178 

1,427 

816 

835 

889 

933 

1,095 

806 

649 

2,6D2 

1,592 

1,837 

2,370 

1,114 

883 

1,889 

1.430 

1,447 

1,2^4 

45< 

1.284 

32,589 

1,154 
798 
308 
750 

1,180 
855 
955 
71§ 
450 

1,841 
827 
810 
157 

1,605 

2,470 
822 



Oceaoxa county... 16,644 15,698 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Churchill 594 

Gumming 673 

Edwards 591 

Foster 115 

Goodar 331 

Hill .., 358 

Horton 287 

Klacking 38^ 

Logan 236 

Mills 761 

Richland Ill 

Rose 1,000 

West Branch 2,325 

Ogemaw county. 7,765 

Bohemia 268 

Carp Lake 69 

Greenland 1,390 

Haight 289 

Interior 274 

McMillan 868 

Matchwood 156 

Ontonagon 1,618 

Rockland 1,265 

Ontonagon county 6,197 

Burden *.... 1,359 

Cedar 314 

Evart 1,194 

Hartwick 540 

Hersey 1,15T 

Highland 792 

Le Roy 1,312 

Lincoln 1,250 

Marion 1.253 

Middle Branch .... 518 

Orient 758 

Osceola 1,697 

Richmond 3,401 

Rose Lake 659 

Sherman 1,002 

Sylvan 653 

Osceola county... 17,859 

Big Ci-eek 349 

Comins 681 

Elmer 319 

Mentor 119 

Oscoda county... 1,468 

Bagley 1,325 

Charlton 176 

Chester 325 

Corwith 1,090 

Dover 354 



189U 

318 

197 

^17 

167 

97 

47 

224 

291 

59 

66 

3S2 

211 

. 1,776 

5,583 

92 

18 

272 

'"559 

597 

' 1*564 
654 

3,756 

734 

336 

1,215 

417 

908 

326 

1,087 

1,084 

1,042 

219 

707 

1,550 

3,064 

627 

8ia 

504 
14,630 

187 
272 
122 

607 

1,904 

68«r 

149 

. 177 

699 

' 158 



199 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Elmira 658 

Hayes 254 

liivingston 1,506 

Otsego Lake 487 

' .Otsego county . . . 6,175 

Allendale 1,429 

Blendon 1,680 

Chester 1,563 

Crockery 1,318 

Georgetown 1,878 

Grand Haven city. 4,743 

Grand Haven 823 

Holland city 7,790 

Holland 3,441 

Jamestown 2,015 

Olive 2,073 

Polkton 2,298 

Robinson 729 

Spring Lake 1,765 

Tallmadge 1,405 

Wright 1,609 

Zealand 3,109 

Ottawa county... 39,667 

Allis 1,758 

Bearinger 198 

Belknap 1,108 

Bismarck 273 

Case 1,291 

Krakow 493 

Metz 571 

Moltke ; 511 

Posen 1,681 

Presque Isle 137 

Rogers 800 

Presque Isle 

county 8,821 

Denton 84 

Gerrish 129 

Higgins 584 

Markev 76 

Nester 269 

Richfield 147 

Roscommon 396 

St. Helens 102 

Roscommon 

county 1,787 

Albee 913 

Birch Run 1,430 

Blumfield 1,458 

Brady 1,504 

Brant 1.286 

Bridgeport 1,873 



1890 

561 

165 

1.033 

641 

4,272 

1,345 
1,291 
1,551 
1,247 
1,845 
5,023 

857 
3,945 
3,086 
2,078 
1,968 
2,584 

510 

2,m 

1,324 
1,611 

2,834 



744 
113 
245 
38S 
26? 
465 
1,259 
219 
766 



4,687 

75 

66 

586 

28 

159 

76 

176 

867 



2,033 

613 
1,553 
1,420 
1,469 
1,190 
1,813 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Buena Vista 3,585 2,998 

Carrollton 1,952 2,075 

Chapin 855 681 

Chesaning 2,540 2,361 

Frankenmuth 2,063 1,815 

Fremont 1,141 812 

James 610 655 

Jonesfield 1,316 1,105 

Kochville 872 863 

I^kefield 710 543 

Maple Grove 1,610 1,703 

Marion 810 582 

Richland 1,630 1,221 

Saginaw city 42,345 46,322 

Saginaw 1,244 1,540 

St. Charles 2,925 1,807 

Spaulding 585 516 

Swan Creek 588 ©3 

Taymouth 1,723 1,579 

Thomastown 1,185 1,200 

Tittabawassee 1,576 1,581 

Zilwaukee 893 1,963 

Saginaw county.. 81,222 82,273 

Doyle 750 

Germfask 319 14g 

Harrison 517 422 

Hiawatha 2,061 1,382 

Inwood 673 

Manistique 2,65J 2,161 

Seney 254 774 

Thompson 664 §91 

Schoolcraft 

county 7,889 5,818 

Antrim 904 992 

Bennington 1,287 1,29S 

Burns 1,463 1,467 

Caledonia 1,383 1,387 

Corunna city 1,510 1,382 

Fairfield 985 977 

Hazelton 1,747 1,801 

Middlebutt-y 848 965 

New Haven 1,599 1,752 

Owosso citv 8,696 6,564 

Owosso 1,175 1,191 

Perry 1,967 1,900 

Rush 1,238 1,362 

Sciota 1,430 1,448 

Shiawassee 1,610 1,892 

Venice 1,341 1,414 

Vernon 3,878 2,291 

Woodhull 805 865 

Shiawassee 

county 33,866 30,952 



200 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 

Akron .............. 2,060 

Aimer 1,299 

Arbela ............. 1,228 

Columbia 1,772 

Dayton 1,309 

Denmark 1,972 

Elkland 2,133 

Ellington 867 

Elmwood 1,598 

Fairgrove 1,900 

Fremont 2,066 

Gilford 1,199 

Indian Fields 2,878 

Juniata 1,159 

Kingston 1,385 

Koylton 1,047 

Millington 1,772 

Novesta ....:. 1,073 

Tuscola 1,328 

Vassar 2,884 

Watertown 1,217 

Wells 1,035 

Wisner 709 

Tuscola county.. 35,890 

Almena 1,016 

Antwerp 2,164 

Arlington 1,440 

Bangor 2,482 

Bloomingdale 1,753 

Columbia 1,591 

Covert 1,728 

Decatur 2,098 

Geneva 1,559 

Hamilton 855 

Hartford 2,403 

Keeler 905 

iliawrence 1,683 

Paw Paw 2,457 

Pine Grove 1,524 

Porter 1,028 

South Haven 5,368 

Waverly 1,130 

Van Buren 

county 33,274 

Ann Arbor City.. 14,509 

Ann Arbor 1,036 

Augusta 1,739 

Bridgewater 1,011 

Dexter 696 

Freedom 1,013 

Limia 961 

Lodi 1,121 

Lyndon 665 

Manchester 2,146 

Northfield 1,26G 



im 

l,69Sf 
1,315 
1,258 
1,527 
1,279 
1,820 
1,869 

822 
1,422 
1,968 
1,921 
1,069 
2,469 
1,157 
1,110 
1,069 
1.61^ 

741 
1,324 
2,500 
1,308 

779 

472 

32,508 
988 
1,922, 
1,549 
2,384 
1,952 
1,551 
1,381 
1,789 
1,428 

2,430 
1,114 
1,779 
2,450 
1,734 
1,091 
2,92€ 
1,114 



30,541 
9,?31 
1,383 
1,769 
1,084 

702 
1,134 

S91 
1,261 

617 
2,17g 
1,210 



Minor Civil 

Divisions. 1900 1890 

Pittsfield 1,050 l,t58 

Salem 1,158 1,182 

Saline 1,668 1,65^ 

Scio 1,893 1,946 

Sharon 984 1,014 

Superior 1,039 1,096 

Sylvan 2,496 2,258 

Webster 747 863 

York 1,952 1,906 

Ypsilanti city 7,378 6.129 

Ypsilanti 1,233 1,236 

WashtenaM^ 

county 47,761 42,210 

Brownstown 2,031 2,321 

Canton 1,218 1.184 

Dearborn 2,752 2,346 

Detroit city 285,704 205,876 

Ecorse 6,675 3,567 

Gratiot 1,333 

Greenfield 2,360 2,465 

Grossepoint 2,933 3,145 

Hamtramck 3,078 4,025 

Huron 1,978 1,960 

Livonia 1,460 1,460 

Monguagon 2,387 1,855 

Nankin 3,812 3,288 

Northville ;... 2,371 

Plymouth 2,098 3,950 

Bedford 1,990 1,868 

Romulus 1,816 1,74^ 

Springwells 13,034 7,790 

Sumpter '...',.r,..,,,.> 1,495 1,523 

Taylor .....:....... 1,296 1,216 

Van Buren 1,789 1,712 

Wyandotte city . . 5,183 3,817 

Wayne county... 348,793 257,114 

Antioch 657 470 

Boon 955 764 

Cadillac city 5,997 4,461 

Cedar Creek 1,937 ' 1,B03 

Cherry Grove 417 216 

Clam Lake 1,009 881 

Colfax 678 463 

Greenwood 375 197 

Hanover 477 209 

Harring 322 319 

Henderson 208 138 

Liberty 423 274 

Selma 446 242 

Slagle 460 

South Branch .... 310 176 

Springville I,2ii2 306 

Wexford ^^52 55D 

Wexford county. 16,845 11,278 



201 



Population, Density of 

In 1894 the average number of inhabitants to the square mile 
in Michigan was 39.45; in the southern counties, 77.09; in the 
central, 50.02; in the northern, 17.93, and in the upper peninsula, 
12.63. The average number of inhabitants to the square mile 
shown by the United States census of 1900 was 42.02. 

Population of State. 

The total population of the Territory of Michigan in 1810 was 
4,528. In 1820, 9,048. In 1830, 32,538. The United States census is 
taken every ten years and a state census every ten years since 
1854. 

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1894 1900 
212,267 397,654 749,113 1,184,059 1,636,937 2,093,889 2,241,641 2,420,982 

See under each county for population of counties. 

Population of State, Nativity of 

The United States census of 1900 shows 1,879,329 native born, 
541,653 foreign born, 2,398,563 white, 1,858,367 native white. Of the 
native white, 1,026,714 are of native parents and 831,653 of foreign 
parents; 540,196 are foreign whites. There are 22,419 colored, 
divided as follows: Negroes, 15,816, Chinese 240. Japanese 9, 
Indians (taxed) 6,354. 

In 1890, the foreign born in Michigan, with the place of 
their birth, was as follows: Canada and Newfoundland, 181,416; 
Mexico, 89; Central America, 14; South America, 75; West Indies, 
138; England, 55,354; Scotland, 12,068; Wales, 769; Ireland, 39,065; 
Germany, 135,509; Austria, 3,639; Holland, 29.410; Belgium, 2,232; 
Luxemburg, 54; Switzerland, 2,562; Norway, 7,795; Sweden, 27,366; 
Denmark, 6,335; Russia, 11,889; Hungary, 637; Bohemia, 2,311; 
Poland, 15,669; France, 5,182; Italy, 3,088; Spain, 61; Portugal, 26; 
Greece, 10; Asia, 73; China, 140; Japan, 39; India, 70; Africa, 37; 
Atlantic Islands, 27; Australia, 122; Pacific Islands, 24; Sandwich 
Islands, 7; Turkey, 10; at sea, 409; other countries, 9. Total, 
543,880. 

Population: Per Cent of Increase. 

From 1800 to 1810 764 per cent. 

From 1810 to 1820 84 per cent. 

From 1820 to 1830 261 per cent. 

From 1830 to 1840. 570 per cent. 

From 1840 to 1850 87 per cent. 

From laSO to 1860. 88 per cent. 

From 1860 to 1870 58 per cent. 

From 1870 to 1880 38 per cent. 

From 1880 to 1884 13 per cent 

From 1884 to 1890 13 per cent. 

From 1890 to 1900 15 per cent. 

When the State was admitted into the Union, less than 70 
years ago, it ranked 23d among the states in population. In 1900 
it was the eighth. 

Portagre Lake Canal. 

See Canal, Portage Lake. 

Postmasters. 

See U. S. Postmasters. 

202 



Postage, Rates of 

:)q Imj/. ,0 //.7l>I ;:i^;' Domestic. 

First class: ILetters, sealed packages and all matter closed 
against inspection, 2 cents each ounce or fraction thereof; no 
limit as to weight. 

Postal cards and private mailing cards, 1 cent each. 

Second class: Newspapers and periodical publications that 
have been entered as second-class matter, 1 cent per pound or 
fraction thereof. 

When mailed by persons other than publishers, 1 cent for 4 
ounces or fraction thereof. 

Third class: Circulars, books and matter wholly in print, 
engravings, lithographs, wood-cuts, photographs, checks, 
deeds, insurance policies, in blank, etc., proof with manuscript 
accompanying same, matter reproduced by cyclostyle, hecto- 
graph, mimeograph, electric pen, or other similar process easy 
of recognition, when not in the nature of personal correspon- 
dence; seeds, bulbs, roots, scions and plants; visiting cards and 
business cards — 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof; 
weight limit, 4 pounds (except for single volumes of books — 
no limit.) 

Fourth class: Merchandise and matter not included in any 
of above classes, which is not in its form or nature liable to 
destroy or damage the contents of the mail-bag, or harm per- 
sons engaged in the mail service, 1 cent for each ounce or frac- 
tion thereof; limit, 4 pounds. 

All Foreign Countries, Except Canada and Mexico. 

Letters, per 15 grams (Vz ounce) 5 cents 

Single postal cards, each .' 2 cents 

Double postal cards, each ,.4 cents 

Newspaper and other printed matter, per 2 ounces ..1 cent 

Commercial Papers. 

Packets not in excess of 10 ounces 5 cents 

Packets in excess of 10 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- 
tion thereof 1 cent 

Samples of Merchandise. 

Packets not in excess of 4 ounces 2 cents 

Packets in excess of 4 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- 
tion thereof 1 cent 

Registration fee on letters or other articles ..8 cents 

Packages of samples naust not exceed 12 oz. in weight, 12 
inches in length, 8 inches in breadth, and 4 inches in depth; if 
a roll— 12 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter. 

Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada and 
Mexico) must be forwarded, whether any postage is prepaid on 
them or not. All other mailable matter must be prepaid at 
least partially. 

To Canada. 
Same rates as for United States, except that "Commercial 
Papers" are transmissible at the postage rates given above, 
under head "Commercial Papers;" that packages of seeds, 
plants, etc., are subject to the postage rate of one cent per 
ounce, and that the following articles are absolutely exclude^ 
from the mails, without regard to the amount of postage pre- 
paid, or the manner in which they are wrapped, viz.: 

All sealed packages other than letters in their usual and 
ordinary form; all packages (except single volumes of printed 

208 



books and packages of second-class matter), which weigh more 
than 4 pounds 6 ounces: Police Gazette, Police News, and pub- 
lications which violate any copyright law of Canada. 

To Mexico. 

Same rates as for United States, except that articles of mis- 
cellaneous merchandise (fourth-class matter), not sent as bona- 
fide trade samples, are required to be sent by "Parcels-Post;" 
and that the following articles are absolutely excluded from 
the mails without regard to the amount of postage prepaid or 
the manner in which they are wrapped, viz.: 

All sealed packages other than letters, in their usual and 
ordinary form; all packages (including packages of second-class 
matter, which weigh more than 4 pounds 6 ounces) except such 
as are sent by "Parcels-Post;" liquids, pastes, confections, and 
fatty substances; publications which violate any copyright law 
of Mexico. 

Single volumes of printed books in unsealed packages are 
transmissible to Mexico in the regular mails without limit as 
to weight. 

"Commercial papers," and bona-fide trade samples are 
transmissible to Mexico in the regular mails at the postage rate 
given above, under head "Commercial Papers" and Samples 
of Merchandise" respectively. 

To Cuba. 
Rates of postage same as in United States. 

To Hawaii. 
Rates of postage same as in United States. 

To Guam, Porto Rico and Philippines. 
Domestic rates and conditions apply to all classes of mail 
matter. 

Potatoes. 

A very large portion of the northern portion of the lower 
peninsula seems especially adapted to the growing of potatoes 
and literally millions of bushels are shipped from this region 
every season. In 1899 the state produced 18,485,828 bushels, an 
average of 75 bushels per acre. 

Poundmaster. 

See Township Poundmaster. 

Presidential Electors. 

See Electors, Presidential. 

Presque Isle County 

Was created in 1840 and organized in 1871. Its present limits 
were defined in 1873. The name is a French one and means 
"almost an island," i. e., a peninsula, and is appropriate from 
the fact that such a division of land extends from the county 
into Lake Huron. The countv seat is at Rogers. Acres in 
county, 428,149. Population in 1880. 3.113; 1890, 4,687; 1894, 5.911; 1900. 
8,821. [ Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,307. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 1,332. Bryan 494. 

■ 204 



iiiii!liii;!lli;i!!IIIII]ii!!!lli^i!I!!i:!il!lii5!!l'^^ 




NvoAoaaHO 

205 



Primary Elections in Cities of 15,000 to 50,000. 

See "Elections, Primary, in Cities of 15,000 to 50,000." 

Primaries or Caucuses. 

See "Elections: Primaries." 

Private Claims. 

See "Lands, Private Claims." 

Private Schools. 

See "Schools^ Private." 

Probate Conrt. 

See County Judge of Probate. 

Productions. 

Michigan is remarkable for the variety and amount of its 
agricultural, mineral and manufactured products. See under 
these general heads and then look under the name of the par- 
ticular product for details. 

Property Exempt from Taxation. 

See "Taxation, Personal Property Exempt from"; also "Tax- 
ation, Real Property Exempt from." 

Property, Personal, Exempt from Levy or Forced Sale. 

The following property is exempt from levy and sale under 
any execution, or upon any other final process of a court: 

1. All spinning wheels, weaving looms with the apparatus 
and stoves put up and kept for use in any dwelling house. 

2. A seat, pew or slip, occupied by such person or family, 
in any house or place of public worship. 

3. All cemeteries, tombs and rights of burial, while in use 
as repositories of the dead. 

4. All arms and accoutrements required by law to be kept 
by any person; all wearing apparel of every person or family. 

5. The library and school books of every individual and 
family not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars in value, and 
all family pictures. 

6. To each householder, ten sheep, with their fleeces, and 
the yarn or cloth manufactured from the same; two cows, five 
swine, and provisions and fuel for comfortable subsistence of 
such householder or family for six months. 

7. To each householder, all household goods, furniture and 
utensils, not exceeding in value $250. 

8. The tools, implements, materials, stock, apparatus, team, 
vehicle, horses, harness or other things, to enable any person 
to carry on the profession, trade or occupation in which he is 
wholly or principally engaged, not exceeding $250. 

9. A sufficient quantity of hay, grain, feed and r^ts, 
whether growing or otherwise, for properly keeping for six 
months the animals in the several subdivisions of this section 
exempted from execution, and any chattel mortgage, bill ol 
sale, or other lien created on any part of property above 
described, except such as is mentioned in the eighth subdivision 

206 



of this section, shall be void, unless such mortgage, bill of sale 
or lien be signed by the wife of the party making such mort- 
gage or lien, if he have any. ; h :-. 

Property, Personal Taxablie 

See Taxable Personal Property. 

Property, Descent and Distribution of 

I. 

In the case of an unmarried man, his real estate descends as 
follows: 

1. It goes to his father and mother in equal shares. 

2. If there be but O'ne parent living, then to the survivor 
alone. 

3. If he leaves neither father nor mother, it goes in equal 
shares to his brothers and sisters and the children of deceased 
brothers and sisters by right of representation, i. e., the chil- 
dren of a deceased brother or sister take the share which their 
parent would take, if living. 

4. If he leaves neither father, mother, brother, sister, nor 
children of brother or sister, his estate descends to his next of 
kin in equal degree. 

There is a statutory provision with reference to collateral 
kindred in equal degree, claiming through different ancestors, 
but this is a case which does not often occur. 

The Personal Estate will be distributed in like manner as his 
real estate. 

Division "I" also covers the case of a widower who leaves 
Ho child or other lineal descendant. 

II. 

The case of an unmarried woman is governed* by the rules 
mentioned in division "I." 

Division "II" also covers the case of a widow who leaves 
no child or other lineal descendant. 

; III. 

:. In the case of a widower, his real estate descends as follows: 
' 1. If he dies without issue. (See division "I"). 

2. If there be but ohe child, such child takes the entire of 
the real estate. - - : . 

3. If there be more than one child, it goes in equal shares 
to his children. 

4. In case, however, he leaves a child or children and the 
issue of a deceased child, it goes in equal shares to the children 
and to the issue of any deceased child by right of representation. 
i. e., the issue of the deceased child take the share which would 
have gone to the parent, if living. ^ k , 

5. If there be no child living at his death, the lands go to all 
his other lineal descendants; if these descendants are in the 
same degree of kindred to the deceased, i. e., if they are all grand- 
children, they share equally; otherwise they take according to 
right of representation. 

The Personal Estate of a widower will be distributed in 
like manner as his real estate. 

IV. 

The case of a widow is like the preceding, and i& governed 
by the rules mentioned in division "III." 

For case of widow without issue, see division "II." 

207 



In the case of a married man, leaving no Issue, his real 
estate descends as follows: 

1. One-half goes to the widow and the remainder to his 
father and mother in equal shares. 

2. If but one parent be living, then one-half of his real 
estate goes to such parent alone, the other half to the widow. 

3. If he leaves neither father nor mother, one-half goes to 
the widow, the other half to his brothers and sisters and the 
children of deceased brothers and sisters by right of representa- 
tion, i. e., the children of a deceased brother or sister take the 
share which their parent would take, if living. 

4. If he leaves neither father, mother, brother nor sister, 
and there be no children of deceased brothers or sisters, the 
entire estate descends to the widow. 

The Personal Estate of a married man, leaving no issue, will 
be distributed as follows: 

1. If if does not exceed $3,000, it goes to the widow. 

2. If it exceeds $3,000, the widow takes $3,000, and one-half of 
the excess goes to the widow, and the other half to his father 
and mother, if living, in equal shares. 

3. If either parent be deceased one-half of the excess goes 
to the widow and the other half to the surviving parent, 

4. If both parents be deceased, one-half of the excess goes 
to the widow and the other half to the brothers and sisters, and 
the issue of any deceased brother or sister, In equal proportions, 
by right of representation. 

5. If there be neither father, mother, brother nor sister, nor 
issue of such brother or sister, then the entire of the personal 
property goes to the widow. 

VI. 

In the case of a married woman, leaving no issue, her real 
estate descends as follows: 

This case is the same in so far as respects real estate, as the 
preceding case, and is governed by the rules respecting real 
estate mentioned in division "V," the husband taking the same 
interest in the real estate of the wife who leaves no issue, which 
the wife takes in the real estate of the husband in like case. 

The Personal Property will be distributed in such case as 
follows : 

1. One-half goes to the husband, the other half to her father 
and mother, if living, in equal shares. 

2. If either parent be deceased one-half goes to the husband 
and the other half to the surviving parent. 

3. If both parents be deceased, one-half goes to her husband 
and the other half to her brothers and sisters, and issue of any 
deceased brother or sister in equal proportions, by right of 
representation. 

4. If there be neither father, mother, sister nor brother, nor 
issue of any deceased brother or sister, then the entire of the 
personal property goes to the husband. 

VII. 
In the case of a married man leaving one child and no issue 
of any deceased child, his real estate descends as follows: 

1. The widow takes her dower interest, i. e., an estate for 
life in one-third of the real estate. 

208 



2. Subject to the widow's dower, the entire of the real estate, 
goes to the child. 

The Personal Property will be distributed as follows: 

1. One-half to the widow, the other half to the child. 

2. In case he leaves no child, but issue of a deceased child, 
the personal property g-oes one-half to the widow and one-half 
to the issue of such child. 

VIII. 

In the case of a married woman leaving one child and no 
issue of any deceased child, her real estate descends as follows: 

The child takes the entire of the real estate, the husband 
having no interest whatever in such real estate. 

The Personal Property will be distributed as follows: 

1. One-half to the husband, one-half to the child. ■"■' 

2. In case she leaves no child, but issue of a deceased childl 
the personal property goes one-half to the husband, the other 
half to Issue of such child. 

IX. 

In the case of a married man leaving two or more children 
or issue of deceased children, his real estate descends as follows: 

1. The widow takes her dower interest. 

2. Subject to the widow' Sj dower, real estate goes. In equal 
shares to his children. , ■■> •:■. 

3. In case, however, he leaves child or children and the 
issue of a deceased child, the lands go in equal shares to the 
children and to the issue of any deceased child by right of 
representation, i. e., the issue of the deceased child takes the 
share which would have gone to their parent, if living. 

4. If there be no child living at his death, the lands go to all 
his other lineal descendants. If these descendants are in the 
same degree of kindred to the decedent, 1. e., if they are all 
grandchildren, they share the estate equally; otherwise they 
take according to the right of representation. 

In all the cases mentioned under this division "IX," the 
lands are subject to the dower right of the widow. 

His Personal Property goes one-third to the widow abso- 
lutely, and the remaining two-thirds to the children or to the 
Issue of any deceased child or children, if any there be. 

X. 

In the case of a married woman leaving two or more chil- 
dren, or issue of deceased children, her real estate descends as 
follows: ,; . ,:: 

1. The husband takes no interest whatever in the real estate. 

2. Except that the husband has no interest, the real estate 
descends to children and issue of deceased children in the man- 
ner mentioned in the preceding division "IX," and is governed 
by the rules here stated. 

The Personal Property goes one-third to the husband and 
the remaining two-thirds to the children or the Issue of any 
deceased child or children, if any there be. 

XI. 
1. If any person dies, leaving several children, or leaving 
one child and the issue of one or more other children, and either 
of such surviving children dies under age, and not having been 
lawfully married, all the Real Estate that came to the deceased 
child by inheritance from such deceased parent, which has not 

209 



lawfully been disposed of, descends in equal shares to the other 
children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other 
children who shall have died, by right of representation. 

2. If, at the death of such child, who dies under age, and 
not having been married, all the other children of his said parent 
shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the 
Real Estate that came to such child by inheritance from such 
parent, which has not lawfully been disposed of, descends to all 
the issue of other children of the same parent. If all said issue 
are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they share the 
estate equally; otherwise they take according to the right of 
representation. 

XII. 

Kindred of the half blood inherit equally with those of the 
whole blood in the same degree, unless the inheritance, being 
Real Estate, comes to the intestate by descent, devise or gift 
of some one of his ancestors; in which case all those who are 
not of the blood of such ancestor are excluded from the in- 
heritance. 

XlII. 

The statutes of this State provide for the adoption of minor 
children, and making them heirs of the persons by whom they 
are adopted. 

In such cases great care should be taken to observe that the 
adoption is under the proper statute, as the Supreme Court, in 
1889, declared unconstitutional a law which had been on the 
statute book for more than twenty-five years, under which many 
adoptions had been made. 

XIV. 

The words "Real Estate," as used above, are intended to 
refer to estates in fee or for the life of another, and are not 
meant to include lesser estates, as tenancies for years, etc., 
which are subject, in many instances, to different rules. 

The cases here given, with reference to. descents, are the 
cQmmonest, it not being designed to cover all possible cases. 

Property, Personal, Willing- of 

See Wills, Personal Property Bequeathed by 

Prosecuting: Attorney. 

See County Prosecuting Attorney. 

Public Instruction. 

See State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Public Scbools. 

See Schools. 
.:r Public Surveys. 

- See Surveys, Public. ; ; ; 

' Pump, Largest in World. 

. > : .The largest pump in the world is located at Lake Linden, 
Mich., and is owned and operated by the Calumet & Hecla Min- 
ing Company, and named the "Michigan." It is a triple 
expansion pumping engine, with a daily capacity of 60,- 
000,000 gallons, standing nearly 50 feet in height and requiring 
fifteen hundred horse-power for its operation. It has been 
proven by actual tests that the nominal capacity can be easily 
maintained for an indefinite time without injury or strain, and 
that if pushed to its full capacity the pump could handle ap- 
proximately 75,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. 

210 



Q,iiiEirter]na8ter General. 

See State Quartermaster General. 

Railroads. 

The first railroad in Michigan was the Detroit «fe Pontiac, 
which, in July, 1838, was in operation between Detroit and Royal 
Oak. It was operated by horse power. The first steam locomo- 
tive in Michigan was on the Erie «& Kalamazoo R. R., and ran 
between Adrian and Toledo on January 20, 1837. 

Under various acts of Congress the Unite^i States has grant- 
ed_ nearly 4,000,000 acres of lands in aid of different Michigan 

The total track mileage in Michigan in 1900 was 7,928 miles; 
passenger cars, 2,645; other cars, 175,482; locomotives, 4,672; 
employees, 48,311. The total cost of all roads up to 1901 was $1,033,- 
634,582. The number of stations, 1,377. 

Raili'oad Car Feri'ies. 

At Detroit both passenger and freight cars are ferried across 
the river by enormous ferry boats, which carry from 16 to 20 
cars each. Car ferries of immense size and strength also cross 
Lake Michigan from Ottawa Beach, Grand Haven, Ludington, 
and Frankfort and the Straits of Maujkinaw from Mackinaw City 
to St. Ignace. These boats ply even in the winter and literally 
crush through the thickest ice to their destination. 

Railroad Cbarters, Special. 

The following- railroads are not organized under the General 
Railroad Law, but have special charters; Michigan Central; 
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; Detroit, Grand Haven & Mil- 
waukee. 

Railroad Conspiracy Case. 

This was one of the most noted cases ever tried in Michigan. 
It was brought by the Michigan Central R. R. against a number 
of persons and originated as follows: 

Many cattle had been killed along the line, and it was 
claimed that the company did not exercise sufficient care and 
did not pay in full for the losses. The persons aggrieved became 
increasingly angry, and finally, on November 19, 1850, the freight 
depot at Detroit was burned, causing a loss of about $150,000. 
The fire was evidently set by an incenrtiary, and so alarmed the 
corporation that active measures were taken to discover and 
arrest the instigators. These efforts were successful, and on 
April 19, 1851, thirty-three persons, arrested as railroad con- 
spirators, arrived at Detroit. Their trial began on May 28, and 
lasted almost continuously for four months. Hon. W. H. Seward 
was present as counsel for the prisoners, some of whom were 
wealthy farmers. On September 25 a verdict of guilty was 
rendered against twelve of them, and on the following day they 
received sentences of from five to ten years each. 

Railroads, Foi'est and Ore. 

The following roads are known as "ore and forest roads," 
being built for the handling and transportation of minerals, logs 
and timber. 

The counties in which they are located, and their length, is 
as follows: 

Comstock Bros.' Logging R. R., Presque Isle County. 

Crawford & Manistee R. R., Manistee County, 10 miles. 

Danaher & Malinda Lumber Co., Luce County. 

Empire Lumber Co., Leelanau and Benzie Counties. 

211 



Fuller & Friant Lumber Co., Schoolcraft County. 

Hecla & Torch Lake R. R., Houghton County, 6 miles. 

Lake Superior & Ishpeming R. R., Marquette County, 20 miles. 

Lewiston & South Eastern R. R., Montmorency and Oscoda 
Counties, 10 miles. 

Louis Sands Logging R. R., Kalkaska and Missaukee Counties. 

Manistee & Luther R. R., Manistee, Mason and Lake Coun- 
ties. Main line, 32 miles; branches, 63 miles. 

Peninsular Cedar Co., Mackinac and Luce Counties. 

Sagola Lumber Co. R. R., Dickinson Countj'. 8 miles. 

Sparrow-Kroll Lumber Co., Houghton County. 

Stevens Lumber Co., Otsego County- 
Wisconsin Land & Lumber Co., Menominee. 

The following are the principal non-incorporated logging 
roads: 

Alpena & Long Lake, Alpena County, 7 miles. 

Atlantic & Lake Superior, Houghton County, 14 miles. 

Bear Lake & Eastern R. R., Manistee County, Pierport to 
Bear Lake and Springport, 18 miles. 

Boyne Falls & Northeastern, Charlevoix County, 26 miles. 

Cadillac & Northeastern, Wexford County, 16 miles. 

Detour & Western, Chippewa County, 6 miles. 

East Jordan & Southern, Charlevoix County, 15 miles. 

Frost Jc. to Withey Jc, Houghton County. 

Glenn Arbor R. R., Leelanau County, 2 miles. 

Harbor Springs, R. R., Emmet County, 4 miles. 

Jennings & Northeastern, Missaukee County, 48 miles. 

Mancelona «fe Northwestern, Antrim County, 5 miles. 

Mohawk & Traverse Bay, Keweenaw County, 15 miles. 

Quincy & Torch Lake R. R., Houghton County, 6 miles. 

Sticknej' & Johnson R. R., Delta Countj', 12 miles. 

Railroad Mileag-e In Midiig-an. 

Year. Miles. Year. Miles. Year. Miles. 



1838 


63 


1859 


770 


1880 


3823 


1839 


71 


1860 


770 


1881 


4252 


1840 


104 


1861 


777 


1882 


4609 


1841.. 


147 


1862 


811 


1883 


4966 


1842 


147 


1863 


813 


1884 


5120 


1^3 


180 


1864 


891 


1885 


5447 


1844 


220 


1865 


931 


1886 


5577 


1845... 


233 


1866 


943 


1887 


........5768 


1846 


279 


1867 


1066 


1888 


6411 


1847 


279 


1868 


1124 


18S9 


8760 


1848 


326 


1869 


i36i; 


1890 


6957 


1849 


353 


1870 


1739 


1891 


7275 


1850 


380 


1871 


229S 


1892 


7447 


1851 


421 


1S72 


28*^2 


1893 


7512 


1852. 


425 


1873 


3252 


1894 


7513 


1853 


425 


1874 


3313 


1895 


7609 


1854 


425 


1875 


3347 


1896 


7759 


1855 


462 


1876 


3410 


1897 


7816 


1856 


530 


1877 


3455 


1898 


7825 


1857 


579 


1878 


3564 


1899 


7805 


1858 


703 


1879 


3657 


1900 


7929 



212 



Railroads O-vrned by State. 

The line of the Miehig-an Central Road was projected in 1830, 
but the corporation, which at first was known as the Detroit 
& St. Joseph R, R., was not chartered until June 29, 1832. In 
1834 the War Department was petitioned to survey the proposed 
route, on the gi'ound that the road would be a public benefit. 
The petition naet with favor, and Colonel John M. Berrien was 
detailed for the service, and provided with assistants and instrut- 
ments, the railroad company paying their expenses only. Colonel 
Berrien completed the work, and estimated the cost of a single- 
strap rail to Ypsilantl at $3,200 per mile. The work oi soliciting 
subscriptions in aid of the road began in 1835. Shares were fixed 
at $2.00 and were rapidly taken. 

Meantime, the projects of raising a loan of $5,000,000 and 
creating a Board of Internal Improvements were under discus- 
sion. The duties of the board , were to include the constructing 
and operating of all the railroads in the state, and to this end the 
St. Joseph Road was authorized, by act of March 20, 1837, and in 
May after the company had expended $117,000, the purchase was 
made, and the name of the road changed to Michigan Central. 
The building of the road went on, and as early as January, 1838, 
the road was in operation to Dearborn. , ', . 

On November 25, 1845, the State completed" tlief bad to Battle 
Creek, and on February 2d, 1846, to Kalamazoo. The fare to 
Chicago at this time was $6.50, including 55 miles of staging to 
New Buffalo and 60 miles of steamboating from there to Garden 
City. About this time public opinion became decidedly opposed 
to the participation by the State in enterprises of this kind, 
especially as there was a constant struggle for the political 
patronage and influence which the party in ' power wielded 
through its control of this and other roads. An open letter from 
Marshall, dated October 6, 1845, said: "There is a great defect 
in the arrangements of the Central Railroad in this State. It is 
disgraceful that so important a work should be so slovenly 
managed. In the first place it was shabbily built at an enormous 
expense, and it is conducted in all its departments by mere 
partisans. They were appointed because they were noisy poli- 
ticians." In November, 1845, this statement was made: "Four 
years ago the road was completed to Jackson. After three years 
more it was completed to Marshall, where it now stops. It is 
in a miserable condition, unfit for heavy transportation and 
requires to be relaid and repaired. High charges for freight and 
fare are fast driving business' into other channels." 

In addition to these complaints the expenditures by the State 
for various improvements had reduced its credit to the lowest 
point. State bonds to the amount, of $50,000 were sold at auction 
in New York for IS cents on the dollar; so straitened were the 
finances of the State, that at a general meeting of the State 
offlcers, it waJs determined to sell the railroads, and Henry N. 
Walker, then attorney-general, was appointed to go to New 
York, organiize a company and negotiate a sale. Mr. Walker 
went; interviewed Erastus Coming, of Albany, who then held a 
large amount of State bonds, purchased for about 30 cents on 
the dollar. J. W. Brooks, then superintendent of a railroad be- 
tween Rochester and Syracuse, was summoned, and a conference 
was held in the City Hotel at Albany, in regard to the proposed 

213 



railroad company. A rough draft for a charter was agreed upon, 
and Mr. Brooks was to come to Detroit in January, 1846, and with 
Mr. "Walker endeavor to secure its passage. The terms of the 
proposed purchase were 10 per cent above the original cost of 
the road in cash, the balance in bonds or obligations of the 
State. Mr. Brooks came, and on March 28, 1846, largely through 
the efforts of George B. Han-d, then a member of the Legisla- 
ture, an act was passed providing for the incorporation of the 
Michigan Central R. R. Company, and for the sale by the State 
of its interest in the road for the sum of $2,000,000. Several per- 
sons who had originally agreed to become corporators failed to 
fulfil their agreements, and Messrs. H. N. Walker and George 
F. Porter, at the request of Governor Barry and the leading 
men of Detroit, went to New York and Boston and organized a 
new company, and on September 23rd, 1846, the sale was con- 
summated. On September 17th, 1846, a new locomotive called the 
"Battle Creek" arrived at Detroit for the road, and up to the 
date of the transfer, the State had expended $1,954,308.28. Of pas- 
senger depots there were then only four on the line, and none 
of these at Detroit. The charter of the company relieved it of all 
taxation except the payment to the State of one-half of one per 
cent on its capital stock up to July 1st, 1851, after which it was to 
be increased to three-fourths of one per cent. It was also pro- 
vided that no railroad thereafter built west of Wayne County 
should approach within five miles of the road without consent 
of the company, and that no other railroad should approach 
within twenty miles of Detroit, or run to Lake Michigan, or the 
southern boundary of the State, the line of which, on an average, 
was within twenty miles of the Central. The charter also pro- 
vided that the State might buy the road at any time after 
January 1st, 1867. 

There seems to have been no sound reason for the sale of 
the property by the State. The reports of the officers showed a 
profit in 1837 of $16,703; in 1840, $20,637; in 1841, $25,655; in 1842, $63,075; 
in 1843, of $75,206; and in 1844, of $121,750. 

The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and Its 
branches, so far as Michigan is concerned, had its origin in the 
Erie & Kalamazoo R. R., which was chartered on April 22, 1833. 
It was designed to build that road from Port Lawrence, now 
Toledo, to the head waters of the Kalamazoo River. The 
line as far as Adrian, a distance of 23 miles, was com- 
pleted and went into operation on October 1st, 1836, and was 
the first line opened in Michigan. The cars were drawn by 
horses up to January 20, 1837, on which date the first locomotive 
that ran over a Michigan road, arrived at Toledo. 

On August 9, 1849, a perpetual lease of the road was made to 
the Michigan Southern R. R.; this company had its origin in 
an act of March 20, 1837, which made provision for the survey 
by the Commissioners of Internal Improvements of a railroad 
through the southern counties of the State, from Monroe to 
New Buffalo. A subsequent act of March 22, 1838, authorized a 
change in the route, making the road pass through Niles. The 
survey was made by Joseph S. Dutton, and the first ground was 
broken at Monroe on May 14, 183S. Up to November 30, 1847, there 
had been paid out by the State on account of the road, the sum 
of $948,234,00. The road was opened from Monroe to Petersburgh 

214 



in 1839; to Adrian on November 23, 1840; and to Hillsdale on Sep- 
tember 25, 1843. The same causes that led to the sale of the 
Central Railroad brought about the act of May 9, 1846, which 
provided for the sale of this road and the incorporation of the 
railroad company. On December 23, 1846, it was delivered to 
the persons who had organized for its purchase; they paid $500,- 
000. The rolling stock and plant, other than the road-bed. was 
estimated at $41,359.28. 

Railroad Passei»ser Rates. 

On all railroads except those created by special charter the 
following rates only are authorized to be charged: Distance not 
exceeding 5 miles, 3 cents per mile, including baggage of not 
more than 150 pounds weight. 

On all railroads, the gross earnings of whose passenger 
trains equaled the sum of $3,000 for each mile operated in 1888, 
only 2 cents per mile can be charged; on all railroads the gross 
earnings of whose passenger trains was over $2,000 and less than 
$3,000 for each mile operated in 1888, only 2^/^ cents per mile can 
be charged. On railroads whose gross earnings in 1888 were less 
than $2,000 per mile operated, 3 cents per mile can be charged. 
And if the gross earnings per mile of the passenger trains of 
any railroad in any year after 1888 increase so as to equal $2,000 
or $3,000, such railroad can charge only 2*/^ cents in the first case 
and only 2 cents In the second case. 

In the Upper Peninsula, gross earnings of passenger trains 
per mile permit the following charges: $3,000, 3 cents per mile; 
less than $3,000, 4 cents per mile. 

Thousand-mile tickets must be sojd by the railroads operat- 
ing wholly or partly in the state at a price not to exceed $20 
in the Lower Peninsula, nor $25 in the Upper Peninsula. These 
can be made non-transferable, but may be used by purchaser's 
family, whose names must appear on ticket. Such tickets are 
valid for two years, but within 30 days after the expiration of 
a ticket, any unused portion must be redeemed by the company 
who, however, may charge 3 cents per mile for the portion used. 

Railroads, Regrulation of. 

See State Railroad Crossing Board. 
State Railroad Consolidation Board. 
State Commissioner of Railroads. 

Railroad Stations and Distances. 

When a railroad starts at a point outside of the State, we 
give the name of the station from which the line starts, and 
then name only the stations in Michigan. If the road starts in 
Michigan and terminates at a point outside of the State, we 
name the terminal station as well as the stations in Michigan. 

If you do not find the name of the Railroad you are looking 
for in this list, then it has been consolidated with or leased to 
some other Railroad or the name has been changed, and you 
will find it under its old name with the name by which it is now 
known in the article "Railroads, old names and new." 

The numbers given the several lines are the numbers that 
are used as reference numbers along the line of the road on 
Parmer's map of the State. 

215 



M. 

Toledo, O. 

9 Temperance 

11 Samaria 

17 Lulu 

19 Federman 

22 Dundee 

27 Azalia 

31 Milan 

37 Urania 

39 Ypsilanti June 

41 Pittsfield 

45 Ann Arbor 

50 Northfield 

57 Whitmore Lake 

60 Hamburg 

62 Lakeland 

67 Chilson 

72 Annpere 

74 Howell 

80 Oak Grove 

85 Cohoctah 

89 Byron 

96 Durand 



1. ANN ARBOR R. R. 
American Express. 

M. . 

99 "Vernon 
104 Corunna 
107 Owosso 
% Owosso June. 
116 Garland 
120 Elsie 
124 Bannister 
128 Ashley 
134 North Star 
138 Ithaca 
145 Alma 
150 Forest Hill 
156 Shepherd 
164 Mt. Pleasant 

or Calkinsville 

P. O. 
171 Rosebush 
176 Burnham 

or Russell P. O. 
179 Clare 
184 Farwell 
194 Lake George 
198 Clarence 



M. 

201 Temple 

204 Pennock 

209 Marion^ 

213 Park Lake 

217 McBains 

221 Lucas 

227 Cadillac 

236 Millersville 

238 Boon 

245 Harrietta 

249 Yuma 

254 Sherman Sta. 

or Mesick P. O. 

258 Bagnall 

or Farnsworth 

P. O. 

262 Harlan 

265 Pomona 

268 Copemlsh 

271 Thompsonville 

278 Homestead 

283 Beulah 

292 Frankfort 



2. ARCADIA & BETSEY RIVER RY. 



M. 

Arcadia 

1 State Road 
4 Sorenson 

7 Malcolm 



3. AU 



M. 
Au Sable and 

Oscoda 
3 Tucker Farm 
7 7 Mile Hill 

11 Doan 

13 Bisonette 

19 Bryant 

21 Batton 



American Express. 
M. 
8 Butwell 

or Pleasanton 
P. O. 
10 Saile 
12 Glover's Lake 



M. 

14 Humphrey 

15 Springdale 
17 Henry 

21 Copemish 



SABLE & NORTHWESTERN R. R. 

American Express. 

M. M. 

23 Vaughn 55 Plngree 

25 Chevriers 58 Marsh 

28 Bamfield 60 Hills 

32 Flat Rock 68 Fitzpatrick 

38 McKinley 70 LeLone 

47 Millen 73 Hardy 

48 Snyder 
52 Wiggins 



4. BOYNE CITY & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. 
Adams Express. 

M. M. M. 

Boyne City 4 Thumb Lake 6 White's June. 

3 Doyle's Siding Juno. 7 Boyne Falls 



M. 
Caro 



5. CARO & LAKE HURON R. R. 

Operated by M. C. R. R. 

M. M. 

8 Columbia 20 Owendale 

216 



6. CHICAGO. KALAMAZOO & SAGINAW RT. 



M. 
Kalamazoo 

3 Streeter 

4 i<]ast Cooper 

9 Richland June, 
or Springbrook 
P. O. 



American Express. 

M. 

11 Cressey 

14 Milo 

18 Delton 

21 Cloverdale 

25 Shultz 

31 Hastings 



M. 

37 Coats Grove 
41 Woodland 
45 Woodbury 



CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RT. 
Changed to Grand Trunk Western Ry. 



Channing 

M. 

Milwaukee 

232 (jhanning 

240 Kelso 

242 Ponca 

248 Balsam 

252 Amasa 

261 Diana 



7. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. 
U. S. Express. 
Champion Branch. 

M. 

221 Randville 

228 Sagola 

232 Channing 

239 Floodwood 

246 Witbeck 
. Crystal Falls Line. 

M. ' '\ ■■■' 

8 Kelso. 



M. 

Milwaukee 

208 Iron Mountain 

211 Traders June. 

215 Merriman 

217 Granite Bluff 

M. 



9. Ontonagon Branch. 

M. 

265 Parks Siding 

271 Tunis 

279 Sidnaw 

288 Stanton's Spur 

or Boyd's 

291 Frost June. 

3o0 Pori 



PAUL RT. 



M. 

254 Republic 

262 Wabik 

263 Champion 



M. 

15 Crystal FalLs 



M. 

302 Hubbell's Mill 

or Rubicon P. 

O. 

306 Range June. 

307 Mass City 
313 Rockland 
325 Ontonagon 



lO. CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RT. 



M. 

Chicago 

265 Menominee 

269 Kew 

272 Birch Creek 

280 Wallace 

284 Ingalls 

286 Stephenson 

290 Daggett 

293 Talbot 

296 Bagley 

299 Carney 

300 Nadeau 
303 Kloman 

306 Powers 

307 Spalding 

308 Dougherty 

311 Wilson 

312 Houles ■ '^ : 
314 Indian Town 



American Express. 

Main Line. 
.cf-M 

315 Harris 

317 Bark River 

320 Narenta 

322 Ford River Sta. 

or Hyde P. O. 
327 Pine Ridge 
329 Escanaba 
331 Flat Rock 
338 West Gladstone 

340 Chaison 

341 Brampton 

345 Perkins 

346 Beaver 
348 Campbell 
353 Maple Ridge 
358 Lathrop 

361 McFarland 
363 Helena 

217 



• twT. lol 

M. 

366 Cyr 

369 Little Lake 

or Forsyth P. 

O. 
372 Swanzy 
375 Plains 
378 Sands 
382 Harvey 
.383 Cascade June. 
385 Goose Lake 
387 Partridge 
391 Negaunee 
394 Ishpeming 
397 St. Lawrence 
402 Diorite 
406 Clowry 
409 Wabik 
418 Republic 



M. 



11. Palmer Branch. 
M. 






Cascade June. 


5 Palmer 
12. Champion Branch. 






M. 




M. 









Wablk 


1 Champion 
13. Michigamme Branch 






M. 




M. 


M. 





M. 


Clowry 


6 Dishno 
14. Ashland Division. 
M. 


10 
M 


Michigamme 





Chicago 


310 Gogebic 


341 


Ramsay 


284 


State Line 


318 Wellington 


344 


Bessemer 


292 


Watersmeet 


322 Marenisco 


346 


Siemens 


299 


Blemers 


329 Hartley's 


350 


Ironwood 


307 


Thayer 


338 Wakefield 


390 


Ashland, Wis. 




15. 


Ontonagon River Branch. 




M 




M. 


M. 







TVatersmeet 


12 Barclay 


21 


Sandhurst 


4 


Crozier's Mill 
Interior June. 


15 Paulding 
18 Craigsmere 

16. Choate Branch. 


24 


Radford 


M. 




M. 









Sandhurst 


1 Choate 
17. Robbins Branch. 






M 




M. 









Cralgsmere 


3 Robbins 
18. Interior Branch. 






M. 




M. 




" - 





Interior June. 


2 Interior 
19. Iron River Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Powers 


30 Antoine 


55 


Armstrong 


4 


Hermansville 


33 Pulp 


61 


Saunders 


6 


Clytie 


35 Spread Eagle, 


67 


Stambaugh 


8 


Cedar 


Wis. 


68 


Iron River 


10 


Summit 


37 Hillside, Wis. 


75 


Hazel 


12 


Waucedah 


39 Hematite, Wis. 


76 


Beechwood 


15 


Loretto 


41 Common- 


81 


Basswood 


19 


Vulcan 


wealth, Wis. 


86 


Elmwood 


22 


Norway 


43 Ridgetop, Wis. 


95 


Tamarack 


25 


Quinnesec 


45 Brule, Wis. 


103 


Watersmeet 


29 


Iron Mountain 


48 Stager 
20. Antoine Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Antoine 


14 Sturgeon 


42 


Felch June. 


2 


Loop June. 


16 Sumac 


52 


No. Escanaba 


13 


Appleton Mine 


30 Oro 







218 



M. 
Stager 
3 Mastodon 



M. 
Mastodon 



M 



Crystal Falls 



21. Crystal Falls Branch. 

M. M. 

6 Panola 19 

9 Crystal Falls 25 

12 Great "Western 

22. Mastodon Branch. 

M. 

5 Dunn Mine 

23. Mansfield Branch. 

M. 

6 Mansfield 

24. Atkinson Branch. 



Balsam 
Amasa 



M. 




Hazel 


M. 
7 Atkinson 

25. Metropolitan Branch 






M. 


3 
4 
5 


Escanaba 
Narenta 
Felch June. 
Shafer 
Alecto 


M. 
8 Perronville 
10 Whitney 
13 Dryads 
17 Faunus 
26 Hylas 


jvr. 

28 
30 
32 
36 


Hardwood 
Foster City 
Spruce 
Metropolitan 



26. CINCINNATI NORTHERN R. R. 

American Express. 

Ohio Division. 



M. 




M. 




M. 







Jackson 


19 


Addison June. 


35 


Prattville 


4 


Lyonett 


20 


Abbott. 


39 


Waldron 


5 


Ackerson Lake 


21 


Manitou Beach 


247 


Cincinnati, O. 


10 


Clark's Lake 


25 


Rollin 






13 


Cement City 


30 


Hudson 










27. Michigan Division. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Allegan 


42 


Battle SCreek 


9S 


Addison 


5 


Kellogg 


46 


Beadle Lake 


97 


Addison June. 


7 


Fisk 


50 


Ceresco 


99 


Devil's Lake 




or Watson P. 


56 


Marshall 


JOS 


Onsted 




O. 


60 


Wilders 


108 


Sand Lake or' 


11 


Monteith 


63 


Eckford 




Pentecost P. O 


15 


Hooper 


68 


Homer 


111 


Tipton 


16 


Neely 


72 


Grover 


116 


D. & L. N. Jc. 


18 


Doster 


77 


Wheelerton 


117 


Teeumseh 


24 


Kalamazoo Jc. 




or Pulaski P. 


121 


Ridgeway 




or Springbrook 




0. 


122 


Stevens 




P. O. 


81 


Hanover 


123 


Britton 


27 


Richland 


86 


Moscow 


129 


Rea 


30 


Yorkville 


89 


Jerome 


132 


Detroit June. 


31 


Camp St. Louis 


90 


Baker 


133 


Dundee 


33 


Augusta 


94 


Knorr 


155 


Toledo, O. 



219 



28. CINCINNATI, SAGINAW & MACKINAW R. R. 

,,, o p National Express. 
Opiated by Grand Trunk Western RY. 



M. 




M. 




M. 







Durand 


33 


Orville 


50 


Brooks 


6 


Lennon 


39 


Saginaw, E. S. 


51 


Salzburg 


12 


Flushing 


40 


Genesee Ave. 


53 


West Bay City 


17 


Brent Creek 


41 


Mershon 


53 


M. C. R. R. 


21 


Montrose 


42 


Carrollton 


54 


Banks 


25 


Burt 


44 


Zilw^aukee 


58 


Wenona Beach 


27 


Verne 


45 


McClures 


59 


Oaatka Beach 


30 


Fosters 


46 


Melbourne 






29. 


CLEVELAND, 


CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUTS RY. 






American Express. 






M. 




M. 




M. 






St. Joseph. 


13 


Eau Claire 


24 


Niles 





Benton Harbor 


1.5 


Berrien Centre 


31 


Truitts 


7 


Sodus 


19 


Fairland 


307 


Louisville, Ky. 


10 


Hartman 








. <'i^i3. 




30 


. COPPER RANGE R. 


R. 




M. 




M. 




M. 







Houghton 


17 


Lakewood 


37 


Belt 


5 


Atlantic 


22 


Elm River 


40 


Mass City 


6 


Painsdale June 


24 


Stackpole 


41 


Range June. 


8 


Messner 


27 


Winona 






12 


Ricedale 


31 


Seager 










31. 


Freda Branch. 






M. 




M. 











Painesdale Jc. 


10 


Freda 










32. Painesdale Branch. 






M. 




M. 











Painesdale Jc. 


3 


Trimountain 






2 


Baltic 


4 


Painesdale 








33. DETROIT, 


GRAND HAVEN & MILWAUKEE RY. 






National Express. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Detroit 


63 


Gaines 


140 


Lowell 


2 


Gratiot Avenue 


67 


Durand 


148 


Ada 


3 


L. S. & M. S Jc. 


70 


Vernon 


152 


Dewey 


4 


Milwaukee Jc. 


76 


Corunna 


158 


Grand Rapids 


8 


Masson 


79 


Owosso 


% 


G., R. & I. Jc. 


13 


Royal Oak 


% 


Owosso June. 


160 


Fuller 


19 


Birmingham 


84 


Burton 


167 


Berlin 


26 


Pontiac 


89 


Ovid 


173 


Coopersville 


^ 


P., O. & N. Jc. 


92 


Shepardsville 


176 


Dennisons 


31 


Drayton Plains 


98 


St. Johns 


180 


Nunica 


34 


Waterford 


108 


Fowler 


185 


CemeteryCr'g. 


35 


Clarkston 


113 


Pewamo 


186 


Spring Lake 


42 


Davisburgh 


118 


Muir 


187 


Ferrysburg 


47 


Holly 


124 


Ionia 


1S9 


Grand Haven 


51 


Fenton 


125 


Prison Siding 






55 


Linden 


133 


Saranac 







220 



34. DETROIT & CHARLEVOIX R. R. 



M. 




M. 







Frederic 


23 Alba 




18 


Toad Lake 


40 South Arm 






35. 


DETROIT SOUTHERN 
National Express."" ' 




M. 




M. 


M 





Detroit 


28 Carleton , 


67 Indust'I Home 


5 


Delray 


33 Scofield ^, . 


68 Adrian 


8 


Ecorce 


35 Maybee ' ^? .'■ ;,, 
38 Rasinville' JunJC- 


70 South Adrian 


11 


Wyandotte 


79 Lima June. 


16 


Trenton 


43 Dundee. 


80 Packard 


22 


Flat Rock 


59 Tecumseh 


82 L.S.& M.S. Jo. 


26 


Briar Hill 


65 Birdsall 


157 Lima, O. 



From Dundee to Tecumseh over Cincinnati Northern R. R. 
From Adrian to Lima June, parallel with Wabash R. R. 

36. DETROIT & MACklNAC RAILWAY. 
American Express. 



M. 




M 




M. 







Bay City 


39 


Twining 


88 


W, Greenbush 


2 


Poss 


42 


Turner 




or Mikado P. O. 


3 


N. Bay City 


49 


Emery June. 


90 


Gustin 


7 


Tobico 


51 


Am or 


94 


Lincoln 


12 


Linwood Park 




Mclvor P. 0. 


98 


Hawes 


13 


Leng-sville 


54 


Marks 


100 


Henry 


17 


Mlchie 


60 


Tawas City ' 


102 


Roe Lake 


20 


Pinconning 


61 


East Tawas 


108 


Black River 


26 


Saganing 


74 


AuSable and 


118 


Ossineke 


29 


Pine River 




Oscoda 


130 


Alpena June. 


34 


Omer 


85 
37. 


Handy 

North Division. 


131 


Alpena 


M 




M. 




M. 







Alpena 


25 


Metz 


40 


Austin's Siding 


1 


Alpena June. 


26 


South Rogers 


41 


Case 


9 


Cathro 


29 


La Rocque 


47 


Onaway 


12 


Bolton 




or Hawks P. O. 


50 


Tower 


16 


Polaski 


32 


Bunton 






19 


Posen 


38 


Millersburg 








38. 


Valentine Lake Branch. 




M. 




M. 




M, 







La Rocque 


5 


Hurst 


21 


McPhee 




or Hawks P. O 


11 


Pack Siding 


26 


Valentine Lake 


4 


May Lake Jc. 


13 


Rainy Lake , 










39. Rose City Division. 






M. 




M. 




M 







Emery June. 


12 


Hale Lake 


22 


Maltbys 


5 


Cooper's Cr. 


16 


Long Lake 


27 


Lupton 


7 


Taft 


19 

40. 


Smith June. 
South Branch. 


39 


Rose City 


M 




M. 











Smith June. 


i 


South Branch 
221 







M. 
Emery Jun<;. 
4 Will ttem ore 



41. Prescott Division. 

M 
7 Mills 
12 Prescott 



42. DETROIT & RIVER ST. CLAIR RY. 



Operates over Rapid Ry. 



M 




(electric) at night for freight traffic 
only. 



M. 




M. 




M. 







Chesterfield 


11 


Fairhaven 


24 


Robert's Land- 


6 


New Baltimore 


17 


Pearl Beach 




ing 


9 


Anchorville 


21 


Algonac 


28 


Marine City 




43. DULUTH, SOUTH SHORE & ATLANTIC RT. 






Western Express. 












Main Line. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Sault Ste.Marle 


136 


Deerton 


221 


Perch 


U 


Brimley 


140 


Sand River 


224 


Sidnaw 


19 


Wellsburg 


145 


Gordon 


228 


Anthony 


25 


Rexford 


151 


Chocolay 


230 


Kitchi 


35 


Eckerman 




or Harvey P. O. 


233 


Withej^ June. 


47 


Soo June. 


155 


Marquette 


233 


Kenton 


50 


Sage 


160 


Basdad 


239 


Trout Creek 


59 


Newberry 


163 


Eagle Mills 


246 


Paynesville 


60 


Dollarville 


167 


Negaunee 


250 


Bruce's Cross 


67 


McMillan 


170 


Ishpeming 


255 


Ewen 


79 


Danaher 


171 


Winthrop June. 


261 


Matchwood 


80 


Seney 


174 


Stoneville 


264 


Groesbeck 


88 


Driggs 


176 


Greenwood 


272 


Lake Gogebic 


95 


Creighton 


180 


Clarksburgh 




or Ballentine 


105 


Shingleton 


182 


Humboldt 




P. O. 


108 


Evelyn 


186 


Champion 


282 


Tula 


113 


Wetmore 


193 


Michigamme 


288 


Thomaston 


117 


Munising Jc. 


198 


Three Lakes 


292 


Abitosse 


120 


Ridge 




or Redruth P. 0. 


294 


North Besse- 


125 


Au Train 


201 


Nestoria 




mer 


129 


Rock River 


211 


Vermilac 


301 


Montreal 


134 


Onota 


216 


Covington 


420 


Duluth 




44. Mass 


City & Keweenaw Bay Division. 


M 




M. 




M. 






Riddle June. 


14 


White 


31 


Kelsey 





Mass City 


17 


Allston 


33 


Keweenaw Bay 




Peppard June. 




or Laird P. O. 




or La Fernier 


4 


Simar 


19 


Hazel 




P. O. 


8 


Motley 


24 


Pelkie 






11 


Otter 


27 


Bellaire 










45. Evergreen Braneh. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Peppard June. 


1 


Adventure 


3 


Evergrreen 



Bessemer Jc. or 
NorthBessemer 



46. Bessemer Branch. 

M. 

2 Bessemer 



222 



47. Mineral Range Division. 



M. 




M. M. 





Nestorla 


41 Chassell 53 Franklm 


1 


Sturgeon 


48 E. Houghton 55 Boston 


7 


Summit 


49 Houghton 60 Osceola 


17 


Li'Anse 


H. & C. June. or Opechee P. 


22 


Baraga 


Hancock „„ 9" , ^ 


27 


Iron Bridge 


50 Lake View 62 Calumet 


30 


Newton 


52 Swedetown 




48. St. 


Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie Division. 


M, 




M. M. 





St. Ignace 


20 Palms 37 Hendrie 


10 


Allenville 


23 Ozark 43 Soo Junction 


11 


Moran 


27 Trout Lake Jc, 90 Sault Ste.Marie 
49. Republic Branch. 


M. 




M. M. 





Humboldt 


7 Milwaukee Jc. 9 Republic 
491/^. Bay Mills Branch. 


M. 




M. 





Brimley 


2 Bay Mills 




50. 


EMPIRE & SOUTHEASTERN R. R. 


M. 




M. M. 





Empire 


6 Lake Jc. 12 Empire Jc. 


2 


East Empire 10 Petreville 




51. ESCANABA & LAKE SUPERIOR RY. 






Western Express. 


M. 




M. . M. 





Wells 


22 Hendricks 39 Alfred 


2 


Groos 


24 Dewey 45 Ward 


10 


Chandler 


26 Watson 47 Ralph 


13 


Cornell 


30 Mashek 64 Channing 


17 


Kingsley 


34 Reade 


19 


White 


36 Northland 
511^. Ford River Branch. 


M 




M 





Kingsley 


8 Ward 




5a. 


GRAND RAPIDS & INDIANA RY. 

Adams Express. 
Main Line. 


M. 




M. M. 




Cincinnati 


180 Indian Field 210 Bradley 





Richmond, 


Ind. 185 Kalamazoo 213 Wayland 


149 


Sturgis 


14 M. C. Crossing 217 Moline 


154 


Perrin 


191 Cooper 221 Ross 


158 


Nottawa 


194 Travis 224 Carlisle or 


159 


Wasepi 


197 Plainwell West Carlisle 


164 


Mendon 


200 Bowens P. O. 


168 


Portage Lake 202 Monteith 227 Fisher 


173 


Vicksburg 


203 Martin 233 So. Grd. Rapid 


178 


Austin Lake 207 Shelbyville 234 Grand Rapids 



223 





52%. Grand Fwapids-Petoskey Division. 


M 




M. 


M. 







Grand Rapids 


69 Reed City 


150 


Antrim 


1 


Bridge Street 


73 Milton June. 


151 


Mancelona 


3 


D. G. H. & M. 


or Orono P. O. 


154 


Wetzell 




Cross. 


75 Ashton 


157 


Alba 


5 


Mill Creek 


77 Dewings 


166 


Elmira 


10 


Belmont 


81 Leroy 


175 


Boyne Falls 


12 


Childsdale 


86 Tustin 


182 


Walloon June. 


14 


Rockford 


89 Osceola June. 


183 


Clarion 


17 


Edgerton 


92 Hobart 


191 


Petoskey 


22 


Cedar Springs 


98 Cadillac 


192 


Bay View 


26 


Sand Lake 


102 Missaukee Jc. 


193 


Kegomic 


28 


Pierson 


108 Gilbert 


196 


Conway 


34 


Howard City 


110 Manton 


198 


Oden 


40 


Morley 


114 Haire 


201 


Alanson 


44 


Borland 


119 Walton 


204 


Brutus 


47 


Stan wood 


123 Fife Lake 


208 


Pellston 


52 


Byers 


129 So. Boardman 


211 


Van 


56 


Big Rapids 


132 Crofton 


214 


Levering 


57 


Upper Big R'ds 


137 Kalkaska 


218 


Carp Lake 


61 


Paris 


142 Leetsville 


225 


Mackinaw City 


64 


Crapo 


147 Westwood 
53. Olga Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Osceola Jc. 


2 SutlifEs 


t 


Olga 




54. Traverse City Branch 




M. 




M. 


M. 







Walton 


13 Mayfield 


26 


Traverse City 


6 


Summit City 


17 Slights 






9 


Kingsley 


20 Keystone 








55. 


. Walloon Lake Branch. 




M. 




M. 









Walloon June. 


1 Walloon Lake 
56. Muskegon Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Grand Rapids 


12 Herrington 


28 


Sullivan 


1 


Bridge Street 


13 Reno 


33 


Cloverville 


3 


Muskegon Jc. 


17 Conklin 


36 


Fruitport Jiinc. 


8 


Kinney 


22 Ravenna 


40 


Muskegon 




57. 


Harbor Springs Branch. 




M. 




M. 


M 







Petoskey 


4 MononaQua 


7 


Wequetonsing 


1 


Bay View 


Beach 


8 


Harbor Springs 


2 


Kegomic 


6 Roaring Brook 
58. Manistee Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Milton June or 
Orono P. O. 


5 Deer Lake 
9 Totten 

59. Missaukee Branch. 


12 


Luther 


M. 




M. 









Cadillac 


8 Round T»ake Jc. 






4 


Missaukee^ Jc. 


16 Lake City 
224 







60. Jennings Branch. 



M. 





Round: Lake Jc. 



M. 



2 Jennings 



Gl. 



GRAND TRUNK RY. 
National Express. 
Detroit and Port Huron Division. 



M. 




M. 




M. 







Detroit 


8 


Mount Olivet 


38 


Lenox 


2 


Gratiot Ave. 


16 


Fraser 


49 


Smith's Creek 


3 


L.S.&M.S.Jc. 


22 


Mt. Clemens 


55 


Tappan 


4 


Milwaulcee Jc. 


26 


Chesterfield 


56 


Tunnel June. 


7 


Forest Lawn 


32 


New Haven 


§7 


Port Huron 




62. 


Michigan Air Line Division. 


M. 




M. 




M. 







Jackson 


39 


Hamburg 


74 


Amy 


1 


M. C. Crossing 


41 


WhitmoreLake 


80 


Rochester 


8 


Root's 


44 


Rushton 


81 


D.&B.C. Cross. 


11 


Henrietta 


47 


South Lyon 


86 


Washington i/ 


13 


Munith 


51 


New Hudson 


92 


Romeo 


18 


Stockbridge 


56 


Wixom 


99 


Armada 


24 


Gregory 


59 


Walled Lake 


106 


Lenox or 


27 


Anderson 


66 


Orchard Lake 




Richmond P.O. 


31 


Pinckney 


68 


Sylvan Lake 






36 


Lakeland 


71 


Pontiac 







63. GRAND TRUNK WESTERN RT. 
National Express. 



M. 




M. 




M. 







Chicago 


176 


Nichols 


257 


Duffield 


114 


Edwardsburg 


182 


Penfield 


263 


Swartz Creek 


117 


JefEerson 


189 


Bellevue 


265 


Otterburn 


122 


Cassopolis 


194 


Olivet or 


270 


Flint 


127 


Penn 




Ainger P. 0. 


274 


Belsay 


131 


Wakelee 


202 


Charlotte 


279 


Davison 


136 


Marcellus 


208 


Potterville 


283 


Elba 


140 


Chamberlains 


216 


Millett 


289 


Lapeer 




or Leesburg P. 


219 


Fair Ground 


297 


Attica 




O. 


220 


Lansing 


301 


Imlay City 


146 


Schoolcraft 


223 


Trowbridge 


309 


Capac 


152 


Vicksburg 


229 


Haslett Park 


317 


Emmett 


157 


Pavilion. 


235 


Shaftsburg 


322 


Goodell's 


160 


Scotts 


239 


Perry 


327 


Cornell 


165 


Climax 


242 


Morrice 


331 


Tunnel June. 


169 


Renton 


248 


Bancroft 


335 


Port Huron 


175 


Battle Creek 


253 


Durand 




:--.^;'/L 



64. HANCOCK & CALUMET R. R. 
Western Express. 



M. 

Houghton 
Hancock 
2 Ripley 
4 Dollar Bay 



M. 



5 Woodside 

7 Mason 

7 Lake June. 

8 Mills 

225 



M. 

9 So. Lake Linden 

10 Linwood 

10 Lake Linden 



65. Fulton Branch. 
M. 



M. 



M. 

I>ake June. 

1 Upper Mills 
3 Midway 



66, LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RY. 

U. S. Express. 

Detroit Branch. 



5 


Osceola 


8 


Belt Line Jc 




or Opechee P. 


10 


Kearsarge 




O. 


11 


Allouez 


6 


Tamarack 


16 


Fulton 


7 


Calumet 







M. 




M. 


M. 







Toledo 


29 Stony Creek 


51 


Ecorce 


15 


Vienna or Erie 


or Meyers P. 0. 


54 


Delray 




P. O. 


32 Newport 


57 


West Detroit 


20 


Lasalle 


37 Rockwood 


61 


Wood ward Ave 


25 


Monroe 


44 Trenton 


62 


D.G.H.&M.Jc. 


26 


Warner 


45 Sibley's 


63 


Gratiot Ave. 






48 Wyandotte 


65 


Detroit 




67. 


Adrian and Monroe Branch. 




M. 




M. 


M. 







Adrian 


13 Deerfield 


28 


Strasburgh 


4 


Lenawee June. 


16 Petersburgh 


33 


Monroe 


7 


Wellsville 


21 Federman 






10 


Sisson 


23 Ida 
68. Jackson Branch. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Adrian 


18 Clinton 


36 


Napoleon 


4 


Lenawee June. 


21 River Raisin 


41 


Eldred 


7 


Chase's 


25 Manchester 


46 


Jackson 


9 


Sutton 


26 Manchester Jc. 






13 


Tecumseh 


33 Norvell 
69. Fort Wayne Branch 






M. 




M. 


'm. 







Jackson 


19 Mosherville 


29 


Hillsdale 


6 


Wilsons 


Sta. or Seipio 


31 


Banker's 


11 


Horton 


P. O. 


36 


Reading 


14 


Hanover 


25 Jonesville 


42 


Montgomery 


16 


Stony Point 


% Ft. Wayne Jc. 
70. Kalamazoo Division. 


100 


Ft.Wayne.Ind. 


M. 




M. 


m. 






Elkhart, Ind. 


30 Portage 


69 


Hopkins 





White Pigeon 


36 Kalamazoo 


73 


Hilliards 


4 


Constantine 


42 Cooper 


76 


Dorr 


7 


Florence 


45 Argenta 


82 


Byron Centre 


11 


Three Rivers 


48 Plainwell 


88 


Grandville 


16 


Moorepark 


52 Otsego 


92 


Eagle Mills 


20 


Flowerfield 


56 Abronia 


95 


Grand Rapids 


23 


Schoolcraft 


62 Allegan 
71. Ypsilanti Branch. 






M. 




M. 


m. 







Hillsdale 


20 Woodstock 


50 


Saline 


7 


North Adams 


25 Brooklyn 


54 


Pittsfield June. 


12 


Jerome 


31 Watkins 


61 


Ypsilanti 


16 


SomersetCentre 


37 Manchester 






18 


Somerset 


44 Bridgewater 







226 



M 



72. Fayette Branch. 

M. M. 






Adrian 


12 Ogden 


22 


Bimo 


4 


Lenawee June. 


16 Jasper 


26 


Morenci 


7 


Palmyra 


19 Weston 


32 


Fayette, O. 


S 


Grosvenor 










73. Goshen and Michigan Branch. 




M. 




M. ^ 


M. 







Findley 


7 Sturgis 
74. Lansing Branch. 


36 


Goshen, ind. - 


M. 




M. 


M. 







Hillsdale 


33 Devereux 


59 


Packard 


4 


Jonesville 


37 Springport 


63 


G. T. Crossing 


11 


Litchfield 


42 Charlesworth 


64 


Lansing 


18 


Homer 


46 Eaton Rapids 


65 


North Lansing 


21 


Condit 


52 Kingsland 






26 


Albion 


56 Dimondale 








75. Chicago and Toledo Division 




M. 




M. 


M. 







Chicago 


169 Aliens 


211 


Adrian 


120 


White Pigeon 


174 Jonesville 


215 


Lenawee June. 


123 


Fawn River 


175 Ft. W^ayne Jc. 


218 


Palmyra 


126 


Klinger Lake 


178 Hillsdale 


219 


Grosvenor 


132 


Sturgis 


179 Baw Beese 


221 


Blissfield 


138 


Burr Oak 


184 Osseo 


223 


Riga 


145 


Bronson 


187 Pittsford 


228 


Ottawa Lake 


150 


Batavia 


194 Hudson 


244 


Toledo 


155 


Coldwater 


200 Clayton 






162 


Quincy 


206 Cadmus 








76. LAKE 


SUPERIOR & ISHPEMING RY. 






American Express. 






M. 




M. 


M. 


* 





Presque Isle 


14 Queen Mine 


18 


Ishpeming 


8 


Dead River 


16 Negaunee 




Yard 


11 


Eagle Mills 




19 


Ishpeming 




77. MANISTEE & GRAND RAPIDS 


R. R.^'---^' ' 






Adams Express.j'; 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Manistee 


25 Goodrich 


47 


Edgetts 


5 


Filer City 


31 Canfleld's 


49 


Riverbank 


8 


P. M. June. 


or Peacock P. 


50 


Larsen 


8 


Marshes 


O. 


51 


Sprague 


13 


Hoags 


39 Carey 


53 


Hewitt's Lake 


1 15 


Sauble 


41 G.R.&LCross. 


55 


Tustin 


16 


Elmton 


42 Luther 


59 


Rolfe 


22 


Millerton 


45 Keenan 








78. MANISTEE & LUTHER 


R. 


R. 


M. 




M. 


M. 







Eastlake 


17 Peters' Farm 


29 


South Branclj' 


5 


6-Mile Crossing 


21 Florence 


32 


Eleanor 


10 


Phillips' Farm 


22 Pine Creek 


35 


Lincoln Mill 


11 


Little River Jc. 


24 Bostwick Farm 


40 


Dolan's Camp 



227 



M. 



M. 



M. 



M. 



M. 



8 

12 

15 



M. 



M. 



79. MANISTEE & NORTHEASTERN R. R. 



Manistee 

1 P. M. Depot 
6 Newland 

8 Camp Two ionB 
10 Onekama June 
12 Goodrich 
15 Chief Lake 

or Chief P. O. 
18 Bear Creek 
or Tami^ P.O 



American Ex. 

M. 

20 Kaleva 

25 Lemon Lake 

^0 Copemish 

1^^ Nessen City 

38 Twm Mountain 

39 HorTcon 

44 Wylies 

45 Interlachen 

49 Sherman's Mill 



M. 

52 
55 
59 
62 
64 
67 
70 



Lake Ann 
Cedar Run 
Solon 
Fouch 

Hatch's Cross' 
Greilickville 
Traverse City 



>-»'i ■' 



Onekama Jo. 



80. Onekama Branch. 

M. 
3 Onekama 

81. Platte River Branch. 



Sherman's Mills 
Allyn 



M. 



Hayes 
State Road 



M. 
11 



Honor 



Solon 



83. 



82. Glen Arbor Branch. 

M. 
3 Cedar City 

MANISTIQUE RAILWAY. 



Grand Marais 
Summit 
Farm 
Beaver 



M. 

16 
18 
19 
21 



Bennett 
Youngs 
State Road 
Star Y 



M. 

23 
26 
32 
39 



Liston 
Camp Seven 
Seney 
Germfask 



84. MANISTIQUE & NORTHWESTERN RY. 



Manistique 

3 ManistiqueRvr. 

8 Sturgeon Hole 

13 Hiawatha 



M. 
16 Smith's Creek 
23 Steuben 
27 Delta Siding 
Scott's Camp 



M. 

34 Richardson 
39 Shingleton 



30 
85. 



Acker Branch. 



M. M. 

Scott's Camp 12 Acker 

86. MARQUETTE & SOUTHEASTERN RY. 



M. 



M. 



Presque Isle 2 Marquette 26 Lawson 

•%7/' MASON & OCEANA R. R. 



M. 

Buttersville 

7 Riverton 

11 Wlleys 



M. 

15 Fern 

19 Crystal Valley 

27 Walkerville 



M. 
36 Station 
42 Hesperia 



228 



88. MICHIGAN CENTJIAL. 
American Express. 
Main Ltine.i 



R. R. 



M. 




Detroit 


M 

72 


MichiganCentre 


M. 
144 


Kalamazoo: l 


3 


West Detroit 


76 


Jackson 


149 


Ostemo 


10 


Dearborn 


81 


Trumbulls 


156 


Matt a wan/. T 


14 


Inkster 


86 


Parma 


160 


Lawton '. OC 


15 


Eloise 


88 


No. Concord 


168 


Decatur ' > M 


18 


Wayne 


92 


Bath Mills 


173 


Glenwood .' '\^- 


22 


Sheldon 


94 


Newburg Mills 


179 


Dowagiac f t-i 


25 


Denton's 


96 


Albion 


185 


Pokagott,;/ C 


29 


Ypsilanti 


101 


Marengo 


192 


Niles: •', U ••;• 


33 


Geddes 


108 


Marshall 


198 


Buchanan 


37 


Ann Arbor 


113 


Ceresco 


202 


Dayton 


41 


Foster's 


115 


Wheatfield 


205 


Galien 


43 


Delhi 


120 


Nichols 


209 


Avery 




Scio 


121 


Battle Creek 


211 


Three Oaks '■ 


47 


Dexter 


130 


Augusta 


218 


New Buffalo i'' 


54 


Chelsea 


135 


Galesburg 


284 


Chicago 


61 


Francisco 


140 


Comstock 




(Foot 12th St.) 


65 


Grass Lake 




G.R.&I.Crbss'g 






68 
M. 


Leoni 


89. 
M. 


Toledo Division. 


M. 







Detroit 


16 


Trenton 


33 


Frenchtown 


3 


West Detroit 


17 


Slocum June. 


84 


Warner 


4 


Woodmere 




Grosse Isle 


35 


Monroe 


5 


Delray 


20 


Gibraltar 


40 


La Salle 


7 


River Rouge 


23 


So. Rockwood 


45 


Vienna or Erie 


9 


Ecorse 


28 


Newport 




p. O. 


12 


Wyandotte 


31 


Stony Creek 


59 


Toledo 


15 


Sibleys 




or Meyers P. O. 








90 


Grand Rapids Division. 




M. 




M. 




M. 







Grand Rapids 


25 


Irving 


60 


Charlotte 




So. Gr'd Rapids 


32 


Hastings 


70 


Eaton Rapids 


7 


Bowen 


37 


Quimby 


77 


Onondaga 




or Crosby P. O 


39 


Thornapple 


84 


Rives Junction 


10 


Dutton 


40 


Morgan 


90 


Van Horns 


15 


Caledonia 


45 


Nashville 


94 


Jackson 


18 


Parnaelee 


48 


Vermontville 


170 


Detroit 


21 


Middleville 


54 


Chester 










91. Mackinaw Division 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Bay City 


41 


Culver's 


112 


Otsego Lake 


% 


West Bay City 


45 


Greenwood 


115 


Sailings 


5 


Kawkawlin 


48 


Welch 


119 


Gaylord 


11 


Linwood 


53 


West Branch 


128 


Vanderbilt 


12 


Lengrsville 


56 


Ogemaw 


135 


Trowbridge 


15 


State Road 


61 


Beaver Lake 


138 


Wolverine 


19 


Pinconning 


64 


St. Helens 


142 


Rondo : 


22 


White Feather 


77 


Roscommon 


148 


Indian River 


24 


Worth 


84 


Cheney or 


154 


Topinabee 


28 


Standish 




Pere Cheney 


160 


Mullet Lake 


30 


Deep River 




P. O. 


166 


Cheboygan 


32 


Sterling 


92 


Grayling 


177 


Freedom 


35 


Quinns 


101 


Frederic 


182 


Mackinaw City 


40 


Alger 


109 


Waters 







229 



92. Bay City Division. 



M. 




M. 


M. 







Detroit 


31 Rochester 


69 


Columbiaville 


2 


Bay City June. 


35 Goodison's 


74 


Otter Lake 


4 


Gr'dRiverAve. 


40 Orion 


80 


Millington 


6 


Woodward Ave. 


43 Oxford 


86 


Vassar 


7 


Milwaukee Jc. 


1/4 P.O.&N.Cross. 




Caro June. 


10 


North Detroit 


48 Thomas 


91 


Denmark June. 


14 


Centre Line 


52 Metamora 


95 


Reese 


17 


Warren 


55 Hunter's Creek 


98 


Arn 


24 


Utica 


60 C.& G. T. Cross. 


101 


Munger's 


29 


Yates 


14 Lapeer 


109 


Bay City 


30 


M. A. L. Cross. 


66 Carpenter's 
93. Saginaw Branch. 






M 




M. 


M. 







Detroit 


96 Veenfliets 


108 


Washington St. 


86 


Vassar 


100 Frankentrost 


Vz 


Saginaw, 


91 


Denmark Jc. 


101 Buena Vista 




Genesee St. 


93 


Richville 


105 P. M. Cross. 
94. Vassar-Caro Branch 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Vassar 


5 WatrousvilleSta. 


9 


Wahjamega 


Va, 


Caro June. 


or Crossman P.O. 
7 Ross's Cross. 


13 


Caro 




941/^. Battle Creek Division. 




M. 




M. 


M. 







Battle Creek 


13 East Leroy 


31 


Fairfax 


5 


Adams 


19 Athens 


35 


Findley 


8 


Sonoma 


23 Factoryville 






11 


Joppa 


26 Leonidas 
95. Air Line Division. 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Niles 


29 Fabius 


70 


Tekonsha 


4 


Barron Lake 


34 Three Rivers 


77 


Clarendon 


9 


Dailey 


39 Centreville 


80 


Homer 


14 


Cassopolis 


43 Wasepi 


85 


Pulaski 


15 


Forest Hall 


48 Fairfax 


89 


Concord 


16 


Sandy Beach 


50 Colon 


90 


Reynolds 


19 


Vandalla 


55 Sherwood 


93 


Spring Arbor 


23 


Newburg 


62 Union City 


95 


Snyder's 


25 


Jones' 


66 Burlington 


104 


Jackson 


27 


Corey's 


68 Osborns 
96. Saginaw Division. 


180 


Detroit 


M. 




M. 


M. 







Jackson 


59 Bennington 


100 


Saginaw, W.S. 


6 


Van Horns 


64 Owosso 




SaginawBr.Jc. 


11 


Rives Junction 


70 Henderson 


102 


Saginaw, 


16 


Leslie 


74 Oakley's 




Genesee St. 


21 


Eden 


78 Chesaning 


¥2 


Mershon 


25 


Mason 


83 Fergus 


103 


Carrolton 


30 


Holt 


86 St. Charles 


105 


Zilwaukee 


37 


Lansing 


90 Garfield or 


106 


McClure's 


38 


North Lansing 


Eastwood P.O. 


112 


Brooks 


42 


Chandler's 


93 Swan Creek 


113 


Salzburg 


45 


Bath 


95 Paines 


115 


West Bay City 


52 


Laingsburgh 




^ 


Bay City 



230 



97. North Midland Division. 



M. 





Bay City 
West Bay City 
7 Monitor 

98. Saginaw 



M. 

11 Auburn 
13 Fisherville 

or Laredo P. O. 



M. 

16 County Line 

or Colden P. O. 
20 Midland 



Bay and Northwestern Division. 



M. 


3 
5 



Bay City 
Pinconning 
Woodville 
Nine Mile 



99. 



M. 

Grayling 

4 Tyler's 

5 Alexander 
8 Kneelands 



M. 

8 Mt. Forest 

12 Rhodes 

15 Smiths 

18 Highwood 

Twin Lakes Branch. 

M. 

11 Bucks 

15 Judges 

18 Lovells 

24 Dana 



M 

22 "Winegar's 

24 Howrys 

25 Bliss Branch 
28 Gladwin 



M 

27 Vienna June. 

28 Lewiston 



M 



St. Clair 
5 Butlin's 



M. 

Kalamazoo 

4 Brownells 

9 Alamo 

11 Williams 

12 Harrison 
15 Kendall's 



M. 



Niles 

1 Main Street 



100. Michigan Midland Division. 

M. M. 

8 Adair 
15 Lenox or 

101. South Haven Division. 

M. M. 

18 Pine Grove 29 

19 Goble's or 30 
Gobleville P. O. 32 

23 Bloomingdale 35 

25 Berlamont 40 

28 Columbia 

102. South B'snd Division. 

M. 

5 Bertrand 
12 South Bend, 
Ind. 



Richmond 
P. O. 



Grand June. 
Brown's Mills 
Lacota 
Kibbles 
South Haven 



103. MILWAUKEE, BENTON HARBOR & COLUMBUS RY. 
American Express. 



M. 



Benton Harbor 

1 Bankers 

3 Napier 

4 Nickerson 

5 Somerleyton 



M. 

6 Scotdale 
or Carl P. O. 

8 Royalton 
11 Hinehman 
13 Stemms 



M. 

17 Berrien Springs 

20 Lighten 

26 Baintons 

27 Buchanan 



MINERAL RANGE R. R. 
See Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic R. R. 

104. MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL & SAULT STE. MARIE RY. 

Western Express. 



M. 

Minneapolis 
303 Faithorn June. 
or Pembina P.O 



M. 

305 Malacca 

311 Hermansville 

318 Farnham 

231 



M. 

325 Eustis 

Felch Jc. 
331 Newhall 



M. 




M. 




M. 




338 


No. Escanaba 


399 


White Dale 


439 


Hubbell 




or Wells P. O. 




or Gulliver P.O. 


442 


Lewis 


343 


Gladstone 


402 


Parkington 




or Caffey P. O 


348 


Masonville 


405 


Gridley 


450 


Trout Lake 


349 


Rapid River 


408 


Huntspur 


459 


Alexander 


355 


Ensign 


410 


Carruthers 


464 


Fibre 


360 


St. Jacques 


411 


Pike Lake 


467 


Dryburg 


363 


Sturgeon River 


415 


Corinne 


471 


Rudyard 


368 


Isabella 




or Viola P. O. 


476 


Kinross 


375 


Cook's Mill 


417 


Bovee 


480 


Cottage Park 




or Cook's P. O. 


422 


Engadine 


484 


Dafter 


381 


Delta Junction 


432 


Gilchrist 




So. Shore Jc. 


3S7 


Manistique 


436 


Garnet 


494 


SaultSte.Marie 


393 


Marblehead 




or Welch P. 










1(^, Rapid River Branch. 




M. 




M. 




M. 







Rapid River 


19. 


Trenary 


28 


Town 46 N. 



106. MUNISING RAILWAY. 
American Express. 



M. 

Munising 

4 Hallston 

5 Merriam 

6 Munising June. 
9 Stlllman 



M. 

10 Vail 

14 Dixon 

18 Chatham 

20 Eben 

23 Rumely 



M. 

25 Dorsey 
28 Lawson 
32 Carlshend 
38 Little Lake 

or Forsyth P. O 



107. PERE MARQUETTE R. R. 
SAGINAW DISTRICT. 



American Express. 
Toledo and Ludington Line. 



M. 

Toledo 

10 Erie 

16 Winchester 

20 Monroe 

25 Stedner 

29 Grafton 



M. 

30 Carlton 

33 Waltz 

34 Willow 

37 New Boston 

42 Romulus 

45 Wayne June. 



M. 

53 Plymouth 

140 Saginaw 

154 Bay City 

280 Ludington 



108. Detroit-Saginaw-Ludington Line. 



M. 

Detroit 

5 Delray 

13 Oak 

16 Beech 

18 Elm 

20 StarK 

25 Plymouth 

28 Northville 

32 Novi 

36 Wixom 

42 Milford 

46 Highland 

49 Clyde 

52 Rose Centre 



M. 

57 Holly 

63 Belford or South 
Grand Blanc P.O 

66 Grand Blanc 

74 Flint 

79 Horton 

81 Mt. Morris 

86 Clio 

89 County Line 

91 Birch Run 

95 Blackmar 

101 Bridgeport 

105 Hoyt 

282 



M. 

107 Saginaw, E.S. 
Saginaw, W.S. 

108 Mershon 
113 Lawndale 
118 Freeland 

122 Smith's Cross 

126 Midland 

133 Averill 

135 Sanford 

141 North Bradley 

143 Alamando 

147 Coleman 

152 Loomis 

154 Herrick 



M 




M. 




M. 




157 


Clare 


196 


Reed City 


224 


Branch 


162 


Farwell 


200 


Olivers 


227 


Merritt 


169 


Lake or 


203 


Chase 


230 


Weldon Creek 




Crooked Lake 


207 


Nirvana 


233 


Custer 




P. O. 


211 


lingers 


236 


Scottville 


175 


Chippewa 




or Forman P. O 


238 


Amber 


179 


Sears 


214 


Baldwin 


245 


Ludington 


183 


Bvart 


216 


Wingleton 






192 


Hersey 


220 


Stearns 










109. Bay City Division. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Saginaw E. S. 


8 


Cheboyganing 


13 


Bay City 


2 


Crow Island 


10 


So. Bay City 










110. Manistee Division. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Merritt 


8 


Fountain 


24 


Eastlake 


3 


Tallman 


13 


Freesoil 


26 


Manistee 


4 


Batcheller 


21 
111. 


Stronach 
Almont Division. 






M. 




M. 




M 







Port Huron 


14 


Wales 


29 


Smith's 


2 


Tunnel Station 


16 


Lambs 


32 


Hopkin's Road 


4 


Tappan 


20 


Memphis 


34 


Almont 


9 


Kimball 


23 


Doyle 






11 


Burns 


26 
112. 


Berville 
Eastern Division. 






M. 




M 




M. 







Port Huron 


29 


Melvin 


65 


Juniata 


1 


Tunnel Station 


32 


Valley Centre 


70 


Vassar 


4 


Tappan 


35 


Brown City 


75 


Tuscola 


5 


Wadham 


45 


Marlette 


79 


Gera 


12 


Abbotsford 


50 


Clifford 


87 


Hoyt 


16 


Avoca 


53 


Silverwood 


90 


Saginaw, E.S. 


24 


Yale 


59 


Mayville 










113. Port Austin Division. 




M. 




M. 




M. 






Tunnel Station 


26 


Croswell 


66 


Wadsworth ■ 





Port Huron 


30 


Lewis Siding 


70 


Bad Axe r.<'- 


1 


Thomas Street 


32 


Applegate 


75 


CI arks 


6 


Gardendale 


38 


Carsonville 


76 


Filion 


8 


North Street 


43 


McGregor 


79 


Kinde 


11 


Atkins 


45 


Downington 


82 


Johnson 


12 


Zion 


46 


Deckerville 


87 


Port Austin 


15 


Blaine 


52 


Palms 


89 


Pt.AuxBarques 


17 


Jeddo 


60 


Tyre 


91 


Eagle Bay 


20 


Amadore 


63 


Ubly 


92 


Grindstone City 




114. Harbor Beach Branch. 




M. 




M. 




M 







Port Huron 


56 


Minden 


65 


Helena 


52 


Palms 


60 


Ruth 


70 


Harbor Beach 



233 



115. Mt. Pleasant Branch. 



M 



Coleman 
4 Wise 
6 Delwln 



M. 

Flint 

5 Horton 

8 Genesee 



M. 

Clare 

4 Moore's Siding 

8 Atwood'sSiding 



M. 



Coleman 



M. 



1 

3 
4 
5 
9 
12 
15 

20 

22 
2»J 
28 

30 
32 

3t; 

47 

52 
58 
59 



M 

9 Leaton 

10 Jordan 
12 Isabella 

116. Fostoria Branch. 

M. 

11 Rogers or 
Rogersville P. O. 

14 Otisville 

117. Harrison Branch. 

M. 

9 Hatton 

12 Mann's Siding 
17 Harrison 

118. Beaverton Branch. 

M. 

10 Beaverton 



M. 
14 Mt. Pleasant 



M 
19 Otter Lake 
24 Fostoria 



M. 
24 Leota 



GRAND RAPIDS DISTRICT— Pere Marquette R. R. 
119. Petoskey Division. 



Grand Rapids 

Bridge Street 

Muskegon Jo 

Fuller 

Mill Creek 

Alpine 

Englishville 

Sparta 

Saxon 

Kent City 

Casnovia 

Bailey 

Ashland 

or Lake P. 

Grant 

Brooks 

Newaygo 

White Cloud 

Diamond Loch 

Otia 

Kopje 



O. 



M. 

63 Bitely 

65 Lilley 

74 Baldwin 

82 Conley 

85 Canfield 

or Peacock P. O. 

86 Peters 
91 Irons 

94 Florence 

95 Dublin 
98 Wellston 

103 High Bridge 

110 Kaleva 

117 Henry 

121 Thompsonville 

126 Wallin 

12S Clary 

130 Bendon 

134 Interlochen 

138 Grawn 

141 Beitner's 

120. Sisson Branch. 



M. 

147 Boardman 

148 Traverse Citj 
153 Acme 

157 Bates 

159 .Williamsburg 

164 Barker Creek 

169 Rapid City 

172 Alden 

176 Lull 

179 Comfort 

183 Bellaire 

189 Snowflake 

191 Central Lake 

198 Ellsworth 

202 Phelps 

208 Cherrie 

209 Belvedere 

210 Charlevoix 
218 Bay Shore 

225 Petoskey 

226 Bay View 



M. 



Lilley 



M. 


4 



M. 



Kirk 
Pickand 



M. 

2 Sisson 

121. Kirk Branch. 

M. 

9 Kanitz 

122. Elk Rapids Branch 



M. 

11 Muskegon 



M. M. 

Williamsburg 5 Angell 10 Elk Rapids 



123. Kalkaska Branch. 



M. 




M. 


M. 







Rapid City 


11 Kalkaska 


23 


Sharon 


3 


Ricker 


16 Saunders 


30 


Dempsey 


6 


Rugg 


18 Spencer 


33 


Stratford 


7 


Leiphart 


22 Sands 
124. Fruitport Branch, 






M. 




M. 









Fruitport 


2 Pickand 
125. Big Rapids Division 


L. ■ 




M 




M. 


M. 







Muskegon 


22 Reeman 


46 


Woodville 


1 


North Yard 


25 Fremont 


48 


Lumberton 


5 


Berry 


30 Wooster 


49 


Hungerford 


12 


Twin Lake 


31 Ryerson 


56 


Big Rapids 


18 


Holton 


36 White Cloud 






20 


Brunswick 


41 Field's 








126. 


Grand Rapids-Chicago 


Lind 




M 




M. 


M. 







Chicago 


73 Riverside 


112 


Fennville 


38 


New Buffalo 


76 Coloma 


116 


New Richmond 


42 


Union Pier 


79 Watervliet 


120 


East Saugatucl? 


44 


Lakeside 


84 Hartford 


127 


Holland 


46 


Harbert 


88 McDonald 


12S 


Waverley 


48 


Sawyer 


92 Bangor 


132 


Zeeland 


53 


Bridgeman 


95 Breedsville 


136 


Vriesland 


55 


Livingston , 


99 Grand Junction 


141 


Hudsonville 


58 


Stevensville 


103 Lee 


145 


Jenison 


60 


Gleri Lord 


105 Hoppertown 


147 


Grandville ; . 


65 


St. Joseph 


107 Bravo 


153 


Grand Rapid* ) 


67 


Benton Harbor 


109 Pearle 








i 1261^. Paw Paw Lake Branch. 




M 




M 









Coloma 


3 Paw Paw Lake 
127. La Crosse Division. 






M. 




M. 









New Buffalo 


38 La Crosse, Ind 
128. Muskegon Division 






M. 




M. 


M. 







Allegan 


36 Agnew 


63 


Berry 


4 


Mill Grove 


43 Sheldon 


65 


Dalton 


8 


Dunning 


44 Grand Haven 


69 


Sweet's 


13 


Hamilton 


45 Ferrysburg 


75 


Whitehall 


17 


Filmore 


46 Kirk's Junction 


76 


Montague 


23 


Holland 


53 Lake Harbor 


82 


Rothbury 


24 


Waverley 


Sta. 


86 


New Bra 


25 


Cronje 


55 Muskegon H'ts 


90 


Shelby 


28 


Harlem 


57 Muskegon 


96 


Mears 


33 


West Olive 


59 North Yard 
129. Hart Branch. 


103 


Pentwater 


M. 




M 









Mears 


3 Hart 







235 



130. 



M. 



Grand Ledge 

4 Eagle 

12 Portland 

17 Collins 

19 Webber 

20 Lyons 
26 Ionia 

28 State House of 
Correction 



M. 



M 



M. 



Grand 

M 

30 



Ledge-Big Rapids Line. 



37 

40. 
43 
44 
48 
50 
55 
59 



Strong 
Shiloh 
Fenwick 
Virgil 
Sheridan 
Colby's 
Stanton 
McBride's 
Edmore 



M. 

62 Wyman 

65 Murphy 

68 Blanchard 

70 Millbrook 

74 Remus 

79 Mecosta 

82 Martiny 

85 Rodney 

94 Big Rapids 



Ionia . 
4 Strong 



132. 



Rodney 



131. Kidd Branch. 

M. 
8 Orleans 
11 Chadwick 

Chippewa Lake Branch 

M. 
6 Chippewa Lake 



M. 
13 Kidd 



133. 



M. 

Detroit 

5 Delray 

6 Rougemere 
13 Oak 

16 Beech 

18 Elm 

20 Stark 

25 Plymouth 

31 Salem 

36 South Lyon 

40 Green Oak 

42 Island Lake 

45 Brighton 

51 Summit 



M. 

Grand Rapids 



Detroit-Grand Rapids 

M. 

53 Annpere 

54 Howell 

63 Fowlerville 

68 Webberville 

74 Williamston 

78 Meridian 

82 Okemos 

85 Trowbridge 

88 Lansing 

89 North Lansing 
95 Delta 

100 Grand Ledge 

108 Mulliken 



Line. 
M. 

113 Sunfield 

117 Woodbury 

121 Lake Odessa 

127 Clarksville 

131 Elmdale 

134 Alto 

138 McCords 

139 Whitnej'ville 
143 Maple Hill 

or Eardly P. O. 

145 East Paris 

149 Oakdale Park 

153 Grand Rapids 



134. Reed's Lake Branch. 



135. 






Saginaw.E.S. 


1 


Nortn Saginaw 


3 


Saginaw, W. S. 


7 


Paines 


11 


Grahams 


13 


Sand Ridge 


17 


Hemlock 


22 


Merrill 


24 


Eaton 


27 


Wheeler 


29 


Breckenridge 


36 


St. Louis 


40 


Alma 


M. 







Clary 



M. 
2 Reed's Lake 

Saginaw-Grand Rapids 

M. 

44 Elwell 

49 Riverdale 

53 Vestaburg 

56 Cedar Lake 

59 Edmore 

65 Six Lakes 

67 Town Line 

71 Lakeview 

77 Amble 

82 Howard City 

86 Coral 

91 Trufant 

96 Gowen 

136. Honor Branch. 

M. 
2 Turtle Lake 

236 



Line, 

M. 

101 N'th Greenville 

% Greenville 

107 Kidd 

108 Belding 
112 Smyrna 
117 Moseley or 

Vergennes P. O. 

124 Lowell 

130 Pratt Lake 

131 Elmdale 

152 Grand Rapids 



M 
10 Honor 



137. Remus Branch. 



M. 

. Remus 
5 Foster 



M. 

Barryton 

1 Chatterton 



M. 
Lowell 
3 Pratt Lake 



6 Waverly 



M. 



M. 

5 

9 



8 Bundy 



138. Mecosta Branch. 

M. 

3 Winchester 

139. Fre^Bort , ^vaniph. 



M. 



6 Elmdale 
9 Logan 



M. 

13 



M. 
12 



M. 

12 



Weidman 



Mecosta 



Freeport 



Saginaw, E. 

Creens 

Arthur 
12 Reese 
17 Gilford 
22 Fair Grove 



140. Ottawa Beach Branch. 

M.. • 

6 Ottawa ;^each 

141 S., T. & H. R. R. Division. 



S. 



M. 




M. 




25 


Akron 


53 


Pigeon 


31 


Unionville 


57 


Elkton 


37 


Sebewaing 


60 


Grassmere 


44 


Tarry 


fifi 


Bad Axe 


46 


Bay Port 






48 


Ribble Road 







143. PONTIAC, OXFORD & NORTHERN R. R, 






Pontiac 


6 


Eames 


9 


Cole 


14 


Oxford 


18 


Shoup 


21 


Leonard 


27 


Dryden 


33 


Imlay City 



American Express. 

M. 

39 Lum 

43 King's Mills 

49 North Branch 

55 Clifford 

62 Kingston 

65 Wilmot 

69 Deford 

74 Cass City 



M. 

80 Gagetown 

85 Owendale 

87 Linkville 

92 Pigeon 

93 Berne 
100 Caseville 



J':!mi!i. 



143. ST; JOSEPH, SOUTH BEND & SOUTHERN R. R. 

Operated by Indiana, Illinois & Iowa R. R. 

Adams Express. 



So. Bend, Ind. 
19 Galien 
25 Glendora 



M. 

29 Baroda 

33 Derby 

36 Vineland 



M. 

40 St. Joseph 



144. SOUTH HAVEN & EASTERN R. R. 
American Express. 



M. 

Lawton 
4 Paw Paw 
9 Lake Cora 



M. 

13 Lawrence 

20 Hartford 

25 Toquin 

237 



M. 

29 Covert 

32 Packard 

37 South Haven 



145. TOLEDO, SAGINAW & MUSKEGON RY. 
Operated by D., G. H. & M. Ry. 







National Express. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Muskegon 


31 


Saxon 


64 


Virgil 


1 


Jefferson St. 


35 


Reeds 


65 


Sheridan 


2 


Simpson 


40 


Cedar Springs 


71 


Vickeryville 


12 


Halls 


43 


Sheffield 


74 


Butternut 


14 


Moorland 


45 


Evans 


77 


Carson City 


17 


Hines Crossing 


47 


Harvard 


84 


Middleton 


19 


Slocums 


50 


Lincoln Lake 


85 


Perrinton 


21 


Harrisburg 


56 


Greenville 


89 


Pompei 


26 


Gooding 


58 


Eureka Place 


91 


Ola 


30 


Sparta 


61 
146. 


Miller's 
WABASH R, R. 


96 


Ashley 






Pacific Exprefjs. 






M. 




M. 




M. 







Detroit 


29 


Willis 


66 


Sand Creek 


4 


Delray 


32 


Whittaker 


68 


Lima Jc. 


5 


Oakwood or 


37 


Milan 


70 


Seneca 




Navarre P. O. 


42 


Cone 


73 


North Morenci 


12 


Hand 


47 


Britton 


80 


Munson 


19 


Romulus 


52 


Holloway 


272 


Chicago, 111. 


21 


French 


55 


Raisin Center 


481 


St. Louis, Mo 




Landinff 


59 


Adrian 






24 


Belleville 


60 


S. Adrian 







M. 



14; 



Bessemer 
2 Siemens 



WISCONSIN CENTRAL RY. 
National Express. 
Penokee Branch. 



M. 



6 Ironwood 



M. 



7 Hurley, Wis. 



148. WISCONSIN & MICHIGAN RAILWAY. 



Faithorn Jc. 

or Pembina P. O. 

2 Blum 

3 Brooks 

4 Bird 

8 Hammond 

9 Nathan 



M. 

22 Dobeas 

23 Longrie 

24 Koss 

49 Marinette, 

Wis. 
49 Peshtigo, Wis. 



American Express. 

M. M. 

10 Arnold 

12 Gardner 

13 Ames 

14 Hawley 
17 Swanson 

20 Kells 

21 Cedar 

149. Ingalls Branch. 

M. M. 

Koss 5 Ingalls 

Ra.ilTvays, Suburban and £}lectric. 

IN OPERATION. 

BENTON HARBOR, COLOMA & PAW PAW LAKE RY.— From 
Coloma to Paw Paw Lake — 3 miles. 

DETROIT & PONTIAC RY.— From Detroit to Royal Oak, Birm- 
ingham, and Pontiac— 25 miles. 

238 



DETROIT, YPSILANTI, ANN ARBOR & JACKSON RT.— From 
Detroit to SpringiArells, Dearborn, Inkster, Eloise, Wayne, 
Canton, Denton, Ypsilanti, Pittsfleld and Ann Arbor— 38 miles. 
Extension from Ann Arbor to Lima, Chelsea, Francisco, Grass 
Lake, Leoni, Michigan Center and Jackson— 38 miles. Saline 
Branch from Ypsilanti to Saline— 10 miles. 

DETROIT, LAKE ORION & FLINT RY.— See Detroit, Roches- 
ter, Romeo & Lake Orion Ry. 

DETROIT. PLYMOUTH & NORTH VILLE RY.— From ^Wayne to 
Plymouth and Northville — ^15 miles. Extension proposed from 
Northville to Novi and Walled Lake; also from Plymouth 
via Nankin and Pikes Peak to Detroit. 

DETROIT, ROCHESTER, ROMEO & LAKE ORION RY.— From 
Detroit to Royal, Oak, Clawson, Big Beaver, Troy, West 
Utica, Rochester, Lake Orion Junction, Goodison, Orion, Ox- 
ford, Ortonville, Goodrich, Atlas and Flint — 67 miles. Branch 
from Lake Orion Junction to Washington and Romeo— 11 
miles. 

DETROIT & NORTHWESTERN RY.— From Detroit to Ravens- 
wood, Sherwell, Greenfield, Sand Hill, Clarenceville, Farm- 
ington Junction, North Parmington, Orchard Lake, Cass 
Lake, Sylvan Lake and Pontiac — 31 miles. Branch from 
Farmington Junction to Farmington, Sprague and North- 
ville— 8 miles. 

DETROIT & TOLEDO SHORE LINE RY— From Detroit to Mon- 
roe and Toledo— 60 miles. 

ESCANABA ELECTRIC STREET RY.— From Escanaba to 
Wells— 4 miles. 

GRAND HAVEN STREET RY. (STEAM)— From Grand Haven 
to Highland Park— 1 mile. 

GRAND RAPIDS, HOLLAND & LAKE MICHIGAN RAPID 
RY.— From Grand Rapids to Hanley, Jamestown, Zutphen, 
Zeeland, New Groningen, Holland, Macatawa Park and 
Saugatuck — 40 miles. 

GRAND RAPIDS «& REED'S LAKE RY.— From Grand Rapids 
to Reed's Lake— 4 miles. 

HOUGHTON COUNTY STREET RY.— From Houghton and Han- 
cock to Laurium, Calumet and Red Jacket— 15 miles. 

LANSING CITY ELECTRIC RY.— From Lansing to Agricultural 
College— 3 miles. 

LUDINGTON & NORTHERN R. R. (Steam)— From Ludington 
to Epworth Assembly, Lincoln Lake and Hamlin or Big 
Sable Lake— 8 miles. 

MANISTEE, FILER CITY & EASTLAKE RY.— From Manistee 
to Oak Hill, Filer City and Stronach— 6 miles. From Man- 
istee to Parkdale and Eastlake— 5 miles. From Manistee to 
Lake Michigan (Orchard Beach)— 3 miles. 

MARQUETTE CITY AND PRESQUE ISLE RY.— From Mar- 
quette to Presque Isle— 3% miles. 

MICHIGAN TRACTION CO.— From Kalamazoo to Comstock, 
Galesburg, Hewlett's, Augusta, Hume, Finlay and Battle 
Creek- 24 miles. Branch from Augusta to Gull Lake— 3 miles. 

NEGAUNEE & ISHPEMING STREET RY.— From Breitung 
(Negaunee) to Lake (Ishpeming) — 4% miles. Extensions pro- 
posed to Teal Lake and National Mine. 

NORTH DETROIT ELECTRIC RY.— From Detroit to North 
Detroit (Norris) — 4 miles. 

239 



OWOSSO & CORUNNA ELECTRIC CO.— From Owosso to 
Corunna — 5 miles. Extension from Corunna to Vernon and 
Durand — ^10 miles. 

PORT HURON & GRATIOT BEACH ELECTRIC RY.— From 
Tunnel Junction (Port Huron) to Huronia Beach and Gratiot 
Beach — 3 miles. 

RAPID RAILWAY SYSTEM— From Detroit to Greiner, Rose- 
ville, Midway Park and Mt. Clemens — 21 miles; Chesterfield, 
25 miles; New Baltimore, 32 miles; Anchorville, 35 miles; Fair 
Haven, 37 miles; Pearl Beach, 43 miles; Point Tremble, 45 
miles; Algonac, 47 miles; Roberts Landing, 50 miles; Marine 
City, 54 miles; Oakland Hotel, 61 miles; St. Clair, 62 miles, 
Somerville Springs, 63 miles ; Marysville, 67 miles ; Port Huron, 
74 miles. The Detroit & River St. Clair Ry., a steam road, 
uses this line for freight between Chesterfield and Marine 
City. Shore Line Division operates from Grosse Pointe to 
Claireview, Lakeside Inn and Mt. Clemens, along shore of 
Lake St. Clair- 25 miles. 

ST. JOSEPH «& BENTON HARBOR ELECTRIC RY.— From St. 
Joseph to Benton Harbor — 1 mile. 

SAGINAW VALLEY TRACTION CO.— From Saginaw to Mer- 
shon, Carrollton, Zilwaukee, South Bay City and Bay City— 
13 miles. 

TWIN CITY GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.— From Ironwood, 
Mich., to Hurley, Wis.— 1 mile. 

WYANDOTTE & DETROIT RIVER RY.— From Detroit to River 
Rouge, Ecorse, Wyandotte, Sibley's, Trenton and Grosse Isle 
—18 miles. 

BUILDING: 

DETROIT & CHICAGO TRACTION CO.— From Battle Creek to 
Marshall, Marengo, Albion, Parma, Sandstone, Woodville, 
Jackson, Michigan Centre, Grass Lake, Sylvan, Chelsea, Dex- 
ter and Ann Arbor. 

GRAND RAPIDS, GRAND HAVEN & MUSKEGON ELECTRIC 
RY. — From Grand Rapids to Berlin-, Coopersville. Nunica, 
Fruitport and Muskegon. Branch to Spring Lake and Grand 
Haven. 

LANSING, ST. JOHNS & ST. LOUIS ELECTRIC RY.— From 
Lansing to St. Johns — 19 miles. 

MICHIGAN WEST SHORE TRACTION CO.— From Benton 
Harbor to Riverside, Coloma, Paw Paw Lake, Covert and 
South Haven. 

MUSKEGON TRACTION & LIGHTING CO.— From Muskegon 
to Lake Harbor — 4 miles. 

SAGINAW SUBURBAN RY. CO.— From Oaatka Beach to West 
Bay City, Brooks, Saginaw, Bridgeport, Clio, Mt. Morris 
and Flint. 

TOLEDO & WESTERN RY. CO.— From Toledo to Metamora 
and Lyons, O., Morenci, Mich., and Fayette, O. 

TOLEDO, ADRIAN & JACKSON RY.— From Adrian to Pal- 
myra, Blissfield, Riga and Toledo. 

WEST MICHIGAN TRACTION CO.— From Benton Harbor to 
Sister Lakes. 

RailTv-ays, Street. 

In addition to suburban electric lines operating between 
various places, street railways are operated in the following 
cities: Adrian, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Detroit, 

240 



Escanaba, Grand Rapids, Hancock, Kalamazoo, .Lansing, Me- 
nominee, Mt Clemens, Muskegon, Pontiac, Port Huron and 
Saginaw. See also "Railways, Suburban and Electric." 

Railroad Tax La^v. 

See "State Board of Assessors." 

Railroads, Valuation of. 

During 1900, under the direction of the Statei Tax Commis- 
sion, wt a cost of over $50,000, an elaborate examination and es- 
timate was made of the valuation of all the railroads in the 
State. The physical property of the railroads then existing was 
estimated at $164,812,230. The non-physical, including franchise 
values, was estimated at $35,988,632, making the total estimated 
valuation, $200,800,632. The estimated value based on earning 
power was $186,511,385. 

Rainfall. 

The mean annual rainfall is a little more than 31 inches and 
is ample for all crops. '^ 

Ran^e and To^vn Lines. 

See Surveys: Public Lands. 

Reading Circle. 

See "Teachers' Reading Circle." 

Rebel Raid of 1SG3. 

Early in November, 1863, the War Department was officially 
notified by Lord Lyons, the British minister, that a plot was on 
foot among southern sympathi;zers in Canada to take possession 
of some of the steamers on Lake Erie, surprise Johnson's Island, 
near Sandusky, and free the Southern prisoners there confined. 
The plot, however, did not take definite shape until September 
19, 1864, when the steamer Philo Parsons was seized. Four of the 
raiders, including Bennet G.. Burley, one of the leaders, had 
taken passage on the boat at Detroit. On her way to Sandusky, 
she landed at Sandwich and Amherstburg, where the balance 
of the raiders, about thirty in number, came on board. Their 
baggage consisted of only one trunk, which was afterwards 
found to contain revolvers and hatchets. The boat reached 
Kelly's Island about 4 P. M., and while proceeding towards San- 
dusky, the conspirators took possession. Meantime, another 
party had seized the steamer Island Queen, with about twenty- 
five soldiers, at Middle Bass Island. Her passengers were put 
on board the Philo Parsons, and the two vessels went on to 
within four miles of Sandusky. Not receiving the assistance 
that was probably expected from that city, the conspirators 
abandoned the Island Queen and returned to the Detroit River. 
After landing part of the crew on Fighting Island, they pro- 
ceeded to Sandwich, where they arrived on Tuesday. Here theiy 
plundered and then abandoned the steaitner, which was recovered 
by the owners in a damaged condition, and brought to Detroit. 
The conspirators had a Confederate flag, and on their trial if 
was conclusively shown that they, were acting under orders frorri 
Richmond, 

Receiver pfJ^J.^S,^.XiflLnd p^ce. 
See Land Office U. S. ..iihooeO .Jbio'f-^ 

Res'cnts of University. 

See State Board of Regents. 



Register of Deeds. 

See County Register of Deeds. 

Resrister of TJ. S. Liaiid Office. 

See Land Office U. S. 

Registration in To^vuships. 

See Elections, Township. 

Religions Appropriations. 
See "Church or Sectarian Appropriations." 

Representatives in Legislature. 

See State Legislature and State Representative Districts. 

RepresentatiT'es, United States- i 

See "United States Senators and Representatives," and "U. 
S. Congressional Districts." 

ReserA"ed Seats in Theatres. 

See Theaters, Reserved Seats in. 

Revenue Cutter. 

See U. S. Revenue Cutter. 

Revolutionary War. 

See War, Revolutionary. 

River Improvements. 

Companies formed with the consent in writing of the Gover- 
nor and Attornej'-General may impr'^ve rivers for purposes of 
navigation or rafting of logs, but the Board of Control, consist- 
ing of the Governor, Auditor-General and State Treasurer, 
originally created to have charge of the state canals, may pre- 
scribe compensation or toll for use of such improvements. 

Rivers in Micliigan, Principal. 

Without exception everj' county and all parts of the State 
may be described as well watered, and yet such is the structural 
character of the land that there is practically no part of the 
State in danger of a flood or overflow. 

The Detroit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's Rivers are more prop- 
erly called straits. They are specially notable as they form 
part of the boundary between the United States and Canada, 
and because of their depth, width, and beauty, and the immense 
amount of tonnage which rides on their surface, making them 
unrivalled. 

Of the interior streams, there are several that have their 
rise in lands from 400 to 700 feet above the level of the lakes and 
that have, at various places in their course, a fall of from ten to 
sixteen feet and a number of them are navigable for boats for 
a considerable distance. Almost all of them have numerous 
branches, but we name only the longest and largest of thfe 
principal streams, telling through what counties they run: ii 

Aux bees Scies-^-Benzie County, into Lake Michigan. 

Au Gres — Iosco and Arenac Counties, into Lake Huron. 

Au Sable — Crawford, Oscoda, Alcona and Iosco Counties, 
Into Lake Huron. 

Belle — Lapeer and St. Clair Counties, into St. Clair River. 

Big Sable— Lake and Mason Counties, into Big Sable Lake. 

242 



Black— Otsego, Montmorency and Cheboygan Counties, into 
Blaclc or Cheboygan Lake. 

Black— Alcona County, into Lake Huron. 

Black — Van Buren County, into Lake Michigan. 

Black— Gogebic County, into Lake Superior. 

Black— Sanilac and St. Clair Counties, into St. Clair River. 

Boardmans— Kalkaska and Grand Traverse Counties, into 
Grand Traverse Bay. . 

Boyne— Antrim, and Charlevoix Counties, into Pine Lake. 

Brule— Iron County, forming part of boundary between Mich- 
igan and Wisconsin, into Menominee River. ,,,-: 

Carp — Mackinac County, into St. Martin's Bay. 

Carp — Marquette County,- into Lake Superior. 

Cass— Tuscola and Saginaw Counties, into Saginaw River. 

Cedar— Menominee County, into Green Bay. .. 

Cheboygan — Cheboygan County, into Straits of Mackinac. 

Chippewa— Mecosta, Isabella and Midland Counties, into Pine 
River. 

Chocolate— Marquette County, into Lake Superior, • - ; ' 

Clinton— Oakland and Macomb Counties, into Lake St: ^ 'Clair. 

Dowagiac Creek — Van Buten, Cass' and Berrien Cotinties, 
into St. Joseph River. 

Escanaba— Marquette and Delta Counties, into Little Bay de 
Noquette, 

Fire Steel— Ontonagon County, into Lake Superior. 

Flat— Montcalm, Ionia and Kent Counties, into Grand River. 

Flint— Lapeer. Genesee and Saginaw Counties, into Saginaw 
River. '. ■ • '' '>l ;•■' 

Flint Steel— Ontonagon Cotrntyj/'itito* Lkke Superior. 

Ford— Dickinson, Marquette, Mfefnb'ftiihefe and Delta Counties, 
into Green Bay. ' ',' i *',''■'' : 

Galien— Berrien County, into Lake Michigan.- ' -' 

Grand — Jackson, Eaton, Ingham, Clinton, Ionia, Kent ahd 
Ottawa Counties, into Lake Michigan. ''."'- 

Hubbard's— Alcona anil: Alperi^ Counties, into Thunder Bay 
River, .'..■■!:'••. •.■-' 

Huron— Oakland, Livingston, Washtenaw and Wayne Coun- 
ties, into Lake Erie. ■ = 

Huron— Baraga and Marquette Counties, into Lake Superior. 

Indian^Schoolcraft County, into Indian Lake, thence into 
Manistique River. 

Indian— Cheboygan County, connecting Mullets ; and Burt 
Lake. • • 'fuo' ■ i- .ri'u'i 

Iron— Ontonagon County, into Lake 'Superior. . . > 

Jordan — Antrim and Charlevoix Counties, into Pine Lake. 

Kalamazoo— Hillsdale, Jackson, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and 
Allegan Counties, into Lake Michigan. 

Little Manistee— Lake and Manistee Counties, into. Manistee 
Lakei ■■ ■' ' ' ' .; z';^!!.,!;. ' : ■ ' ■■>\-. : 

Little Sable— Mason County, into Little Sable Lake.. 

Looking Glass— Shiawassee, Clinton and lOnia Counties> into 
Grand River. 

Manistee — Kalkaska, Wexford and Manistee Counties, intp 

Manistique— Schoolcraft County, into Lake Michigan. 

Maple— Gratiot, Clinton and Ionia Counties, into Grand River. 

Maple— Emmet County, into Burt Lake. 

Menominee— Dickinson and Menominee Counties, forming 
part of boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, into Green 
Bay. • 

243 



Michig-amme-^Marquette, Dickinson k^' Ii'on Counties, into 
Brule River. ' 

Montreal— Gogebic Count3^ forming part of boundary-between 
Michigan and ' Wi^c!t)-hsin, into Lake Superior. ■, 

Munusco— Mackiiiac and Chippewa Counties, into Miintisco 
Bay. • '■ ■■'--■■ :■ ..;'• 

Muskegon— Missaukee, Clare, Osceola, Mecosta, ■ Newaygo 
and Muskegon Counties, into Lake Michigan. 

Ocqueoc-^Presque -Isle County, into Hammond's Bay. • 

■Ontonagon— Houghton and Ontonagon Counties, into Lake 
Superior. 

Paint — Iron County, into Brule River. . 

Paw Paw— Van Buren and Berrien Counties, into Lake 
Michigan. 

Pentwater — Oceana County,, into Pentwater Lake. 

Pere . Marquette— rNewaygo, Lake and Mason Counties, into 
Lake Michigan. ■.'..:.■ \ , 

Pigeon— Otsego and Cheboygan Counties, into 'Mullet's Lake, 

Pigeon — ^Huron County, into Saginaw Bay. , . .,.: ' 

Pine— Chippewa and Mackinac Counties, into Green Bay. 

Pine — Isabella, Montcalm, Gratiot and Midland Counties, into 
Tittabawassee River. 

Pine— Alcona and Iosco Counties, i^ito Au Sauble River. 

Pinnebog— Huron County, into Saginaw Baj-. 

Platte— Benzie County, into Lake Michigan. 

Portage — Houghton County, into Keweenaw Bay. 

Presque Isle — Gogebic County, into Lake Superior. 

Rabbit— Allegan County,' into Kalamazoo River. 

Rainy — Presque Isle County, into Cheboygan or Black Lake. 

Raisin — Lenawee and Monroe Counties, into Lake Erie, 

Rapid — Delta County, into Little Bay de Nbquette. 

Red Cedar — Livingstone and Ingham Counties, into Grand 
River. 

Rifle — Ogemaw and Arenac Counties, into Saginaw Bay. 

Rouge — Wayne County, into Detroit River. 

Saginaw — Saginaw and Bay Counties, into Saginaw Bay. 

Saline — Washtenaw and Monroe Counties, into Raisin River. 

Salt — Isabella and Midland Counties, into Tittabawassee 
River. , , 

Shiawassee— Shiawassee and Saginaw Counties,, intp,,. Saginaw 
River. o '" 

St. Joseph— Hillsdale, Calhoun, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass and 
Berrien Counties, into Lake Michigan. 

Sturgeon — Baraga and Houghton Counties, into Portage Lake. 

Sturgeon — Dickinson County, into Menominee River. 

Sturgeon— Otsego and Cheboygan Counties, into Burt's Lake. 

Sturgeon— Alger and Delta Counties, into Big Bay de 
Noquette. 

Taquamenon — Luce and Chippewa Counties, into White 
Fish Bay. n 

Thorn Apple— Eaton, Barry and Kent Counties, into Girand 
River. ■• ; . ^ , . 

Thunder Bay — Montmorency, Presque Isle and Alpena Coun- 
ties, into Thunder Bay. 

Tittabawassee — Gladwin, Midland and Saginaw Countiesi into 
Saginaw River. 

Tiffins — Lenawee County, running into the State of Ohio. 

Tobacco — Clare and Gladwin Counties, into Tittabawassee 
River. 

Two Hearted — Luce County, into Lake Superior. 

244 



Waiska— Chippewa County, into Waiska Bay. 
White— Newaygo and Oceana Counties, into Lake Michigan. 
White Pish— Alger and Delta Counties, into Little Bay de 
Noquette. 

Willow— Huron County, .into Lake Huron. 

, ; Roads. 

No road, worthy of the name, existed in the Territiory until 
lJil2; the first was a sort of bridle-path which ran along the west 
bank of the Detroit and through the swamps in the vicinity of 
Toledo to Cleveland. It was somewhat improved by the troops 
who came from Ohio in 1812. Aside from this, only trails existed 
in the interior. The first surveyed road was the so-called Pon- 
tiac Road, which was established by proclamation of Governor 
Cass on December 15, 1815, and laid out by commissioners whose 
report is dated December 13, 1819. Other commissioners were at 
work upon it as late as 1824. 

In 1817 from one hundred and fifty to two hundred troops 
then stationed at Detroit were employed in opening a road to 
Fort Meigs, now called the River Road. They completed about 
thirty miles. 

On March 3, 1825, Congress made an appropriation to locate a 
military road from Detroit to Chicago, and on May 24, 1825, in 
laying it out, the commissioners began at the Campus Martius 
in Detroit. A law of March 2, 1827, appropriated $20,000 for com- 
pleting the road. Congress also provided for opening roads to 
Saginaw, Port Gratiot, and Sandusky. On October 29, 1829, the 
Legislative Council of the Territory sought to aid these efforts 
by authorizing a lottery, the proceeds of which were to be used 
to build a road between Detroit and Miami. On July 4, 1832, 
Congress passed a law providing for the: building Of what is 
now known as the Grand River Road. ■>■ 

Many applications having been made to the Legislature, in 
1848 a General Plank-Road Act was passed, under which charters, 
to run sixty years, were granted to all applicants, i Many roads 
were at once incorporated that never went into operation, and 
numerous others were built that for want of traffic were allowed 
to decay. •. 

Most of t9ie roads now in use are the ordinary four rods or 
sixty-six feet wide highways laid out on the section lines or 
subdivisions of sections by direction of the Boards of Supervisors 
and cared for by the Commissioners and Overseers of Highways. 
A road used eight years becomes a public highway. 

Roads, S^vainp Land. 

,*'''' Iri .1^0 Congress granted a certain quantity of l^nds khoWn 
a'^ ^wamp lands to be used iii improving the low lands of the 
State. These lands under certain conditions are granted by the 
State to parties for the building of roads through swampy 
regions, and roads so built by authority of the State are desig- 
nated as swamp land roads. The Governor, Secretary of State, 
Auditor-General, State Treasurer, Attorney-General and Com- 
missioner of State Land Office constitute a State Board of Con- 
trol, with regard to ^wamp land roads and ditches, wliich see. 

[; '< ■■.-'^ iRoscoHimoii County 

Was created in 1840 under the name of Mikenauk. This -vivas 
Changed to Roscommon in 1843. The original iiame was a sup- 
posed Indian word, without meaning. Roscommon is the name 
Of a county in Ireland from which there were many emigrants 
in 1843. The county was organized in 1875. The county seat is a^ 

245 



Roscommon, forjnerly Hig^ins Lake. Acres in county, 339,490. 
Population in 1880, 1,459; 1890, 2,033; 1894, 1,657; 1900, 1,787. Votes cast 
at spring election of 1899, 323. Presidential vote in 190O, McKinley 
328, Bryan 175. 

Rule of fhe Governor and Jndg:es. 

This title designates a form of government unlike anything 
afforded by the history of any other place in the United States. 
An irresponsible and uncontrolled autocracy fastened itself upon 
the people^ and for a long series of years this anomalous govern- 
ment, a strange compound of legality and assumption, held 

CRAWFOKD 

1. - 




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in 



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A pi 




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CIiARB .• GLABWIN 

Ref.:—1. M. C. R. R. 2. Log Road. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

absolute sway, exercising almost unlimited control over the 
lands and laws, the persons and property, of the town. A con- 
dition of affairs existed, at once so exceptional and so singular, 
that the relation of actual facts seems like a irecord o;f feudal 
times. 

By a strange conjunction of circumstances, the G'overnor and 
Judges of the Territory, who had been appointed January 11, 
just five months previous to the fire, arrived on the day follow- 
ing that event. There was but little left in the town for the old 
trvxstees to exercise authority upon, and both trustees and people 
naturally turned for assistance and counsel to their territorial 
rulers. The Governor and Judges, having a whole Territory to 
care for, might very appropriately have availed themselves of 
the services of the officers of the town in the endeavor to bring 
order out of chaos, especially as the very act that created the 
corporation of Detroit in 1802 had been passed upon and approved 

246 



by the body that atppointed the Governor and Judges, and besides, 
there were among the trustees and citizens men whci were the 
■equals of the new territorial ofBcers in learning and ability, and 
fully capable of acting in any capa,city. 

t Governor Hull and Judge Woodward, however, seeing an 
opportunity to obtain increased power and patronage, did not 
fail to improve it. They passed by all the prominent citizens of 
Detroit, ignored the officials and the corporation of 1802, and 
procured the passage of the act of April 21, 1806, which gave to 
them alone the power to lay out a new town and dispose of the 
town lands. From this time they acted in a dual capacity, 
becomiing, in fact, the executive officers of the town, as well as 
of the Territory. 

Many of the doings of the Governor and Judges were so 
utterly devoid of justice and such a mockery of government that 
the Inhabitants, almost en masse, were enraged and disgusted. 
There is abundant evidence that the picture of their misdoings 
could scarcely be overdrawn. 

A memorial of the citizens, of January 3, 1823, presented to 
Congress, and printed in The Detroit Gazette, says: 

"In September, 1820, the court frequently held its sessions from 
2 P. M. till 12, 1, and 3 o'clock in the morning of the next day; and 
cases were disposed of in the absence of both clients and coun- 
sel. During these night sittings, suppers of meat and bottles 
of whiskey were brought into court, and a noisy and merry 
banquet was partaken at the bar by some, while others were 
addressing the court in solemn argument, and others presenting 
to the judges on the bench, meat, bread, and whiskey, and invit- 
ing them to partake." 

This statement of facts was effective, and on March 3, 1823, 
Congress enacted that the government of the , Territory be 
transferred to the governor and a council. The people were to 
elect eighteen persons, from whom the President was to select 
nine, who should, on confirm^ation of the Senate, constitute the 
Council of the Territory. - 

Rural Mail Delivei'y. '"^ 

The country has been divided into six districts, each district 
in charge of a special agent, while 50 subordinate agents and 
30 route inspectors are constantly in the field, establishing- new 
routes or inspecting those already established. Application for 
the service must be signed by petitioners for such service, who 
must be heads of farhilies. The petition must show the relative 
population along the route, character of the roads, principal 
avocations of the people and the distances eacxi one now has to 
travel to receive mail. A map of the routes proposed is re- 
quired. The petition must be indorsed by either a Senator or Rep- 
resentative in Congress. This application is referred to a special 
agent in charge of one Of the six districts, and by him referred 
to a subordinate agent for investigation and report. If this 
agent reports favorably upon the petition, it is returned to the 
special agent in charge for a,pproval, and by him referred back 
to the chief special agent in charge. This petition is then 
approved by the special agent in charge, the service is put in 
operation, and the carriers appointed. Each route must be over 
20 miles long, serving at least 100 families, and those desiring 
the delivery hereafter must be prepared to. put up suitable boxes. 
These boxes will be entitled to the protection of the United 
States statutes. 

Rural carriers are not required to deliver ordinary mail to 
houses standing back from the main road; They must not carry 

247 



other business than United States mail. Patrons are required 
to co-operate by keeping the roads up to the standard in all 
weather. The maximum pay for carriers now is $500 per annum 
for a full route of approximately 25 miles. Carriers are to carry 
a supply of stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards and 
must cancel stamps on all letters collected. 

Sas'lnatv County 

Was created In 1822 and organized in 1835. The present limits 
were defined in 1881. The name was derived from the Indian 
word Sac-e-nong, meaning Sactown,. or the town of the Sac or 
Sauk Indians who inhabited this region. The county seat is 
Saginaw. Acres in county, 519,861. Population in 1840, 892; 1850, 
2,609; 1860, 12,758; 1870, 39,079; 1880, 59,095; 1890, 82,273; 1894, 81,847; 1900. 
81,222. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 13,104. Presidential 
vote in 1900, McKinley 8,414, Bryan 7,618. 



KIDLAND 



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Bi"<tdy4 



SHIAWASSEE 

Ref.:-1. Pere Marquette R. R.' 2. M. C. R. R. 
Sag. & Mack. R. R. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



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3. Cincinnati, 



Sailors. 

There is probably no class of citizens for whom the govern- 
ment provides so many safeguards as for the navigators of the 
Great Lakes and Rivers. First of all, surveys are made at 
enormous expense of all the lakes and rivers, and charts are 
prepared showing with great minuteness the entire coast line, 
with all reefs, shoals, islands, sand-bars, and hindrances to navl- 

248 



gation of every kind; the depth of the water in feet is given and 
full sailing directions to and from every harbor. All of this 
information and the location of all lighthouses, range lights, fog 
signals, light ships and buoys of the various kinds, is shown on 
elegant and finely drawn, large scale charts. These are sold at 
the U. S. Engineer's office at Detroit to any one at an average 
cost of about thirty cents. Each chart shows a particular 
locality or lake. Besides this the government dredges out or in 
other ways improves natural harbors or builds new artificial 
harbors, establishes light-houses, sets out buoys, and erects fog- 
signals, etc. It has also established the weather signal serviceU^ 
more largely for the benefit of sailors than for any other class, i- 
and provides for the hoisting of various flags as warning signals''^ 
against storms. It has established life-saving stations at in-P-- 
tervals along the shore line, where trained men are always ready ._j 
in the season of navigation to rescue persons in danger or dis-""^ 
tress. _. , -.: :, :\ 

It naaintains marine hospitals where sailors are cared for 
when sick. It provides for the inspection Of the hulls and boilers 
of all steamboats that unseaworthy craft may not be used— as 
well as requiring all masters and engineers to pass examination 
and be properly licensed before being trusted, with the duties 
of their positions. 

St. Clair County . ... , 

Was created in 1820 and organized in 1821. Its present limits 
were defined in 1849. It was named either after Gov. Arthur St. 
Clair, the first Governor of the Northwest Territory, or after 
Maj. Patrick Sinclair, a British officer and a large landholder 
on the river as early as 1765. The county seat, was originally at 
Palmer, since changed to St. Clair, but now is at Port Huron. 
Acres in county, 428,697. Population in 1840, 4,606; 1850, 10,411; 1860, 
26,814; 1870, 36,687; 1880, 46,197; 1890, 52,105; 1894, 54,321; 1900, 55,228. 
Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 8,471. Presidential vote in 
1900, McKinl'ey 7,427, Bryan 4,405. 

St. Claix' Plats. 

This name designates the shoal water at the upper end of 
Lake St. Clair. The region is one of the greatest fishing and 
duck hunting regions in the country. It has also become notable 
because of the club houses and cottages erected on piles and 
on islands of made land; in summer time these are thronged 
with occupants from various parts of the country. It has re- 
ceived -the cognomen of the "Venice of America." 

St. Clair Flats Canal. 

See "Canal, St. Clair Flats." 

St. Clair Tunnel. 

This tunnel, passing under the St. Clair river, is the longest 
sub-marine tunnel in the world. 

The length of the tunnel proper is 6,025 feet, and of the open 
portals or approaches 5,603 feet additional, or more than two 
miles in all. It is a continuous iron tube, 19 feet 10 inches in 
diameter, put together in sections as the work of boring pro- 
ceeded, and firmly bolted together, the total weight of the iron 
aggregating 56,000,000 pounds. 

The work was commenced in September, 1888, and it was 
opened for freight traffic in October, 1891, a little more than 
three years being required for its completion. Passenger trains 
began running through it December 7th, 1891. The work was 

249 



It. 13 E 



T 

8 

N, 



SANIIiAC 

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YALE X. « Green- 
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iHjirscHirBe&ch 

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-7. PereMarqwite Bt iff. 2. M. 0. ff; R. 3, G/^anrf 
frunA /?(/. 4. Granrf TrMwA Western Ry. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



250 



beg-un on both sides and carried on until the two sections met in 
mid-river, and with such accuracy that they were perfectly in 
li^e as they came tog-ether. 

' The engines used for pulling the trains through the tunnel 
and up the steep grade after emerging, ar^ the largest in the 
world, having ten drive w;heels, and weighing nearly 200,000 
pounds. The boilers are 74 inches in diameter, the fire-boxes 
132% inches long, and 42% inches wide, and the cylinders are 22 
inches in diameter, with 28 inches stroke. 

The cost of the great tunnel was $2,700,000 and 4,000 cars can 
be moved through it daily. 



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"?!'^"*'*V' " " 2.5. K. 9 W. 
INDIANA 

Ref.:-1. C. & G. T. Ry. 2. L S. & M. 8. Ry. 3. Q. R. 
&J. Ry. 4. M.'C.R.R' 5. St. Joseph Riuer: 

Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

St. Josepli County 

Was created and organized in 1829. It was named from the St. 
Joseph River, which runs through the county. The river was 
named St. Joseph by the earliest French catholic explorers after 
Saint Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary. The county seat 
is at Gentreville. Acres in comity, 321,450. Population in 1840, 
7,068; 1850. 12,717; 1860, 21,111; 1S70, 26,274; 1880. 26,626; 1890, 25.356; 1894, 
25,087; 1900, 23,889. Votes cast ■ at spring election of 1899, 5.895. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,194, Bryan 3,293. 

Saloons. 

See Liquor Laws, also Liquor Saloons. 

Salt and Soda Asli. 

Michigan easily stands first among all the states in the pro- 
duction df salt. Practically almost all of the Lower Peninsula 
covers a bed of rock salt. The salt is fouild at varying depths 

2^1 



of from 800 to 2,200 feet, and in Wayne County the deposit 
reaches the amazing thickness of 600 feet. 

Near Detroit these briny deposits have reached their greatest 
development in the production of soda ash and other by-products. 
This locality is evidently destined to be the greatest center in 
the world for these articles. 

The total number of barrels of salt produced in the State in 
1900 was 4,820,865. 

If all these barrels of salt were set upon end, one barrel 
touching another, it would make an unbroken line of over 1,500 
miles in length. 

Since 1860 the State has produced 91,413,483 barrels of salt. 

Salt, Inspector of. 

See State Salt Inspector. - 

Sand. 

In Missaukee County, on the banks of Muskrat Lake, at 
Manist-ee, Manistee County, and also near Monroe, Monroe 
County, there is fine whfte sand very desirable for glass man- 
ufacture. 

.San<! Dunes on Lalte Micliifiran. 

The sand-dunes form conspicuous landmarks along the east- 
ern coast of Lake Michigan. They consist of irregular heaps of 
sand which have been accumulated by the winds blowing in a 
certain direction upon specific shores. They sometimes measure 
more than a hundred feet in height. It is generally found that 
they assume a lee and strike side — the gentle and long slope 
being to the windward, and the steep acclivity towards the 
sheltered portion. The most noted of these dunes is known as 
Sleeping Bear. It is located on the eastern coast of Lake Mich- 
igan, in Leelanau County. It is a conical cliff of white sand, with 
a circumference at the base of about two miles, and rising to an 
altitude of between 300 and 400 feet. On the apex of this clifiC 
there was a clump of pine trees. and shrubs of various ever- 
greens, clustered together in such a manner as. by contrast 
with the whiteness of the sand below, to resemble a black bear 
in a sleeping posture, from which it takes its name. Another 
dune at Grand Haven is 250 feet high. At New Buffalo and Mich- 
igan City others are equally conspicuous. All these dunes are 
found to be moist to within a few feet of the surface, and hence 
are clothed with vegetation, of which the evergreen tribe is 
the most observable. 

Sandstone. 

Michigan possesses the finest sandstone to be found anywhere 
and sufficient to supply the world. It is better in texture and 
holds its color always. About four hundred miles of the Lake 
Superior coast of the Upper Peninsula is composed of sandstone. 
It forms cliffs at many points on the lake from a few feet to 
several hundred feet in height. 

The grindstone of Huron County is the most valuable for 
wet grinding found in the United States. Lake Huron blue stone 
is known in every market in the United States and in some 
foreign countries. The demand for scythe stones and grind- 
stones, from the five-pound kitchen stone to those used in large 
factories and weighing nearly 9,000 pounds, exceeds the supply, 
and this, notwithstanding increased facilities have been added 
each year. About 10,000 tons of grindstones and 12,000 gross of 
scythe stones are manufactured annually and the supply of raw 
material is unlimited. 

252 



Sanilac County- 
Was created in 1822 and organized in 1850, It was named by 
Governor Cass, after a Wyandot Indian warrior. The county 
seat, originally at Lexington, was moved to Sandusky, the name 
of which place has since been changed to Sanilac Centre. Acres 
in county, 616,035. Population in 1850, 2,322; 1860, 7,623;. 1870, 14,565; 
1880, 26,341; 1890, 32,589; 1894, 33,945; 1900, 35,055. Votes cast at spring 
election of 1899, 5,024. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,177, 
Bryan 2,064. ■...■. •.• ,- .'•(-,; .iu- ' • ' . 

Sault Stp. Marie Canal. 

r; Seei .Ganal, < Saullt' Ste. < Ma,rie. • 



K13 E 



HURON 

7. 7. 




7. 3.1, 

ST. CLAIR 

fief. ;— 7. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Cass River. 3. Black River. 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 



253 



Scliools. 

See "State Industrial School for Boys," "State School for 
the Deaf," "State School for the Blind," "State Public School," 
"State Normal Schools," "State Normal College;" also "Col- 
leges." , , . . 

Scliool Board of E^dncatlon, Township. 

See "Township Board of Education." 

Scliool, Compulsory Attendance on. 

Parents or guardians outside of cities, having control of 
children between 8 and 14 years of age, or in cities between 7 and 
16 years of age, are required to have them attend public school 
at least four months in the year unless they attend a private 
'school, have already acquired a good common school education, 
are physically unable to attend, or live more than two miles 
from the school. 

School Commissioner. ■ • *: 

See County Commissioner of Schools. \-/[ 

Schools, Colored Children in. 

The State Law forbids any distinction of race or coloi" in 
school privileges. 

Schools for Deaf. 

Upon application of the School Board of any city in the State, 
the State Superintendent of Public Instruction must grant per- 
mission to establish one or more day schools for deaf pupils 
over three j'ears of age, whose parents or guardians reside in 
the State. 

The State Treasurer is authorized to pay out of the general 
fund $150 a yesir per pupil for each one instructed in said schools 
for nine months in a year, or proportionally for less than nine 
months. 

School District Elections. 

Every citizen 21 years old whose property is assessed' for 
school taxes and who has resided in the school district 3 months 
preceding any school meeting is qualified to vote on all school 
questions. All other citizens 21 years of age who are parents or 
legal guardians of children included in the school census of the 
district and who have been residents of the district three months 
are also entitled to vote except on questions which directly in- 
volve the raising of money by tax. 

School Districts, Graded. 

Any district containing 100 persons or over of schoal.age may, 
by a two-thirds vote and after proper notice, be organized into 
a graded school district and may at once elect five trustees as 
follows: One for one year, two for two years each, and two for 
three years each, their successors to be elected on the expiration 
of their terms. These trustees elect from their own number a 
moderator and clerk. The trustees grade the . pupils in the 
district, and on vote of the district may establish a high school 
therein. 

Alterations in the boundaries of any graded school district 
shall not be made without the consent of a majority of the 
trustees of said district, and graded school districts shall not be 
restricted to nine sections of land. But if three or more tax- 
payers having children between the ages of 5 and 12, feel ag- 
grieved over the alteration of a school district, they may appeal 

254 



to the Probate Judge, file a bond in $200 with him, and he will 
then confirm or set aside such alteration. 

In 1899 there were 692 graded school districts, 6,469 ungraded 
school districts and 1,280 townships and independent districts. : 

Seliool District Libraries. 

There are nearly 900,000 volumes, in the school district libraries 
of the State. Each district is entitled to its proportion of the 
library of the township in which it is wholly or partially situated, 
and also to its share of any monies raised in the township for 
such purposes. School district libraries are in charge of the; 
several district school boards. 

School District Meeting's. 

The annual meeting is on the first Monday of September, and 
in some counties on the second Monday of July. 

rod /! 't School District Officers. 

Eadn' district has three officers, namely: Moderator, Direc- 
tor and Treasurer, who together constitute the District Board. 
They are elected by the voters of the district at the annual meet- 
ing, which is on the first Monday of September. At the first 
election in each district the Moderator is chosen for three years, 
the Director for two years, and the Assessor or Treasurer for one 
year, and at subsequent elections all are elected for three years 
each. The District Board employs the teachers, decides as to 
all expenditures,' and has general control.' The Moderator is 
simply the chairman of the board, but countersigns all the war- 
rants drawn by the Director upon the Treasurer. The Director 
is the Clerk of the District Board, provides the supplies, draws 
and signs the warrants upon the Treasurer, and is the chief 
executive oflftcer of the board. He also provides for the taking 
of the school census. 

The Treasurer of the board receives from the town- 
ship treasurer the amount assessed upon the school dis- 
trict for its school taxes and also the amount derived from 
the Primary School Fund of the State; he pays out the same on 
the warrants of Director, countersigned by the Moderator, The 
assessments, whether for ordinary or extraordinary expenses, 
are made by the Supervisor of the township and collected with 
the regular tax levy. 

School Districts, ToTvnship. 

•The annual meeting is at the same time as the annual Vown- 
ship meeting. These districts, as they contain more than the 
equivalent of nine sections of land, are organized under a 
special law and are created because of sparseness of population. 
They are mostly confined to the Upper Peninsula. The Board 
of Education for a township district consists of two trustees 
With the clerk and the two township school inspectors. 

School E^xaminer. 

See County School Examiner. 

School Teachers, E^xaminations for. ' ,, 

These are held regularly at the county seats on the-tJast 
Thursday and Friday of March and on the thipd Thursday and 
Friday of August in each year. i . ■ 

Examinations are also held in some counties on the third 
Thursdays and Fridays in June and October. - 

255 



School Houses, Flags on. 

AH public schools must possess and display during school 
hours and at other proper times the United States flag. 

Scliools, Hygienic Instmction in. 

It is required that the effect on the system of narcotics and 
stimulants, and the best method of preventing contagious dis- 
eases be taught in all public schools. 

The State Board of Health is required to furnish data on 
the subject of contagious diseases. 

Scliool Inspector. 

See Township School Inspector. 

Seliools, Kindergarten Instrnetion in. 

This may be established in any district for children between 
four and seven years of age, and parents may demand that their 
children be admitted. 

" '■ Scbools, Px'ivate. 

The statistics of private schools, as reported to the Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction in 1899, were as follows: Schools, 
397; teachers, 1,197; pupils, 45,568. 

Seliools, Public, Required to Be Kept. 

The Constitution of the State provides that a free school 
shall be kept at least three ntonths in each year in each district, 
and the general law requires at least Ave months of school in 
districts having over thirty and less than eight hundred children 
of school age, and not less than nine months in districts with 
more than eight hundred. 

Scliools, Public, Growtb. of by Decades. 

Average number of days of school: 1840, 90; 1850, 102; 1860, 124; 
1870, 138; 1880, 150; 1890, 154; 1899, 162. 

Number of districts: 1840, 1,560; 1850, 3,097; 1860, 4,087; 1870, 5,108; 
1880, 6,352; 1S90, 7,168; 1899, 7,161. 

Number of teachers in 1840, 1,870; 1850, 4,087; 1860, 7,921; 
1870, 11,014; 1880, 13,949; 1890, 15,990; 1899, 15,564. 

Number of children: 1840, 48,817; 1850, 132,234; 1860, 246,802; 1870, 
384,554; 1880, 506,221; 1S90, 654,502; 1899, 713,690. 

Total amount paid teachers: 1840, $42,310; 1850, $140,889; 1860, 
$46S,988; 1870, $1,393,228; 1880, $1,917,983; 1890, $3,323,881; 1899, $4,316,036. 

Scbool Statistics of 1900. 

Total number of teachers employed 15,924 

Total wages of teachers .;. -k., $4,503,740.39 

Number of school houses '..'/."".. 8,035 

Whole number of sittings in school houses 629,207 

Value of school property $19,338,173 

School census 721,698 

Enrollment 504,985 

Number of volumes in township libraries 157,177 

Number of volumes in district libraries 809,590 

Total 966,767 

256 



_ Scliools, Support of Pnbliic. 

•'lA' 1785 Congress, in an ordinance providing for the sale of 
lands in the territory north of the Ohio River, reserved for the 
support of ptiblic schools "Section 16" in each township organ- 
ized, in that vast domain. Practically this action set apart for' 
educational uses one-thirty-sixth of all the public lands in that 
region. In IMichigan this provision gave thetSt,a,te 1,077,209 acres 
and up to 1900 there had been sold 906,884 aerigs. The amouht ptt 
this fund June 30, 1899, was $3,953,223.52. 

In addition there is a fund known as the primary school five 
per cent fund, consisting of money derived from the sale of 
swamp lands.. The amount of this fund June 3Q, 1899, was $846,- 
778.52. • •■ ■'■,■' 

The total amount of primary school fund in possession of 
the State June 30, 1899, was $4,901,622.84. ■ '^ 

The State pays to the school system,' '7 per ceiit interest on 
receipts from sale of public lands in "section 16" and 5 per cent 
on the receipts from the sale of swanrip lands above referred*to.' 

The total reveniie for 1898 was as follows: 

From balance from preceding year. $ 918,897.41 

From Primary School Interest Fund : 950,080.79 

From one-mill tax in townships,.., 650,973.68 

From district tax for all purposes 4,524,995.08 

From non-resident pupils 86,538.63 

From library moneys 106,045.87 

From all other sources 630,115.49! 

$7,867,646.,95 
The Superintendent of Public Instruction apportions the total 
interest on the primary school fund- to the varioua^ counties in 
proportion to the number of children in the county or school age,- 
i. e., between 5 and 20 years. The amount for each county is 
apportioned to the townships and school districts, so that every 
county, township and school district receives from the state 
an amount equal to three-fourths of the entire state school tax 
paid. ; 

The other sources of revenue for the support of thfe primary 

schools are: j ; , ;:.;;; 

1. Taxes voted by school district. The voters- of' /each dis- 
trict have authority to. vote amounts for the support of schools 
during the year. 

2. Each township is obliged to raise annually what is known 
as the one mill tax — a tax of 1-10 of one cent on each dollar of 
its assessed valuation, and this is apportioned to the school dis- 
trict in which it was raised. .i;.. . u;^ _,. - 

3. Small amounts are also received for the^ rtuitiori'- of fton-^; 
resident potpils, from the tax on dogs, etc. 

'^>\'iri '":■ iri:;.'-;-i ■ ;'.; Scliool Text Books. 

•Text books cannot be changed of tener than once in five y.^ar^ 
unless ordered by a majority of the voters in a district.] 7, ' 
Scliolars in Public Schools — Who Are Bligrible. 

All persons five years of age and over, of whatever race, 
color, or condition, are entitled to admission without charge to 
the public schools of Michigan in the districts in which they 
reside. 

School Trustees, Ellection of in Cities of the Fourth Cliiss. 

The election is held on the first Tuesday of September. Polls 
are open from 9 A. M. to 8 P. M. The President and Secretary 

257 



of the Board of Education and one School Trustee designated 
by the Board of Education constitvite the Board of School In- 
spectors. Qualifications of voters at this election are the same 
as for elections in School Districts. (See School District Elec- 
tions.) 

Scliool Year. 

The annual meetings of School District Boards are held, and 
the school year begins on the first Monday in September. 

Sclioolcra-t't County 

Was created in 1843 and organized in 1871. it^ present limits 
were defined in 1885. It was named after Henry R. Schoolcraft, 
the noted authority on Indian matters, who formulated and 
originated the names of many of the counties in the State. The 
county seat is at Manistique. Acres in county, 758,566. Popu- 
lation in 1880, 1,575; 1890, 5.818; 1894, 7,127; 1900, 7,889. Yotes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 1,107. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
1,141, Bryan 461. 

Seal of State. ,-. ,:,i n: 

The State Seal was adopted by the constitutional convention 
of 1835, On June 2 the president of the convention stated that 
he had received a design for a seal; and on the same day Mi\ 
Wilkins of Lenawee offered the following: 

"Resolved, That the president of the convention tender to 
Honorable Lewis Cass the thanks of this convention, represent- 
ing the people of Michigan, for the handsome State Seal pre- 
sented by him to the forthcoming state." 

This resolution was laid on the table, and adopted on June 
22. On the same day that the design was presented, on motion 
of Mr. Norvell of Wayne, the following was adopted as part of 
the proposed constitution: "A great seal shall be provided by 
the governor, to contain device and inscription, described in 
papers relating thereto, signed by the president of the conven- 
tion, and deposited in the office of the Secretary of Territory." 
Concerning the mottoes on the seal, D. B. DufReld, in a letter 
to General John Robertson, quoted in his "Flags of Michigan," 
gives this information: He says, "When a law student with 
Major Lewis Cass, in the year 1841, we had some conversation 
on the subject, and as I now recall it, he then stated that * * * 
the late General Cass selected and modified the celebrated in- 
scription upon the black marble slab that marks the tomb of Sir 
Christopher Wren in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, of which 
he was the distinguished architect." That inscription reads, "Si 
monumentum requiris, circumspice." (If you' require a monu- 
ment, look around you.) 

In view of the distinguishing feature of the' state, its penin- 
sular character. General Cass modified the inscription as given 
on Wren's tomb by substituting "quaeris peninsulam amoenam" 
for the words "monumentum requiris," so that the motto, in its 
new form, would read "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look 
around you." Mr. Dufiield had no facts as to why the word 
tuebor was used, but surmised that it had reference to the fron- 
tier position of Michigan, as a defender on the border of British 
territory. More probably it was suggested by the desire and 
determination of the people to hold the territory on the south, 
then claimed by Ohio. The holding of that territory occupied 
a prominent place in the discussions of the very convention that 
adopted the seal. The description of the seal saj'-s that it shows 
a man with a gun in his hand. The word "man" was evidently 

25S 



AliGEB 



». 10 w 




W^s.s. & A. Ma, MMn- St 
Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer^ 



used designedly, the idea being that it was a citizen or settler, 
not a soldier, that stood ready with his gun, saying, "Tuebor," 
—I will defend. 

Seal of Territory. 

A territorial seal was adopted on July 9, 1805, probably iden- 
tical with the private seal of Governor Hull. A seal, designed 
expressly for a territorial seal, was described by Governor Cass, 
and recorded on December 1, 1814. The motto, "Tandem fit 
surculus arbor" (The shoot at length becomes a tree), indicated 
that a measure of independence was secured by a separate ter- 
ritorial government. 

Sealer of Weisrlits and Sleasures. 

See W€ights and Measures, Sealer of. 

Seats for Female Employees. 

See Employees, Female. 

Secretary of State. ' 

See State, Secretary of. 

Section Liiues, Coi'ners and Numbers. 

See "Surveys: Section and Quarter Section Lines." Al'^o 
"Surveys: Section Corners, How Marked." 

Senatorial Districts. 

See State Senatorial Districts. 

Senators, State. 
See State Legislatute. 

Senators, United States. 
See United States Senators and Representatives. 
Sex of Inhabitants in Micliigan. 

Years. 1850. ISB'I. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 

Males 209,896 394,694 617,745 862,355 1,091,780 1,248,905 

Females.... 187.758 354,419 566,314 774,582 1,002.189 1,172,077 

United States census of 1900 shows persons of school age 
(5 to 20) to be males, 397,510; females, 392,765. Native and foreign 
born and white and the colored population are classified by 
sex as follows: Native born males 952,866, females 926,453; for- 
eign born males 296.039, females 245,614. Total white males, 
1.237,098; females, 1,161,465; native white males, 941,906; females, 
916,461; native white (native parents), males, 522,852; females, 
.^03,862; native white (foreign parents), males, 419,056: females. 
412,599; foreign white males, 295,192; females, 245,004; total, colored 
males, 11,807; females, 10,612; classified as follows: Negro, 
males, 8,220; females, 7,596; Chinese, males, 240; Japanese, males, 
6; females, 3; Indian males, 3,341; females, 3,013. 

Sbeep. 

The number of sheep sheared in Michigan in 1899 was 1,467,- 
445, and they produced 9,675,292 pounds of wool. 

SberifF. 

See County Sheriff. 

26a 



ShiaTvassee County 

Was created in 1822 and org-anized in 1837. Its name was derived 
from an Indian word meaning "straight running," referring to 
the course of the Shiawassee River between Owosso and St. 
Charles. The county seat was originally at Byron, but now is 
at Corunna. Acres in county,. 343,964. Population in 1840, 2,103; 
1850, 5,233; 1860, 12,888; 1870, 20,864; 1880, 27,059; 1890, 30,9-52; 1894, 32,854; 
1900, 83,866. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 7,143. Presiden- 
tial vote in 1900, McKinley 5,051, Bryan 3,443. 



SAGINAW 

1.2. 



R. 4 E. 




4, \ 5 

INGHAM : LIVINGSTON 

Ref.:—1. M. C. R. R. 2. Shiawassee Riuer. 
3. Cinn. Sag. & Mach. R. R. 4. Gd. Tfunh West- 
ern Ry. 5. Ann Arbor R. R. 6. D. G. H. & M. 
Ry.:, 7, tookingglass Riuer. 

..'jr'"'^' Copyright 1901^ by Silas Farmer. 

SIiow Bills. 

"It shall be unlawful for any person to post, place or display 
on any sign board, bill board, fence, building, sidewalk, or other 
object, or in any street, road, or other public place, any sign, 
picture, printing, or other representation of murder, assassina- 
tion, stabbing, fighting or of any personal violence, or of the 
commission of any crime, or any representation of the human 
form in an attitude or dress which would be indecent in the case 
of a living person, if such person so appeared in any public 
street, Square or highway."— State Law. 



See State and U. 



Sigrnal Service. 

S. Weather Bureau. 
aSLv 



Silk Thread. 

It is not generally realized that the silk thread industry of 
the world has its center at Belding in this state. One firm here 
located has mills in other states and in Canada; they consume 
over a ton of raw silk daily, and employ over 3,500 people. The 
raw silk is spun, cleaned, twisted, dyed and made into thread of 
many sorts and varieties. The employees at Belding are mostly 
girls, who have the stamp of intelligence and character, and, in 
fact, the entire town of about 4,000 people is notable for evidences 
of thrift and self respect. 

Silver. 

Silver has always been found intermingled with copper in the 
Lake Superior region. A nugget weighing 80 lbs. was found in 
the Cliff mine, Keweenaw County, and this was possibly the 
largest ever found anywhere in the State.* It is said that the 
larger portion of the nuggets found never reach the mine own- 
ers, but are appropriated by miners as their perquisites. The 
total product reported for 1899 was valued at about $20,000. 

Siusins: Santls. 

What are known as "singing sands" exist at New Mission 
or Omena, Leelanau County, and at Forward Movement i^ark, 
near Douglas, Allegan County. Such sands are believed 'to 
exist in but very few places in the United States. As the sand 
is walked upon, especially if one strikes it sharply v/ith the 
feet, a peculiar and rather harsh note is heard, which is more 
noticeable if the sand is very dry. The sound is supposed to 
be caused by the peculiar shape and uniform size of the grains 
of sand. 

Slavery iu Micliisran. 

Slavery began almost with the settlement. The Indians who 
gathered near Fort Detroit brought with them captives taken in 
battle, and some of these were transferred to the French. Most 
of the Indian slaves were from the Pawnee tribe, and a few 
from the Osage, Choctaw, and other western tribes, who had 
been captured in war and sold to French and English residents. 
The Indians made excellent servants and commanded good 
prices. At the time of the capitulation by the French to the 
English it was stipulated that the French inhabitants could 
keep their negroes, but they were to restore those belonging to 
the English. 

The importation of slaves was discontinued after September 
17, 1792, the Canadian Parliament, by law of that date, directing 
that no slaves should thereafter be introduced, and that all born 
thereafter should be free at the age of 25. The ordinance of 
1787 had previously provided that slavery should not exist in 
the Northwest Territory. At that time, however, this region was 
not under control of the American Government, and there was 
no barrier to the holding of slaves at Detroit. After its surrender 
in 1796, slave owners at Detroit continued to hold their slaves 
under the Jay treaty of November 19, 1794, which provided that 
the inhabitants of the Territory surrendered to the United States 
should be protected in their property. The question as to whether 
slaves could be legally holden was adjudicated in 1807. 

A case came before the Supreme Court of the Territory in 
which Richard Patterson, of Sandwich, sought to apprehend as 
slaves Joseph Quinn and Jane, then residing in Michigan. The 
case was tried, and on September 26, 1807, Judge Woodward de- 
livered an elaborate opinion against the claimant, on the ground 



that slaver J-- was not admissible in Michigan "except as to per- 
sons in actual possession of British settlers within this Terri- 
tory on the 11th day of July, 1796." Those who had possessed 
slaves under British rule continued to hold them, and the official 
census for 1810 shows that, at that time, 17 slaves were held 
in Detroit. The census for 1830 showed that there were 32 slaves 
in Michigan, but by 1836 all the slaves were either ..dead or 
manumitted. Advertisements for runaway slaves appeared In 
the Detroit Gazette as late as 1827. 
See also Colored Citizens. 

, Snowfall. 

The average annual snowfall in the center of the state is 
four feet, but it is rare to find more than 12 inches of snow on 
the ground at any one time. The snow affords two or three 
months of sleighing each winter. 

Soda Asli. 

See Salt and Soda Ash. 

,,.;=;^,^"' Soil. 

The possibilities in Michigan soil are shown by the quantity 
and quality of its products, as indicated herein under heads 
naming the various products. It is sufficient to say that all the 
well known grains, fruits and vegetables of a temperate climate 
are grown for use of our own people and are in great demand 
by other states. 

Soldiers' Home. 

^ee State Soldiers' Home; also State Board of Managers of 
Soldiers' Home. 

Soldiers' Relief Commission. 
See County Soldiers' Relief Commission. 

. : Spanisli-American "War. 

See War, Spanish-American. 

Spectacle Reef Lisrlit. 

The building of this lighthouse in Lake Huron, off Cheboygan 
County, 16 miles from a harbor, was a most daring and success- 
ful piece of engineering. The work was eleven feet under water 
and ten miles from land. A coffer-dam of wood after being sunk 
was pumped out, the rock below cut level, and a structure built 
from the bottom with massive cut stone dove-tailed together 
and pinned to the rock below. 

Spring:s. 

p^^ Winter, 

'. • ; ' Standard Time. 

Central standard time was adopted by the state in I889. It 
is based on the 19th meridian of longitude west of Greenwich- 
It has not, however, been universally adopted by the people, sdme 
cities still using local or sun time in ordinary matters. All trains 
in Michigan run on central standard time. 

rft I Stannard Rock Liglit. 

In building this sentinel of the lake many difficulties w^re 
surmounted. It is built on a rock 12 feet below the surface of 
the water and 40 miles from the nearest harbor, Huron Bay, 
Lake Superior. In its erection, moving ice as well as dashing 

263 



waves had to be guarded ag-ainst. The base was formed by 
lowering a huge ring of boiler iron, 15 feet hig'h and 60 ;ieet in 
diameter, to which plates raising- it to 33 feet were riveted. This 
cylinder was then pumped dry and filled with concrete, whose 
ag-gregate weight was 20,000 tons. Upon this was built a stone 
and iron tower, whose height above the water is 78V^ feet. Work 
could only be done in calm weather and during- the mild season 
of fiou3?- months. 

Stiite, Admission of. 

Anticipating- admission as a state, a convention to draft a 
state constitution was lield, which- completed its work June 24, 
1835, and the constitution was adopted . the . first Monday ' of 
October, 1835, and state officers elected. The, United States Con- 
gress did not agree to the boundaries which, the constitution 
provided, and on June 15, 1836, passed an act providing for the 
admission v/ith different boundaries, which were unacceptable 
to the people of Michigan, and the state was not fully and finally 
admitted with her present boundaries until January 26, 1837, be- 
coming the 26th state admitted to the union. 

It is, however, true that without specific congressional 
authority Michigan possessed a state government and a full set 
of state officers for nearly two and one-fourth years previous to 
such specific authority. This was an anomolous condition of 
affairs, such as has existed in connection with no other state. 
But in extenuation it may be said that under the ordinance of 
1787 the people had a right to a state government because there 
were 60,000 inhabitants. . ;,,f{ v-* '.;!.*,..-' 

1 f.w^iinalA JO tvState Adjutant General. 

This officer is appointed by the Governor with the approval 
of the senate for a term of two years or until his successor has 
qualified. His salary is $1,000. All orders of the commander-in- 
chief are promulgated by him, and all communications of a mil- 
itary character, to the comimander-in-chief, are transmitted 
through his office. All pay rolls of state troops for encampment 
are required to be in duplicate and he extends them in amount 
and delivers them to the -quartermaster-general. Muster rolls, 
reports and returns of state troops are filed in his office, and all 
discharges from state service or coijarnissions therein are issued 
by, him. , v rv.- :|-Tnv/ --nT .■^:'ii-' 

State Advisory' Pai'd^n 'Board. 

Ji\ ■ ■ 

1-. This consists of four members appointed by the Governor 
for terms of four years each. The terms of the original members 
were such that now two members are appointed every two years. 
The board holds its sessions when and where occasion may re- 
quire and has full power to send for persons and papers in the 
prosecution of its work. The entire period of all the sessions of 
the board must not exceed six months in any two years. Mem- 
bers are paid $5 per day while in the actual discharge of theipj 
du,t|eg; , g^d al so ^ necessary expenses. 

-^affiii HA State Agrricnltnral Society. 

This society was incorporated by act of March 31, 1849, and 
by act of 1879 is authorized to hold property to the value of 
$100,000. It has held an annual fair every year except in 1893, and 
distributes many thousands of dollars in premiums, but has 
received no direct aid from the state, except the printing of its 
annual reports. 

264. 



state AgricTiItTiral College. 

The, State Agricultural College, consisting of 55 buildings, sit- 
.Ui^ted on a farm of 676 acres, is located three miles east of .Lan- 
sing. It was established Feb. 12, 1855, the Legislature appropriat- 
ing 22 sections of salt spring lands, the money from the sale 
thereof to be used for the purchase of a site and land for farm. 
.1 ; The legislature of 1857 appropriated $40,000 for the erection of 
fbuildings, and at each session since, sums have been appropri- 
ated, so that the present value, $478,714.40, represents about the 
first cost. The sources of inpom^rof • the Agricultural College 
are: Interest paid by state on fund derived from sale of 240,000 
acres of land granted by the ; general government in 1862 (the 
total amount of the fund on June 30, 1899, wap $725,843.81); ap- 
propriation from U. S. treasury in 1890; Hatch experijnent sta- 
tion act, for experimental work, $15,000 per annum; receipts from 
farm, garden arid stu(;lents' fees. The number of instructors 
during the year 1899 was 47; number of students, 625; number of 
graduates, 23; nunnber of volumes in library, 21,000; number added 
during the year, 500; cost of annual tuition per student, $15 to nour 
residents; average cost of board per week, , $1.7S to $2.25; total 
average cost (per student) to stvident. $1.25 to $1.75; to-state, 80 
cents; value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc.. 
$620,000; legislative appropriation, 1898, $11,000; amount of pro- 
ductive funds. $850,000; income from productive funds, $59,000.00; 
receipts during year from tuition fees, $275; receipts from all 
other sources, $55,321.19; current expenses during year 1899, 
$106,256.98. 

See State Board 'Df Agriculture. 

. ^ ■.']■''.. ' 

. . r Siiiite Asyliiiiis. 

The MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE Is located at 
Kalamazoo. It was built under act passed in 1848', at a cost 
of $511,889.37, and was first opened for patients April 3. 1859. The 
asylum consists of nine buildings, occupying a tract of land, con- 
taining 853 acres. The value of all the property in 1899 was 
$1,063, 804.S0; the number o,f patients for the year ending June 30. 
1900, was, males 699, females 702. The total receipts for biennial 
period ending June 30, 1900, were $497,539.27, - and the disburse- 
ments were $502,691.36. There are eight medical attendants and 
274 employees. The asylum is governed by a board of six trustees 
appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, two being- 
appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual 
expanses while in' the performance of their duties. •■• ' 

The MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR INSANE CRIMIN'jILS. is 
located at Ionia,, and was organized in May, 1885. Its name .was 
changed to State Asylum in 1899. It consists of five buildings, 
occupying 132 acres of land. Its first cost was $83,283.29; and the 
present value of the property is $249,514.53; the number of patients 
June 30, 1900, was, male 256, female 41; receipts from main- 
tenanoe of patients for biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were 
$79,581.36; other receipts, including appropriations, $33,456.90: 
Balance on hand Jxme 30, 1900, $4,706.93. There are two medical 
attendants and 46 employees. The asylum is governed by a 
board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the 
approval of the senate for terms of six years each,, one trustee 
being appointed every two years. They are paid only for actual 
expenses while in the performance of their duties. 

265 



The NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANp: 
is located at Traverse City and received its first patient No- 
vember 30, 1885. The property consists of 15 buildings, occupying 
a tract df land containing 588 acres. Its first cost was $522,430. 6S 
and present value is $787,498.05; the number of patients during the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, was, males 585, females 465. Total 
receipts from all sources for biennial period ending June 30, 1900, 
were $420,078.96, the disbursements for fiscal year ending June 30. 
1900, were $224,083.94. There are six medical attendants and 233 
employees. The asylum is governed by a board of six trustees 
appointed by the Governor for terms of six y«ars each, two being 
appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual 
and reasonable expenses while in the performance of duty. 

The EASTERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE 
is located at Pontiac and consists of 18 buildings, occupying a 
tract of 440 acres. It was first opened for patients August 1, 
1878. Its first cost was $467,000, and present valuation is $937,927.82, 
the number of patients for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, 
were, males, 543, females 521; the expenses for the fiscal j^ear 
ending same time were $192,573.17; the receipts for the year ending 
same time were $203,439.45. There are seven medical attendants and 
200 employees at the asylum. The asylum is governed by a board 
of six trustees appointed by the Governor for terms of six years 
each, two being appointed every two years. They are paid their 
actual and reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of 
their duties. See also "State Hospital for the Insane," and 
"State Home for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic." 

State Attorney General. 

This office is required to prosecute and defend all actions in 
the supreme court in which the state shall be interested, and 
when requested by the Governor, any state officer, or the legis- 
lature, he is required to appear for the people in any court or 
tribunal in any matter, civil or criminal, in which the state or 
any department of the government may be interested. He i.s 
required to give opinions on questions submitted to him by the 
legislature, the Governor, or any state officer. He is bound to 
consult with and advise prosecuting attorneys when requested 
in all matters pertaining to the duties of their offices. He is 
elected at the regular state election for two years and has a 
salary of $800. ' '--'•'■■ 

State Auditor General. • 

This officer keeps the state accounts and examines and 
liquidates certain claims against the state, draws warrants on 
the state treasurer therefor; examines, adjusts and settles 
claims in favor of the state; examines state treasurer's accounts 
monthly, and countersigns receipts of state treasurer. He is a 
member of the state board of equalization, the board of fund 
commissioners, the board of review for the assessment and taxa- 
tion of telegraph and telephone lines, the board of escheats, and 
board of control of Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship Canal. 
He estimates and charges specific taxes on corporations and 
issues warrants for collection thereof if not paid. He appor- 
tions state taxes and transmits apportionments to clerks of 
boards of supervisors. He is elected at the regular state election 
for a term of two years, and his salary is $2,000. 

State Board of Agrricnlture. 

This board consists of six persons besides the Governor and 
the President of the Agricultural College. Two members are 
appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate 

266 



every two years. They are paid their expenses only, but may 
appoint a secretary, who is paid $1,000 per year. They have 
special charge of the Agricultural College, and it is the duty of 
the secretary to further all interests connected with agricultural 
pursuits and preserve all documents and records pertaining 
thereto. 

State Board, of Assessors. 

The Board of State Tax Commissioners, ex-officio, consti- 
tutes a Board of Assessors for taxing the property of all rail- 
road, express, depot and fast freight companies operating in the 
State. 

' They elect their chairman from their number and the sec- 
ffetary of the Board of Tax Commissioners is their secretary 
without extra compensation. The board may, however, employ 
additional clerks, the salary of no one of which can exceed $1,000. 

This board may subpoena individuals or firms having prop- 
erty to be assessed by the board, and also has the right to ex- 
amine the books of such firm or individual. Reports enumerat- 
ing taxable property and its cash value must be made annually 
between June 1st and 30th by the companies to be taxed, and on 
receipt of such reports and prior to December 15th, this board 
prepares an assessment roll on the basis of the cash value of 
the taxable property as it stood on the second Monday of April. 

On the third Monday of December in eaCTi year this board 
meets to review their assessment roll and they continue in 
session if necessary until January 15th following. During this 
time any railroad, express or like company may appear before 
the board and object to their assessment and if the board see 
fit they may correct such assessment. 

This board also receives from County Clerks reports of all 
assessments, etc., equalized by the various Boards of Super- 
visors, and from Supervisors or assessing officers direct, reports 
of assessments not equalized by said Boards of Supervisors — 
which reports must be in by November 1st of each year. As 
soon after as possible, and before December 15th following, the 
Board of Assessors must "determine the average rate of taxa- 
tion for the then current year levied upon other property upon 
which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, town- 
ship and municipal purposes." 

This board must tax the property of the several companies 
as assessed by it at the rate determined by it, and the assess- 
ment roll is then delivered to the Auditor-General, who must 
immediately notify by registered mail the several companies to 
pay the tax to the State Treasurer on or before the 1st day of 
March following. All such taxes not paid before April 1st bear 
interest at 1 per cent per month, and constitute a lien on the 
property taxed, and the Auditor-General after legal process 
may levy the tax by sale of the property on which the tax is 
not paid. 

All taxes collected from railroad, express, depot and fast 
freight companies are applied in paying the interest on the 
primary school, university and other educational funds, and the 
interest and principal of the State debt in the order named, ex- 
cepting that so much as is paid by corporations which were not 
paying specific taxes on November 6, 1901, becomes a part of 
the general fund of the State. 

^"'/ ^r* state Board of Auditors. 

This board consists of the secretary of state, state treasurer, 
and commissioner of the state land office, who must examine 



and adjust all claims against the state not otherwise provided 
tor by general law. They also constitute the board of state 
canvassers and their determination in matters over which they 
have jurisdiction is final and not subject to supervision or inter- 
ference by the courts. They meet on the last Wednesday of 
each month. Salary of each member is $1,800. 

State Boa.rtl of Canvassers. 

This consists of the secretary of state, state treasurer, 
and commissioner of the state land office, who meet to canvass 
votes for other than presidential electors, on or before Decem- 
ber 15th, after a general election, and within forty days after 
a special election; to canvass votes for electors, on Wednesday 
next after third Monday of November, to canvass votes on 
constitutional amendment or banking law, on or before twenti- 
eth of month next after electioh. 

State Board of C3iarities and Corrections. 

This board consists of four persons appointed by the Gov- 
ernor With the approval of the senate, the Governor being ex- 
officio a member of the board. Members are appointed for 
terms of eight years, one being appointed every two years. 
They receive no salary, but are paid actual expenses. They 
appoint a secretary and determine his salary; he resides at 
Lansing and devotes his whole time to the duties of the office. 
The entire yearly expense of the board is limited to $5,000. 

It is the board's duty to visit at least once a year the state 
penal, reformatory and charitable institutions. The estimates 
of the several boards of control of these institutions are sub- 
mitted to this board every two years, in order that it may 
report them. The board or secretary is also required to visit 
every county jail and poor-house at least once a year and to 
report to the boards of supervisors and sriperintendents of the 
poor as to the conditions, needs and management of these insti- 
tutions. 

The board also appoints a county agent in each county to 
report upon and advise with court officers as to all boys under 
16 or girls under 17 who are charged with offences of any sort. 

State Hoard of Control of S-vramp Land Roads. 

This board consists of the Governor, secretary of state, 
auditor general, state treasurer, attorney general, and com- 
missioner of state land office. They have general care of the 
surveying, improving and constructing of the state swamp land 
roads. 

State Boards of Control for State Institutions. 

There are eight different state boards of control with from 
three to six members each for the following state institutions: 
State prison, state house of correction and reformatory, state 
house of correction and branch of state prison, state public 
school, state industrial home for girls, Michigan home for fee- 
ble-minded, Michigan school for the blind, Michig-an college of 
mines. 

See under the above heads and also^ state boards of trustees; 

State Board of Edncation. , 

This board has charge of the state normal schools, prescribes 
the course of study and examines and approves under the law 
text books for the public schools on physiology and hygiene. 
The board consists of the superintendent of public instruction 

268 



and three other persons, no two of whose terms expire the 
same year, so that one member of the board is elected at each 
reg-ular state election for a term of six years. Members are 
paid $3 per day for time actually spent and also their necessary 
expenses. 

State Board of Ea^aliaiatloli. 

This consists of the lieutenant governor, auditor general, 
secretary of state, state treasurer, and commissioner of the 
state land office. Regular meetings are held on the third Mon- 
day of August, in every fifth year after 1896. The lieutenant- 
governor is the only member that receives compensation, which 
is $3 per day and mileage of ten cents per mile each way to 
and from Lansing. Their duties are to equalize the valuations 
returned by the several counties for purposes of taxation, and 
thus determine the agg'regate valuation on which the Auditor- 
General fixes the tax rate. 

State Boar«l of Kxamination for Barbers. 

This is composed of three members appointed by the 
Governor for terms of three years each, one being appointed an- 
nually. The member whose tei-m expires soonest is president, 
the one whose term shall next expire is treasurer, and the one 
having the longest term to serve is secretary; its powers and 
duties are to examine into the ability and knowledge of barbers 
and grant certificates entitling them to practice. The board is 
required to meet four times a year, at least one meeting to be 
held in the Upper Peninsula. They are allowed their actual 
expenses, but no salary. The license fee for those who have 
not been practicing in the State for twO' years'is' $5. For' those 
who have been practicing two years, $1, and to all persons 
following this employment, fifty cents per year afterwards. 

State Board of Exaiuiners in. Dentistry.. T'.' iiOUi\< 

This consists of three members appointed by the GT)V- 
ernor for terms of three years each. The terms of the original 
appointees were such that now one member is appointed annu- 
ally. The member having one year to serve is president, the 
one having two years, treasurer, and the one having three 
years, secretary. They are paid $3 per day each for services. 
All fees in excess of $100, which their treasurer may hold, are to 
b€ paid to the state treasurer. ^ .' 

State Board of Pisli ComniiSsi^iners. 

This' board consists of three persons appointed by the Gov- 
ernor for terms of six years each and until their successors are 
appointed. They are allowed expenses and ha,ve power to ap- 
point a superintendent at a salary not to exceed $1,200 per year. 
They have general supervision of the state flsli hatcheries 
and of' the interests therewith connected. Their office is at 
Detroit. . .' ' ■■■'■',' % : 

State BoaiTd, of Forestry. C©m.ni,isj*ionertB.'^ - 

This is composed of three members, one of whom is com- 
missioner of the state land office; the remaining members ai^e 
appointed by the Governor, with th6 approval of the senate, 
for terms of four years each. The terms of the original mem- 
bers were such that now one member is appointed every two 
years. The board's duty is to inquire into the condition of all 

269 



timber and swamp lands of the state and suggest means for 
preserving and improving the same. They are paid no salary 
but are allowed traveling and necessary expenses. 

State Board of Fund Coniiuissioners. 

The Governor, auditor general and state treasurer constitute 
the state board of fund commissioners to invest any surplus 
funds of the state. 

State Board of Geological Sur-vey. 

The Governor, superintendent of public instruction, and 
president of state board of education constitute a board of con- 
trol with regard to the geological survey of the state. The 
state geologist is appointed, and his salary fixed, by this board. 

State Board of Health. 

This board consists of six persons appointed by the Gov- 
ernor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years 
each, two members being appointed every two years. They 
serve without pay, but their traveling and necessary expenses 
while engaged in the duties of office are defrayed. They may 
expend not to exceed $4,000 per year to cover salary of a secre- 
tary and all other expenses. They regulate all things that are 
a menace to health, suggest methods of prevention, procure 
the appointment of local health officers and issue bulletins of 
warning and"" of information in time of epidemics, and also 
tabulate and print tables received from local officials. 

State Board of liaw Examiners. 

This consists of five members appointed by the Governor 
for terms of five years each, one being appointed every year. 
They meet at the capitol twice each year and at other times 
and places as directed by the Supreme Court to examine candi- 
dates for and grant certificates of admission to the bar of the 
State. Three of said members constitute a quorum, and each 
receives a compensation of ten dollars a day for actual time 
engaged. Fees for examination must not exceed ten dollars. 

State Board of Library Commissioners. 

This is composed of four members, with the state librarian 
ex-officio a member. Appointments are made by the Governor 
for four years, but the terms of the original members were 
such that now two are appointed every two years. It is the 
board's duty to counsel and advise with all "free librarians" in 
the state as to the best ways of establishing and maintaining 
such libraries. The members are paid no salary, but may 
appoint one of their number secretary at a salary' of $300 to be 
paid by Uie state. 

State Board of Mackinac Island Park Commissioners. 

This commission was created in 1S95 to care for the old fort 
and grounds on Mackinac Island, which were granted to the 
State for a park by the United States on March 2nd, 1895. The 
commission consists of five persons appointed by the Governor 
for terms of ten years each, one being appointed every two 
years. The members serve without compensation, but are allowed 
actual expenses for one week in each j-ear to be paid together 
with all expenses for care of grounds, etc., out of funds derived 
from leases for sites for summer cottages or other privileges. 
They employ a superintendent who resides on the island and 
who will give any desired information. 

270 



state Boai'd of Managers of Soldiers' Home. 

This board consists of six persons appointed by the Gov- 
ernor with the approval of the senate, two members being ap- 
pointed every two years for terms of six years each. Members 
are paid $3 per day for time actually spent and also their neces- 
sary expenses. See Michigan Soldiers' Home. 

State Board oE Pliariuacy. 

This consists of five members appointed by the Governor, 
for terms of five years each, one member being appointed annu- 
ally. The president and secretary are elected by the board from 
its own members for a term of one year. The secretary and 
treasurer receive a salary fixed by the board, and their traveling 
and other expenses incurred in the performance of their official 
duties. The other members receive three dollars for each day 
actually engaged in this service, and all legitimate and neces- 
sary expenses incurred in the performance of their official duties. 

It is the duty of the board to examine all applications for 
registration, submitted in proper form; to- grant certificates of 
registration to such persons as may be entitled to the same 
under the law, and to investigate complaints and cause the 
prosecution of all persons violating its provisions. The meet- 
ings of the board are held on the first Tuesdays of March, July 
and November. The fee for registering those wjio have been 
licensed by any other Board of Pharmacy is $2. For original 
licenses it is $3, and for all after the first year, $1 annually. 

State Board of Railroad Consolidations. 

The attorney general, commissioner of railroads and secre- 
tary of state constitute a board to decide on the constitutional- 
ity and permissibility of all proposed railroad consolidations. 

State Board of Railroad Crossingrs. 

This board consists of the attorney .general, secretary of 
state, and commissioner of railroads, and is required to deter- 
mine the manner in which railroad crossings shall be made, 
whether at grade or otherwise, and what safeguards shall be pro- 
vided by the company to protect against accidents. The board 
shall approve of the map of the route proposed within 30 days or 
file in the office of the commissioner of railroads, written reasons 
for the disapproval of the map, and serve a copy of said reasons 
upon said company. Two of said board, of which the commis- 
•sioner of railroads shall be one, shall constitute a quorum. 

State Board to Regnlate Hoi'seslioeins. 

This is composed of one veterinary surgeon, two master 
horseshoers, and two journeymen horseshoers, appointed by 
the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, 
for terms of five years each. The terms of office of the original 
members were such that now one member is appointed each 
year. Its powers and duties are to examine those who follow 
the business of horseshoeing and to grant certificates of regis- 
tration to such persons. The members of this board receive $3 
per day and their traveling expenses while in the discharge of 
their duties. Recipients of certificates from this board are re- 
quired to pay $3- The excess of fees received over expenses of 
the board is to be paid to the state treasurer. 

271 



state" Board of Regents of University. 

The University of Michigan is governed by a board of eight 
regents, who are elected for terms of eight years each; two are 
elected every two years at the spring election. They Herve 
without pay. See State University. "X \.'-y^'i =yi- 

State Board of Reg^istration in Medicine. 

This consists of ten resident freehQljders appointed by 
the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate. 
The terms of the original members were such that now five 
members are appointed every two years for a term of four years. 
The different schools must be represented as follows: Regular, 
not more than five; homeopathic, two; eclectic, two; physio- 
medical, one. Persons appointed must be learned in the pro- 
fession of medicine, and recognized graduates of reputable 
colleges, having had six years' practical experience. Their 
duties are to examine certificates of qualification of all prac- 
titioners and to issue certificates of registration. Their secre- 
tary receives a salary and the members of the board are allowed 
their traveling and hotel expenses. Applicants for registration 
who possess a license issued by any foreign nation pay a fee 
of $25. Those presenting certificates from any other state, and 
all who pass examination in this state pay a fee of $10. 

State Board of ReviCTr for Assessment oE Telegrrapli and 
Teleplione Companies. . ' '•'/ 

The auditor general, the state treasurer, and the commis- 
sioner of the state land office constitute this board and meet 
in July of each year to assess such property and determine the 
rate of tax. They are allowed $3 per day for time actually 
spent in this duty. 

State Board of Tax Commissioners. 

The board consists of five resident free-holders, appointed 
by the Governor, with the consent of the senate. Each member 
appointed after the expiration of the terms of the first appointees 
serves six years. The board maj' elect a secretary at not to ex- 
ceed $2,000 salary. Members of the board receive a salarj^ of $2,500 
each. The board is given access to all books or documents on 
file or of record in the state, counties, townships and muni- 
cipalities, has the right to subpoena witnesses, and it Is their 
duty to exercise general supervision over the supervisors and 
other assessing officers of the state, and to take such measures 
as that all properties in the state liable to assessment for taxa- 
ation shall be placed on the assessment rolls and assessed at 
their actual cash value. 

State Board of Trustees for Esclieated Property. 

The auditor general, state treasurer and secretary of state 
are made a board of trustees for the general care of all propertj^ 
left without any legal claimant. 

State Boards of Trustees for State Institutions. 

There are seven different state boards of trustees with from 
three to six members each for the following state institutions: 
Michigan Asylum for Insane, Michigan Asylum, Eastern Mich- 
igan Asylum, Northern Michigan Hospital for the Insane, Mich- 
igan Industrial School for Boys, Michigan School for the Deaf, 
Michigan State Asylum. See under these heads and also State 
Boards of Control. 

272 




) io noUiaVuo State Boundary. ,^ y^i^hnu,.' 

p. Thef 'History of the legislation in regard -ta the -boundaries ox 
the Territory and the State of Michigan is a history of alternate 
enlargement and contraction of her possessions. . , ^ 

At the time of the creation of the State of Ohio by Congress 
in 1802, the north boundary was fixed as a line due east and 
west "through to the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, b 
•> When the Ohio constitutional convention met to f rame .^ 
State Constitution it was believed that a due east and w«st 
line from the southern end of Lake Michigan would not inter- 
sect the head of Lake Erie and include Maumee Bay, and the 
convention sought to have the boundary so described as that 
in any event the most northerly cape of Maumiee Bay would 
be included in Ohio, but Congress refused to accept the propo- 
Bition. •' '-^■^'^i 

When the Territory of Michigan was formed in 1806, / aM 
from that time to the passage of the Law of April 30, 1836, the 
Hne was left undisturbed and the region in dispute was admit- 
tedly under the jurisdiction of and a part of the Territory of 
Michigan. ' : _^ • 

, The region was not deemed of surpassing value, but Ohio 
greatly desired a larger lake coast and made such a struggle 
■for the strip in question that Congress in the Law admitting 
;Michigan into the Union insisted that assent be givefa to. the 
claim of Ohio. '■■ ^'''t ''• 

It will be remembered that when the Territory of Michigan 
was created in 1805, it did not include all of what is now knoA?m 
as the Upper Peninsula, but practically only that portion lyiug 
east of a line extended north from the upper end ot Green Ba.y. 
;Subsequently, by laws of 1818 and 1834, other territory west of 
that line was temporarily added, including not only the entire 
\ Upper Peninsula, but also much other western territory. 

Certain of the inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula began to 
be restless because of their then seemingly interminable dis- 
tance from Detroit, and several propositions were made, for 
organizing that region into a territory by the .name Of MuroJi 
or Chippewa. 1 . i . rf-; 

I) Meantime many of the people in the Lower Peninsula becanie 
increasingly desirous of settling the boundary difficulties and 
securing admission as a State. ■ 

: The anticipated reception of a portion of the surplus revenue 
that the Government was proposing to distribute among the 
states accelerated action and finally, as a sort of a quid pro quo, 
a law was agreed upon and passed by Congress, which gave to 
Michigan all of the Upper Peninsula, as we now know it, In Ueu 
of the strip of land claimed by Ohio. i '/ini 

The territory disputed by Ohio was about five miles wid'e 
on the western end and eight miles on the eastern. It was some 
sixty-six miles in length along the present Counties of. Hills- 
dale, Lenawee and Monroe. An armed controversy over the 
question took place in the fall of 1835. See Toledo War.- ' 

On March 18, 1836, a public meeting was held in Detroit to 
protest against permitting Ohio to possess the territory in dis- 
pute. All protests against the curtailing of the southern 
boundary were, however, unavailing; and on June 15, 1836, Con- 
gress passed an Act admitting Michigan as a State, provided 
she would accept of boundaries which gave the disputed terri- 
tory to Ohio. A few days later, on June 23, Congress passed 
another Act, accepting the proposed constitution of the con- 
vention of 1835, with some modifications, which, denied to Mich- 

273 



igan the boundary she claimed. This last proposition of Con- 
gress occasioned much controversy, agitating the public mind 
all through 1836. Finally the Legislature of Michigan Territory, 
by Act of July 20, 1836, provided for the election of delegates to 
a convention, which was to be assembled to settle the question. 

The convention met at Ann Arbor September 26, 1836, and 
decided against accepting admission with the boundary as pro- 
posed by Congress. On November 14 following, the Democratic 
Wayne County Committee issued a circular, recommending the 
holding of another convention at Ann Arbor on December 14. 
They urged that the people of the State elect delegates to such 
a convention, saying that, although the vote of the Washtenaw 
County delegates defeated the acceptance of the proposition of 
Congress, the people of that county had since then elected mem- 
bers of the Legislature who were in favor of accepting the terms 
of Congress. Governor Mason favored the proposed convention 
and it was accordingly held. As no Legislative action had pro- 
vided for this convention, many people refused to participate in 
the election of delegates, and because of.- these facts it was popu- 
larly designated as the "Frost-bitten convention." It, however, 
unanimously resolved to accept the prescribed conditions of ad- 
mission; the validity of its action was recognized by Congress, 
and on January 26, 1837, the State was, by a new Act, formally 
admitted to the Union. Under this Act the state boundary is 
as follows: 

Commencing at a point on the eastern boundary line of the 
State of Indiana, where a direct line drawn from the southern 
extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape of the 
Maumee Bay shall intersect the same, said point being the 
northwest corner of the State of Ohio; thence with the said 
boundary line of the State of Ohio, till it intersects the boundary 
line between the United States and Canada in Lake Ei'ie, thence 
with said boundary line between the United States and Canada 
through the Detroit Kiver, Lake Huron and Lake Superior; 
thence in a direct line through Lake Superior to the mouth of 
the Montreal River; thence through the middle of the main 
channel of the said River Montreal to the head waters thereof; 
thence in a direct line to the. center of the channel between 
Middle and South Islands in the Lake of the Desert; thence in 
a direct line to the southern shore of Lake Brule; thence along 
said southern shore and down the River Brule to the main 
channel of the Menominee River, thence down the center of the 
main channel of the same to the center of the most usual ships 
channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan; thence through the 
center of the most usual ship channel of the said bay to the 
middle of Lake Michigan; thence through the middle of Lake 
Michigan to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana; 
thence due east with the north boundary line of the said State 
of Indiana to the northeast corner thereof; and thence south 
with the eastern boundarj'^ line of Indiana to the place of 
beginning. 

State Bureau of Statistics of Ijabor. 

This is composed of the conamissioner of labor, the deputy 
commissioner of labor and the secretary of state. It is their 
duty to collect, systematize and publish statistical details on 
any and every subject connected with the interests of labor 
in the state. They have power to compel the attendance of 
and examine witnesses, and it is made the duty of officials gen- 
erally to aid them in collecting facts bearing on laboj questions. 

274 



state Capitol. 

See "Capitol Buildings." 

State Census. 

,', See "Population of State." 

State Collegre of Mines. 

The Michig-an College of Mines is one of the largest and fore- 
most schools of mining engineering in the country, and the only 
one which has a full and free elective system. The college is 
located at Houghton, in one of the richest mining districts in 
the world. The college was first opened to students September 
15, 1886. The property consists of fine buildings, equipment, 
library and five acres of ground, and its first cost was $135,000. 
Number of instructors, 1900, 18; number of students during year, 
121; graduates during year, 18; number of graduates since 
founding, 152; number of volumes in library, 15,000; number 
added during j^ear, 904; cost of annual tuition, resident stu- 
dents, $25; non-resident (of Michigan), $150; average cost of 
board per week, $4.50; total average annual cost per student (to 
student), resident, $400; non-resident, $525; total average annual 
cost per student to state, $381.91. Value of grounds, buildings, 
library, apparatus, etc., $287,603.86; legislative appropriation, 
1901, $43,750; receipts during year from tuition fees, $3,88,5; re- 
ceipts from other sources, $7,137; current expenses during year, 
$54,730. - 

This institution is governed by a board of control of six per- 
sons, who are appointed by the Governor, with the approval of 
the senate, for terms of six years each, two being appointed 
every two years. They serve without compensation, but are 
paid their actual expenses while^ in performance of duties. 

State Cognomens. 

See Cognomens of State. 

State Coniniissipnei* of Banking: Department. 

This ofllcer is required to supervise the business of banks 
and trust companies incorporated under the state law, to 
examine annually or semi-annually the cash, bills, collaterals 
or securities, books of account, condition and affairs of each 
bank under the law. He shall also ascertain whether the bank 
transacts its business in a place designated in the articles of 
incorporation, and whether its business is conducted in the 
manner prescribed by law. He is appointed by the Governor, with 
the approval of the senate, for a term of four years and has a 
jSalary of $2,500. 
T State Commissioner of Insurance. 

'-*' This officer is required to. ascertain, on the formation of a 
'iiew corripany, if the requirements of the act under which it 
seeks to become a corporation have been complied with, it is his 
duty to make frequent examinations into its condition, and 
in case of an insolvent concern to apply to the proper court for 
the appointment of a receiver, and the winding up of its affairs. 
He is appointed by the governor, with the approval of the 
senate, for a term of two years and. has a salary of $2,000. 

, State Commissioner of Labor. 

This officer, his deputy and the secretary :of state, together, 
constitute a bureau whose duty is to collect, systematize, print 
and present in an annual report to the Governor, all such sta 

275 



tistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Stati- 
as such bureau may be able to gather, accompanied by such 
recommendations relating thereto as shall be deemed proper. 
He and his deputy or persons appointed by him are required to 
inspect all factories, hotels or stores employing more than ten 
persons annually and present a report thereon to the Governor 
on or before Feb. 1st. He is appointed by the governor, with 
the approval of the senate, for a term of two years, and has a 
salary of $2,000. 

State Coinmissioner of Land Office. 

This officer has the general charge and management of all 
the lands belonging to the state, or in which the state has any 
interest, or which are held by the state in trust for any pur- 
pose; the selling, leasing, and general disposition of all the 
lands of the State; the custody of the original field notes and 
plats of survej's of the State. He receives the principal and 
interest on all lands sold by the State, and collects delinquent 
taxes on all part paid lands. He is the custodian of all books 
and papers relating to public lands; and keeps the records of 
sale and disposition of all public lands; he sends lists of lands sold 
by him to county treasurers for the purpose of assessment for 
taxation. He is elected at the riegular State election for a term 
C^. t^Q, years and has a salary of $800. 

State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics. 

This officer has supervision of the collection of statistics 
relative to the mineral resources of the State and the mining 
and smelting industries, and the collection of specimens for 
the state board of education. He is appointed by the Governor, 
with the approval of the senate, for a term of two years, and has 
a salary of $2,500. 

State Commissioner of Railroads. 

This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the 
consent and advice of the senate, and serves until his successor 
has qualified. It is his duty to examine into the condition 
of and management of the business of the railroads of the 
State, so far as the same relates to the interests of the 
public, and to ascertain whether such railroad companies 
and their officers and employes comply with the laws of 
the State. It is also his duty to require annual reports 
from all railroad companies doing business in the State on the 
first day of April of each year, showing their condition and 
traffic operations for the year ending on the 31st of December 
preceding; at least once each year to visit every county in the 
State having a railroad station within its limits, and to inspect 
and examine the tracks, bridges, buildings and other structures, 
so as to know that they are in a safe and effective condition 
a;nd, managed in accordance with the police regulations of the 
^^^j^. His salary is $2,500. 

State Compiled Laws. 

The latest edition of compiled laws embracing all state laws 
was issued in 1897 and consists of four volumes, the last being 
a verj' complete index. They can be obtained of the secretary 
of state, at Lansing on payment of $6. 

276 



state Constitutions. 

The first constitution was adopted by the State the first 
Monday of Octoben 1835, The second was adopted the first 
Tuesday of November, 1850, and became operative Jah-uary l§t-, 
1851. See also "State Constitution Amendments to." ■)'~'.' '-! 

State Constitution of 1835 Vs. Constitution of 1850. 

The chief points of difference between the Constitution of 
1835 and that of 1850 are as follows: By the Constitution of 1835, 
all judges and all State officers, except the Governor, and 
lieutenant-governor, were appointed, and . their salaries deter- 
mined, by the Legislature. The Constitution of 1850 made these 
officers elective, and fixed their salaries. The original Consti- 
tution provided that the Legislature might establish courts 
and appoint regents of the university; that of 1850 prescribed 
what .courts should be established, allowing only municipal 
courts to be created by the Legislature, and provided for the 
election of regents of the universitJ^ The Constitution of 1885 
provided for annual sessions of the Legislature; that of 1850, 
for biennial sessions. The one of 1835 prohibited the passage 
of laws for general corporate organizations, and authorized 
special charters; that of 1850 prescribed a course directly the 
reverse. The first constitution provided that private property 
might be taken for public use by allowing just compensation, 
and the powers of boards of supervisors were quite restricted. 
The Constitution of 1850 made more stringent provision as to 
taking private property for public use, and gave larger legis- 
lative power to boards of supervisors. The Constitution of 1835 
said nothing about the licensing of the sale of liquor; that of 
1850 prohibited the Legislature from authorizing licenses for 
its sale. ',, 

State Constitution, Amendments to • •< 

Proposed amendments to the State Constitution may origi- 
nate in either House of the State Legislature and, if agreed to by 
two-thirds of the members elected to each house, they may be 
submitted to electors at the next spring or fall election; if a 
majority of the votes cast are in favor of an amendment it 
becomes a part of the constitution and is operative at the com- 
mencement of the following year. < 

The constitution of 1S35 was amended three times, twice- to 
J843 and once in 1S44. In 1843, Art. II., Sec. 1, was amended t-o 
read "entitled to vote in township or ward," in place of "dis- 
trict, county or township." Wards were first created in 
Detroit in 1839. 

In the same year an entirely new section was added, re-- 
quiring that "Every law authoi'izing the issue of state stocks, 
whereby a debt shall be created' on the credit of the State, shall 
specify the object for which the money shall be appropriated; 
and that every such law shall embrace no more than one such 
object, which shall be simply and specifically stated, and that 
no such law shall take effect until it shall be submitted to the 
people at the next general election, and be approved by a 
majority of the votes cast for and against it at such election; 
that all money to be raised by the authority of such law be 
applied to the specific object stated in such law, and to no 
other purpose except the payment of such debt thereby created. 
This provision shall not extend to or apply to any law to raise 
money for defraying the actual eixpenses of the Lfegislat^j;^. 
the judicial and state officers, for suppressing insurrection, ,rei- 
peliing invasion, or defending the State -in. time; of war." /.'.;. 

277 



In 1S44, Art. IV., Sec. 4, was amended by striking out the 
words, "on the first day of November and on the following 
day," and inserting in their stead the words, "on the first Tues- 
day of November." 

Since 1850 thirty-eight amendments have been made as fol- 
lows: 

In 1860 five amendments, to wit: 

To Art. IV., Sec. 15, eliminating the restriction of 40 days as 
the limit of time for which Legislators might receive pay while 
in regular session, and providing that members from the Upper 
Peninsula may be paid $2 per day extra. 

To Art. IV., Sec. 28, changing the limit of time for the intro- 
duction of new bills into the Legislature from any time prior 
to the "last three days of a session" to "not after the first 50 
days of a session." 

To Art. IV., Sec. 33, omitting the obsolete provision for the 
meeting of the Legislature in January, 1861, and providing that 
the Legislature shall adjourn without day at such time as it may 
decide by concurrent resolution. 

To Art. XV., Sec. 3, making officers and stockholders of cor- 
porations liable not merely during the time of their holding 
office but during the "term" of their office, and also making 
them equally and ratioably responsible for the amount of their 
shares of stock in any corporation. 

To Art. XVIII., Sec. 2, providing that it shall not be neces- 
sary to call a jury when Commissioners of Highways in the dis- 
charge of their official duties appropriate private property. 

In 1862 seven amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. XII., adding a new section, i. e.. Sec. 8, giving the 
Governor power to examine into the manner of conducting any 
office and to remove from office for neglect of duty or corrupt 
conduct the Attorney General, State Treasurer, Commissioner of 
Land Office, Secretary of State, Auditor General, Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, members of the State Boai'd of Education, 
or any officer of the State except a legislative or judicial officer, 
and to appoint a successor for any unexpired term. 

To Art. XIII., Sec. 6, changing the phraseology concerning 
the election of the Board of Regents of the State IJniversity and 
providing for the election of eight Regents at the election of 1863, 
divided into such classes that the terms of two would expire 
every two years, in order that thereafter two Regents, would be 
elected every two years at the time of election of Judges of the 
Supreme Court, to hold office for eight years. 

To Art. XV., Sec. 1, giving the Legislature authority tc 
create, by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each 
House, a single bank with branches. 

To Art. XV., Sec. 2, making a slight change in phraseology 
and providing that no general banking law shall have effect 
until approved by a majority of the electors at a state election. 

To Art. XV., Sec. 4, providing that for "all banks organized 
under general law" the Legislature shall provide for a registry 
of their bills and notes, the object evidently being to protect the 
people from fraudulent bank Issues. 

To Art. XIX., Sec. 6, providing that elections for district, 
county and other officers in the Upper Peninsula shall be held 
on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, in- 
stead of the last Tuesday of September; also that the county 
canvass shall be on the first Monday thereafter and the district 
canvass on the third Monday of November, instead of on the 
first and last Tuesdays respectively, as before. 

278 



To Aft. XX,, Seic. 2, providing that amen dment6 to the con- 
stitution when adopted shall take effect at the commencement 
of the year after their adoption, and omitting the word "politi- 
cal" before the words "year after their adoption." 

In 1866 an amendment was made to Art. VII., Sec. 1, adding 
a provision that ia time of war, insurrection, or rebellion, a 
Qualified elector shall not be deprived of his vote by reason of 
'his absence from his place of residence, and giving the Legis- 
lature power to provide for the receiving and canvassing of tJie 
ballots of voters so absent. 

In 1870 four amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. IV., Sec. 3, striking out the word "white" and mak- 
ing other verbal changes so as to include colored persons in "the 
ectual number of inhabitants" which each Representative District 
p:just contain. All persons, except Indians who are members of 
tribes or are uncivilized, are how' counted. 

I , To Art. IV., Sec. 4, striking out the word ''white" and mak- 
ing other verbal changes, so that the Senate and Representative 
districts for the State Legislature should be based upon the 
same class and kinds of citizens provided for in Sec. 3. 

To Art. XVII., Sec. 1, striking out the word "white" so as to 
ipelude colored persons as part of the militia. 

Art. XIX-A, an entirely new article of two sections providing 
that' the Legislature may pass laws regulating passenger and 
freight traffic on railroads and prohibiting consolidation of rail- 
road stocks or property. 

In 1876 two amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. IV., striking out Sec. 47, which forbade the grant of 
license for the sale of intoxicating liquors. 

To Art. XX., Sec. 1, providing that proposed amendments to 
the constitution passed by the Legislature shall be submitted to 
voters at either the next spring or autumn election instead of 
only at the next general election as before. 

In 1881 three amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. VI., Sec. G, eliminating the number "eight," which 
restricted the number of Judicial Circuits in the State, givir,g 
the Legislature power to provide for 'more than one Judge in 
the Judicial Circuit, which included the City of Detroit, and 
authorizing the Board of Supervisors of Wayne County to 
grant additional compensation. 

To Art. VI., Sec. 12, eliminating the obsolete provision that 
the County Clerk should be clerk of the Supreme Court when it 
met in his county and providing that said court shall appoint its 
own clerk. ;,^ . , ■ 

To Art. XIII., Sec. :i^,, providing that libraries may be estab- 
lished by the Legislature in cities as well as townships, and 
that, unless otherwise ordered by the Township Board or Board 
of Education, the fines collected for infraction of penal laws 
shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libraries and 
that in no case m^y. such fines be diverted to other purposes 
than for schools or libraries. 

In 1882 one. amendment was made as follows: 

To Art. IX.,. Sec. 1, increasing the salary of Circuit Judges 
from $1,500 to $2,500 per year. 

In 1884 on*^ amendment was made as follows: 

To Art. VIj, Sec. 6,. granting the Boards of Supervisors of 
the Upper Peninsula, power to allow additional pay to Circuit 
Judges above the $1,000 provided for in Art. XIX., Sec. 5. < 

In 1888 one amendment was made as follows* 

279 



To Art. VI., Sec. 6, giving the Legislature power to provide 
for more than one judge in the Judicial Circuit, which includes 
the City of Saginaw, and to authorize the Board of Super- 
visors o'f Saginaw County to grant additional compensation to 
judges of said courts, 
' In 1889 two amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. IX., Sec. 1, increasing the Governor's salary from 
ll.aOO to $4,000; Judges of Circuit Court, from $1,500 to $2,500; and 
striking out the provision for the Auditor General's salary of 
11,000. 

To Art. XV., Sec. 10, authorizing the Legislature to provide 
by general law for the extension of the life of corporations for 
one or more periods of 30 years each. 

In 1893 three amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. VI., Sec. 8, providing that the jurisdiction of Circuit 
Courts should be extended to include "all such other cases and 
matters as the Supreme Court shall by rule prescribe." 

To Art. IX. Adding a new section to be known as Sec. 49, 
which gives the Legislature power to provide for a board of 
five commissioners, whose duty is to lay out county and town- 
ship roads, and to authorize a tax of $1,000 a, year for such 
purposes. 

To Art. XIV., Sec. 9, giving the Legislature power to auth- 
orize Grand Rapids to issue bonds to improve Grand River. 

In 1894 two amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. VII., Sec. 1. striking out the word "white" before 
"male inhabitant" in the sentence defining who may vote, to 
make the article harmonize with previous amendments, and pro- 
viding for the suffrage of foreign born males who have resided 
in the State 2 years and 6 months prior to Nov. S, 1894, and have 
declared their intention to become citizens of the United States 
2 years and 6 months prior to said date; also providing that an 
elector must have resided in the State six months instead of 
three, and in the township or ward where he proposes to vote 
twenty daj'S instead of ten as formerly, before election; also 
providing that anyone in the service of the United States or 
State army or navy during time of war shall not be deprived of 
his vote, and that the Legislature shall provide the opportunity 
to such persons and have such votes canvassed and returned. 

To Art. VII., Sec. 5, providing that honorably discharged sol- 
diers, sailors and marines who have served in the militarj^ or 
naval forces of the United States or of the State, who reside in 
the Soldiers' Home may acquire a residence at such home and 
thereby a place to vote. 

In 1S&9 two amendments were made as follows: 

To Art. IV., by adding a new section, i. e.. Sec. 49, giving the 
Legislature general power to lay out and improve highways and 
bridges in counties and townships, to levy taxes for same and 
to change or do away with powers of township highway officers; 
also power to prescribe powers and duties of Supervisors as to 
highways: and providing that no count}' shall incur an indebt- 
edness of more than three per cent of its valuation and that no 
countj- road system provided by law shall go into operation un- 
til approved by a majoi'ity vote of the electors of the county. 

To Art. VI.. Sec. 6, giving the Legislature authority to pro- 
vide for the election of more than one Circuit Judge in each of 
the Judicial Circuits in which the city of Detroit and the coun- 
ties of Kent and St. Clair, and authorizing Boards of Supervisors 
of said counties to grant additional salary to the Circuit Judge 
or Judges in said counties. 

2S0 



In 1900 two amendments were made as follows: 

To Art XI ^7"., Sec. 11, adding- a proviso that the Legislature 
shall provide an uniform rate of taxation for property paying 
specific taxes, to be determined and assessed by a State. Board 
o"f A.ssGSSors ' ' . -i . i'l* 

To Art. XIX., Sec. 13. by substituting the year 1901 for im 
in the phrase, "1851 and every five years thereafter," wli^lch 
fixed the time at which the equalization of assessments is made 
by the State Board of Equalization, and adding a provision that 
such equalization may also be made at such other times as the 
Legislature mrjy direct. 

^-'; In addition to the above amendments, other changes in the 
constitution, for which specific provision was made in thiie, 
constitution, ■ have been enacted. These are as follows: ',1 

Art. "VI., See. 2 was amended by law of Feb. 5, 1887, whicli' 
provided for five Justices of the Supreme Court instead of four 
and made their terms of office ten years instead of eight. 

Art. XIX., Sees. 1, 2 and 3 .have been amended in accordance 
with provisions of schedule 2(5, appended to Art. XX. A law 
of March 19, 1863 abolished the office of District Judge of the 
Upper Peninsula, and a law of March 15, 1865, abolished the 
Office of District Attorney of the Upper Peninsula. 

, - . < .1 
State Constitiitioit, ReTiision of 

This question is required to be submitted to tbe^VOt^iS pf 
the State every sixteenth year after 1898. ...<.}■>. r.>)..'ijj..." 

State Court of Mediation and Avbitl'atioili ' ' " 

This court is composed of three persons who serve for three 
years each, one being appointed annually by the Governor. 
They are paid $5 per day for time actually employed. The object 
of the court is to settle disputes and grievances between em-, 
ployers and employees. The members appoint one of themselves 
clerk, who is paid a. salary of $1,200.; The office is at Lansing. 
Disputes between employers and employed must be submitted 
in writing to the court, whereiipon an investigation of , the mat- 
ter is made by the court and a decision rendered. In case of 
strikes or lock-outs the court sits and makes its investigation 
^l^^eji^uch strike or lock-out ma,y occur. ^ 

5' ' ' ' State Dairy and Food Commissioiier. 

'. This officer is appointed by the Governor for a term of, tw,o, 
j^ears, and it is his duty to caremlly enquire into the quality- 
o'f the dairy and food and drink products, and of the several 
articles, which are the necessary constituents of food, which 
are offered for pale in the State. He must also examine, and 
test canned goods of all kinds, syjjups, vinegar, spices, extracts,. 
baking powder, and candy. He is also specially, charged w-it.h 
the duty of inspecting all cheese factories and all the varaous 
dairy products at their centers of distribution. He issues every 
month many thousands of bulletins giving the results of' his 
inspections. His office is at Lansing, and his slaary $1,200.- 

State Debt. 

The State is practically free from debt, and it ig prohibited 
by its Constitution from borrowing money in excess of $50,000, 
except in time of war. ; ' 

The State is indebted to various State "trust funds,!' to the 
amount of $6,120,003:56, but this is not properly d debt' as these 

281 



funds are composed of the sums realized from the sale of the lands 
granted for educational purposes. The proceeds of these sales 
have been expended by the State as received, and their amounts 
have been placed to the credit of five different funds, whose 
inviolability is guaranteed in the constitution, and upon which 
the State, as trustee of the institutions to which the grants 
were made, is compelled by the constitution to pay interest an- 
nually at a fixed rate. 

For the regular payment of the interest upon these funds 
the constitution of the State makes ample provision by declar- 
ing that all the "specific State taxes, except those received from 
the mining companies of the upper peninsula, shall be applied 
in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and 
educational funds, and the principal and interest of any State 
debt." 

State Flo^ver. 

By act of 1897, the apple blossom was formally adopted as 
the State Flower. 

.^•^1 1 ' State Game and. Fisli "Wardea. 

This officer must enforce the laws relative to the preserva- 
tion of birds, game, and fish, and may arrest without warrant 
any person caught by him violating the game laws of the State. 
He may appoint ten deputies. Not to exceed three residents in 
each county may be appointed by him as county game and fish 
wardens, whose salary shall be fixed by the boards of super- 
visors. His salary is $2,000 and he is appointed by the governor 
for a term of four years. 

State Governor. 

This officer is the principal executive officer of the State and 
comma,nder-in-chief of the military forces. He may convene 
the Legislature in extraordinary session, grant reprieves, par- 
dons and commutations of sentence; demand fugitives from 
justice from the executive of any other State or Territory, and 
may issue warrants upon the requisition of the Governors of 
other States and Territories. He appoints all the principal 
officers of the State not elected by the people, and the members 
of the boards of the various state institutions, by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate. The Governor is ex-officio a 
member of the board of corrections and charities, state board 
of Agriculture, board of control of railroads, board of control 
of St. Mary's Falls ship canal, board of fund commissioners, 
board of geological survey, board of control of state swamp 
lands, board of managers Soldiers' Home, and board of commis- 
sioners of Upper Peninsula state prison. 

He is elected every two years and has a salary of $4,000. No 
person can be voted for or elected unless he is 30 years of age, 
has lived in the State two years and been a citizen of the United 
States five years. 

State Home for tlie Feel>le-Mliided and Epileptic. 

This institution is located at Lapeer on a tract of land con- 
taining 100 acres donated by that city, and was opened 
in August, 1895. The home is built on the "cottage plan" and 
comprises six buildings. The value of the property in 1900 was 
$139,600; number of inmates June 30, 1900, male 104, female 178; 
number of attendants, 17; teachers, four. 

The Home is governed by a board of control of three per- 

282 



sons, appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, 
one being appointed every two years. They are paid only for 
their actual expenses while in the discharge of their duties. 

State Hospital foi- tlie Insane— Upper Peuiusnla. 

This is located at Newberry, Luce County, and the plan 
contemplates in all 20 buildings in the form of a quadrangle, each 
building to have a capacity for about 50 patients. The power 
house, laundry, farm house, barns, etc., are not included in the 
above. Six cottages have been built and one large hospital; five 
of the cottages are occupied by patients and one utilized as a 
temporary administration building. The hospital is a modern 
building, furnished with all modern conveniences for the care 
and treatment of the curable insane; the various forms of elec- 
tricity, hot, cold, plunge and shower baths, facilities for mas- 
sage treatment, etc., all in keeping with the most advanced treat- 
ment relative to the care of the insane. It was first opened 
Nov. 4, 1894. Value of property June 30, 1900, $310,000.00; number 
of inmates, June 30, 1900, males 195, females 150; disbursements 
for year ending June 30, 1900, $65,753.63; number of employees, 67. 

The hospital is controlled by a board of six trustees ap- 
pointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, two being 
appointed every two years. They are paid only for actual ex- 
penses incurred in performance of duty. 

State House of Cox'rection and Bi-aneli olf ^tate Prison 
in the Uppei- Peninsula, 

This was established in 1S85 at Marquette. The buildings arid 
grounds cost $205,989.45, and include 152 acres of land. The value 
of its property in 1900 was $285,525.64. Number of inmates June 
30, 1900, 204. The expense for the biennial period ending June 
30, 1900, was $82,662.89, and the receipts for the same period, $83,- 
935.82. The number of officers is 23. Inmates are employed In 
removing sand from a sand bank and improving the institution 
and grounds. All inmates attend a military drill and school 
each one hour daily. 

The institution is controlled by a board of control of three 
persons appointed by the Governor with the approval of the 
senate for terms of six years each, one being appointed every 
two years. They are paid only their actual and necessary ex- 
penses incurred in the performance of their official duties. 

;. State Industrial School for Boys. 

This institution, formerly called the Reform School, is located 
at Lansing, and was first opened September 2, 1856. The 
property consists -of 260 acres of land and eight buildings, ex- 
clusive of shops and barns; the first cost was $25,000; 
the present value of its property is $260,812.08; the rieceipts for 
last biennial period were $178,648.40; the disbursements for the 
two fiscal years ending June 30, 1900, were $178,.352.14; the number 
of inmates for 19.00, 667; the number of teachers and employees is 
52; the instruction given is common school education, four and 
one-half hours per day; industrial trades, carpentry, print- 
ing, baking, shoemakin'g, tailoring and farming are also taught. 

The school is governed by a board of three trustees appointed 
by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of 
six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are 
paid only their necessary expenses while in the discharge of 
their duties. 



State Industrial Home for Girls. 

The Industrial Home for Girls, established in 1879, is located 
near the city of Adrian, Lenawee County. The property con- 
sists of 92 acres of land and 19 buildings; the first appropriation 
was $10,000; the present value of its property is $191,171.46"; dis- 
bursements for 1899-00, $93,560. - The number of inmates June 
.30, 1900, was 300; the number of teachers 33. Instruction is 
given to inmates in housekeeping, cooking, sewing, knitting, 
dressmaking and all useful duties of the household; inmates 
may be discharged for good conduct. The object of the insti- 
tution is the reformation of juvenile female offenders. This 
institution is governed by a board of control of three persons, 
at least one of whom must be a woman. The board is appointed 
by the Governor for terms of six years each, and one is ap- 
pointed every two years. They serve without compensation 
other than actual expenses while in performance of their duties. 

State Inspector '.of !C,oa,l MiijLe»,r 

This officer is appointed by the Commissioner of Labor and 
receives $3 per day and necessary expenses while traveling, but 
total salary and expenses must not exceed $1,500 per year. 

It is his duty to inspect the safety of all apparatus used in 
coal mines and to see that all laws especially those relating to the 
hours of labor, and sanitary conditions are; lObser-yed. 

State Inspector of Oils. 

This officer and his deputies are required to inspect oils used 
for illuminating purposes, and to reject all that do not answer 
the test. He is appointed by the Governor with the approval 
of the senate for the term of two j^ears and has a salary of $1,500. 

iie may appoint not to exceed 22 deputies, who receive month- 
ly salaries, determined by the number of barrels of oil they 
inspect, but the salary for any one month cannot exceed $75. 

State Inspector of 'Salt. 

This officer has supervision of the inspection of all salt man- 
ufactured in the state. He is appointed by the Governor for a 
terai of two -years and has a salary of $1,500. 

'- ■ State Inspector General. 

' This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the 
advice and consent of the senate, iind holds his office for two 
years or until his successor has qualified. His salary is $1,000. 
His rank is that if brigadier-general. He has charge and super- 
vision of the mustering and instruction of the national guard, 
arid all persons 'proposed for officers of companies require his 
certificate as to their fitness and qualifications. It is his duty 
when so ordered by the commander-in-chief, to examine any 
armory, arms, ordnance, or other military property of the state 
anja j^epoi^ti tj^i© condition thereof. 

State Institntions. 

The iseyej^l institutions owned and controlled .by the State, 
with their loGations. are as follows: 

State Normal School, Central, Mt. Pleasant. 
State Nonnal. School, Northern. Marquette. 
Eastern Michigan As5^1um, Pontiac. 
State Industrial School for Boys, Lansing. 
State Industrial Home for Girls, Adrian. 
Michigan College of Mines, Houghton. 

284 



Michigan School for the D.eAt, Flint. 

Michigan School for the Blind, "Lansing. 

Michigan Hospital for the Insane, Newberry. 

Michigan Reformatory, Ionia. 

Michigan Soldiers' Home, Grand Rapids. 

Michigan Asylum for the Insane, Kalamaaoo. 

Michigan Home for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic, Lapeer. 

Northern Michigan Asylum, Traverse City. 

State Capital. Lansing. 

State Agricultural College, Lansing. 

State Normal College, Ypsilanti. 

State Public School, Coldwater. 

State Asylum, Ionia. 

State Prison, Jackson. --,,ii b.- ^ r ■ • 

State House of Correction and Branch o.r ,S1^fe' Prison m 

Upper Peninsula, Marquette. ••>.'* A V^: 

State University, Ann Arbor. ; jj r'"i.iQae»i 

For facts about each see under their several heads. 

State Insurance Policy Commission. 

This is composed of the commissioner of insurance, attorney 
general, and some suitable person appointed by the Governor 
for the term of two years. It is their duty to provide a standard 
form of insurance policy. 

State Land Office. 

See Land Office, State. ' 

State liegislature. 

It 's an interesting fact that, acting under the constitution 

of 1835, a meeting of the State Legislature, for which the former 

provided, was convened at Detroit on Nov. 2,. 1835, and an ad- 

gourned session began on Feb. 1, 1S36. An extra session was 

also convened on July 11, 1836. It thus appears that sessions 

of a State Legislature were held and its doings accepted as 

legal two years before the State was formally admitted into 

the Union. „ -, 

The first regular State Legislature met in Detroit January 2nd, 

1837; the last s'ession held in Detroit closed March 17, 1847. The first 

session held in Lansing began January 3, 1848. The Constitti- 

tion of 1835 provided for annual sessions, that of 1850 for biennial 

sessions. By an amendment to the Constitution adopted Noi^enl- 

ber 8, 1874. the House of Representatives was made to consist 

of not less than 64 nor more than 100 persons. No township or 

. city may be divided to form representative districts; but all 

} from each city are to be elected on a general ticket. Counties 

1 entitled to more than one representative are to be di'ykted for 

' election purposes by the board of supervisors. ■ ' ';, 

By the Constitution of the State the Senate consifets.^of 

^? TTl (^ TTl V) f^ 7* ^ ~ ' ' ' ' , 

At the first session of the Legislature after the gtEit6 
enumeration, which occurs every ten years beginning with 1894, 
or at the first session after the U. S. census is taken, the State 
senatorial and representative districts are newly arranged ac- 
cording to population. ' ' 

The Legislature meets on the first Wednesday of January 
in years ending with an odd figure, and adjourns at its discretion. 
Special sessions may be called by the Governor. ^; - • 

The Legislature originates, and it is the duty of th'eJSt^t^ 
officials to enforce, the laws. ^ ifi- -^u 

285 



The pay of State Senators and Representatives Is $3 per day 
and 10 cents per mile traveled in going to and from the State 
Capital. 

The time for drawing pay during extra sessions is limited 
to 20 days. 

No one can be elected to the Legislature while holding any 
county elective ofHce or any United States oflSce. 

A majority vote from all the members elected to each house 
is necessary in order to make any enactment legal. Every bill 
or concurrent resolution except a resolution of adjournment must 
be presented to the Governor before it can become a law. If 
the Governor approves and signs it, it becomes operative. 

If the Governor does not approve it, he must return it to the 
body, either House or Senate, in which it originated, with his 
objections, and these must be entered in the journal of pro- 
ceedings. The bill may then be again put on its passage and 
if it obtains in each house a tworthirds vote of the members 
elected, it becomes a law. 

If anj'- bill is not returned disapproved by the Governor within 
ten days, Sundays not included, after it has been presented, it 
becomes a law as "effectually as if he had signed it, unless the 
Legislature by adjournment has prevented its return. The 
Governor has five days after the adjournment of a session in 
which to approve bills passed. 

State Legislature, Extra Sessions of. 

Under the constitution of 1835 three extra sessions of the 
Legislature were held, namely, in 1S36. 1837 and 1851. The extra 
session of 1836 was convened on Julv 11th, to take action on the 
decision of Congress not to receive the State into the Federal 
Union unless a boundary was accepted that would give disputed 
territory to Ohio. See ''State Boundary." 

The extra session of 1837 was convened June 12th to take 
measures to relieve, if possible, the financial embarrassment 
then existing because of the "panic" of that year. See "BanEs 
and Banking." 

The extra session of 1851 was convened June 9th because, un- 
der the constitution of 1850, it became necessary to maRe 
appropriations to carry on the State Government for the suc- 
ceeding two years, and to legislate concerning matters requiring 
attention under the new constitution. 

Since the adoption of the Constitution of 1850, eleven extra 
sessions have been held, namely in 1858, 1S62, 1864, 1870, 1872, 1874. 
1882, 1892, 1898, 1899, 19W. 

An extra session beginning Jan. 20, 1858, was convened be- 
cause the receipts from, taxes levied by the State were insuf- 
ficient to meet obligations about to mature, and to provide 
circuit courts for several organized counties where no such 
courts then existed. 

An extra session, beginning Jan. 2, 1862, was convened to 
provide means for meeting the direct tax of about half a million 
dollars levied by the U. S. Congress in support of the govern- 
ment then in the first year of the war with the south. 

An extra session, beginning July 27, 1870, Was convened to 
provide for submitting a constitutional amendment, which would 
pem\it the people to vote bonds to aid in the building of rail- 
roads. 

An extra session, beginning March 13, 1872, was convened 
to provide for the re-distrieting of the State to allow for three 
additional representatives in Congress, to which the State had 
become entitled under the United States census of 1870. 

286 



f! An extra session, beginning March 3, 1874, was held to pro- 
vide for the submission to vote of the people of an amendment 
to the constitution proposed by the constitutional commission 
•of 1873 appointed under action of the previous Legislature. The 
amendment related to "Woman Suffrage," which see. 

An extra session, beginning Feb. 23, 1882, was held to provide 
relief for the sufferers by the great forest fires of the previous 
year, and to rearrange the congressional districts of the State. 

An extra session, beginning Aug. 5, 1892, was. jheld to remedy 
inequities, pointed out by the supreme court, in Legislative 
Apportionment Acts of 1885 and 1891. 

The extra session, beginning March 22, 1898, was called to 
provide and enforce a uniform rule of taxation on a basis or 
cash values. 

The extra session, beginning Dec. 18, 1899, was called to con- 
sider the submission of an amendment or amendments tp the 
constitution designed to secure the equal taxation of all prop- 
erty, but especially that of railroads, at its cash value. No 
amendments were agreed upon. 

The extra session, beginning Oct. 10, 1900, was called to .'con- 
sider the submission of amendments ito the constitution pro- 
viding for the taxation of railroad property on it's cash value, 
and also to take steps to secure the repeal of all special railroad 
charters. Amendments were agreed upon, and subsequently 
affirmed by the people. 

The extra session, beginning Dec. 12, 1900, was called to pass 
laws for the taxation of railroad and other corporate property 
at its cash value, as authorized by amendment 'to the constitu- 
tion adopted ajt the November election of that year. No acts, 
however, were passed. 

State Ijibrariam. 

,^ This oflQcer has charge of the state library, and is authorized 
to expend the money appropriated by Legislature for the pur- 
chase of books for said library, with the advice and consent of 
the Governor; has charge of all collections of documents, books, 
pictures, curiosities, etc., which may be made by the Michigan 
State Pioneer Society. The librarian is appointed by the Gov- 
ernor, with the approval of the senate, for term of four years, 
and has a salary of $1,500. .; ., 

State i/ibrary. 

The State Library at Lansing contains 100,000 volumes and 
may be used by residents of Lansing and under certain rules 
may be loaned to Associate Libraries. See "Libraries, Asso- 
ciate." 

State Liientenaiit Governor. 

This officer performs the duties of Governor in case of the 
latter' s impeachment, removal from office, death, inability, 
resignation, or absence from the State. He acts as president of 
the State Senate and is allowed $3 per day during its sessions. 
He is elected at the regular State election for a term of two 
years. ,-,■.,.;,.;■,,■•'.:. 

State Ijivfe'' Stocilc'Saiiitai'y Coininission. 

This consists of three persons, one appointed by the Governor 
at each biennial session of tlie Legislatui-e, for a term of six 
years. Their duties are to protect domestic animals of the 
State from contagious diseases, and they are authorized 

287 



to establish and maintain quarantine regulations, etc. Each 

commissioner receives three dollars per day and necessary 

expanses for the time actually spent in the discharge of his 

duties. 

^;; y^ , state Militia. 

The following- persons constitute the "enrolled militia" and 
are subject to military duty: 

All able-bodied male citizens of Michigan, including those of 
foreign birth who have declared their intention to become cit- 
izens of the United States, residing therein, of the age of 18 
years, and under 45 years, and not exempted bv the laws of the 
United States or of this State. 

The following persons are exempt from such military duty, 
viz: Officers of the State government; judges of the supreme, 
circuit, district and probate courts; members of the Legislature; 
officers and guards of the State prisons and other State institu- 
tions; keepers of poorhouses and their assistants; firemen, after 
seven years' service as such; officers who have held commis- 
sions in the regular or volunteer army or navy of the Ignited 
States; commissioned officers of the militia of this State who 
have served in said militia fully uniformed and equipped accord- 
ing to law and regulations for the term of six years, and who 
have resigned after such service or been honorablj^ discharged: 
all county officers, except notaries public ; all teachers engaged 
in public institutions and public schools, and ministers of the 
gospel. '■^' 

The "enrolled militia" are not subject to active military duty" 
except when called into the service of the State or the United 
States, in case of war, rebellion, invasion, suppression of riots, 
or to aid civil officers in the execution of law. 

The "active militia" is composed of volunteers between the 
ages of .18 and 45 jears, and areknown as the Michigan National 
Guard and the Michigan State Naval Brigade, in case of war. 
rebellion, invasion, riots, etc., they are the first to be ordered 
into service. Minors over the age of 18 may be admitted into 
any company of the Michigan National Guard with the consent 
in writing of their parent, or guardian, or if they have none, 
with the consent in writing of a justice of the peace of the 
township or city in which they reside. Every applicant 
must furnish satisfactorj- evidence of good character, and 
before being accepted must submit to a physical examination. 
No volunteer is accepted as a member of any company of the 
Michigan National Guard .who does not reside within six miles 
of the armory of the company in which he proposes to enlist. 

The Michigan National Guard is composed of not less than 
forty companies of infantry, one company of which may be 
organized by the commander-in-chief with the advice of the state 
Military Board to act as a signal corps, provided that if more 
than forty companies are organized, at least one shall be com- 
posed of colored men. Each regiment of infantry must 
consist of the same number of battalions and companies, 
of' officers, non-commissioned officers and musicians as 
shall be prescribed from time to time for like organizations in 
the United States army, as near as may be, subject to regula- 
tions of the State Militarj- Board. The term of enlistmejit in the 
Michigan National Guard is three years, and companj- officers, 
except when elected to fill a vacancy, are commissioned for a 
term of three years or until their successors a,re commissioned. 

28S 



The Commander-in-Chief is authorized to divide the State 
into four regimental districts, and may divide or consolidate 
companies and regiments therein as he and the Military Board 
see fit. 

Whenever forty-eight or more men within the same regi- 
mental district shall associate for the purpose of forming a com- 
pany of the Michigan National Guard, they may apply to the 
Commander-in-Chief, through the Adjutant-General, to be 
organized as such, and shall designate the persons for com- 
missioned officers. The Commander-in-Chief may then organize 
them upon the certificate of the Inspector-General that such 
company have complied with all requisites. 

Contributing members may be enrolled in each company of 
the Michigan National Guard not to e?cceed 150 in number. Such 
members must pay to the treasurer of the company annual dues 
of $10 and, like active members, are exempt during the ensuing 
year from jury duty and poll tax. 

Upon application by the commander of a company of the 
Michigan National Guard duly organized, the Quartermaster- 
General must furnish suitable arms and equipment at the 
expense of the State, and a sum not to exceed $400 a year for 
armory rental. 

Captains of companies of the Michigan National Guard 
receive $100 per annum. The adjutant and quartermaster of 
each brigade, regimental and independent battalion organization 
receive $100 per annum. The Brigadier-General commanding is 
appointed and commissioned by the Commander-in-Chief for a 
term of three years. The staff of the Commander-in-Chief con- 
sists of the Adjutant-General, Inspector-General, Quartermaster- 
General, Assistant Adjutant-General, Assistant Quartermaster- 
General, Assistant Inspector-General, four Aides-de-camp, the 
Judge Advocate and the Military Secretary. 

The Commander-in-Chief, by and with the advice of the 
State Military Board, may establish annually one or more camps 
In suitable places for the Instruction of the Michigan National 
Guard, and may order into such camps any company or regi- 
ment for a period not exceeding ten days ; he may designate the 
oflBcer to command such camp or camps. The annual encamp- 
ment Is held In August and costs the State about $50,000. About 
80 per cent of the troops attend. 

The pay of those attending the annual encampment is as 
follows: To each private, non-commissioned officer and musi- 
cian, not less ithan $1.25 per day, besides seventy-flve 
cents per day as commutation of rations; to all commissioned 
officers of the line and to the field, staff and other commis- 
sioned officers, the pay as fixed by the United States army reg- 
ulations of United States officers of like rank. But it Is pro- 
vided that any officer, musician or soldier guilty of intoxica- 
tion going to, during, or coming from the annual encampment 
shall forfeit all pay for that encampment. 

In time of actual service for suppression of riots, etc., 
privates receive not less than $1.25 per day, and officers the same 
amounts as allowed officers of like grade in the United States 
army. 

At the present time there are 3,520 officers and men in the 
enlisted force. The total number of males of militia age Is 
516,802. The number of citizens available for military duty Is, 
however, 275,000. 

State Military Board. 

This is composed of the adjutant general, the quarter- 
master general, the Inspector general, the brigadier general com- 



manding brigade, and the commander of the naval brigade. 
They elect a president from their own number and one of their 
assistants as secretar5^ The board constitutes an advisory body 
to the commander-in-chief on all State military matters, inspects 
and reports to the commander-in-chief on all claims of a military 
character against the State. It prepares and promulgates all 
regulations for the government of the Michigan National Guard. 
It also grants admissions of insane Michigan soldiers sailors and 
marines of the war with the South to the asylums for the insane. 

State Military Department. 

This is composed of the Adjutant-General, his assistant, the 
Inspector-General, his assistant, the Quartermaster-General, and 
his assistant. The assistants are appointed by the Governor on 
the recommendation of the chiefs of the department, and their 
salary is fixed by the State Military Board, but may not exceed 
$1,800 each. 

State IVaval Militia. 

"When an enrollment of those liable to military duty is taken, 
the following are classed as naval militia: All seafaring men ot 
whatever calling or occupation; all persons engaged in naviga- 
tion of the lakes, rivers or other waters of this State; all per- 
sons engaged in the construction or management of ships or 
crafts, or any part thereof, upon such waters; all ship-owners 
and their employes; all yacht-owners; all members of yacht 
clubs and other organizations formed for the pursuit of aquatic 
sports; all ex-officers and former enlisted men of the U. S. 
navy. These constitute the "enrolled naval militia," but are a 
part of the general militia of the State and subject to laws and 
regulations which govern the same. 

The naval forces of the "active militia" (Michigan National 
Guard) are known as the "Michigan State Naval Brigade" and 
locally as the "Naval Reserves." This brigade may consist of 
not more than eight divisions of forty men each. Not more than 
four, nor less than two, of such divisions constitute a battalion. 
It is under the direct command of the Governor, who, however, 
is authorized to commission a "Commander of the Naval Bri- 
gade," who is the chief executive officer thereof. The latter is 
appointed for three years or until his successor is commissioned. 
The rules and regulations promulgated by the State Military 
Board apply to the Naval Brigade as well as to the Michigan 
National Guard. Each division may have 150 contributing or 
honorary members, who have the same rights and privileges 
as like members of the companies of the Michigan National 
Guard. The Naval Brigade may be ordered into service by the 
Governor for instruction and drill for a period not exceeding 
two weeks in any one year either on shore or afloat. When on 
active service the pay of officers and men is the same as that 
of those of similar rank in the U. S. navy. 

There is actually organized one battalion known as the 
"First," and this is composed of four divisions, the First and 
Third being located at Detroit, the Second at Saginaw, and the 
Fourth at Benton Harbor. 

State Normal Seliool, Central. 

This institution was started by private enterprise and Is 
located at the City of Mt. Pleasant, Isabella County. It con- 
sists of a commodious building, capable of accommodating 
three hundred students, situated on a campus of nine acres. 
The school was adopted by the State June 3rd, 1895, and 

2W 



was opened as a State school the following September. For 
the year 1900 the number of instructors was 25; number of stu- 
dents during the year, 456; number of graduates, 1900, 129; gradu- 
ates since founded, 270; number of volumes in library, 1,500; cost 
of annual tuition per student (to student, $137; to State, $61); 
value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $60,000; 
legislative appropriation, 1901, $25,000; receipts during year 
from tuition fees, $1,270; current expenses during year, $26,606.72. 

State Normal Scliool Fnnd. 

The total amount of this fund on June 30, 1898, was $66,125.12. 

State Noi'mal Seliool, Nortiiern. 

This school, which is in charge of the State Board of Educa- 
tion, was established at Marquette and first opened on Sept. 
19, 1899. The citizens of Marquette contributed, in order to secure 
it the sum of $5,000 in cash and twenty acres of ground valued 
at $20,000. The building cost $25,000. The institution opened Sep- 
tember 19, 1899, and had 80 students within the first six months. 
In 1900 had 14 instructors. 

State Nox'Mial College. 

The State Normal College is located at the City of Ypsilanti, 
Washtenaw County, and consists of five buildings, covering six 
acres of ground. Its first building was dedicated Oct. 5, 1852, 
being the first normal school established west of New York. 
The number of instructors during the year 1900 was 51; number 
of students during the year, 1,421; number of graduates, 302; num- 
ber of graduates since foundation of school, 3,607; number of 
volumes in library, 21,500; number added during the year, 500; 
cost of annual tuition per student, $9; average cost of board 
per week, $2.50; total average annual cost per student (to stu- 
dent), $1.75; to State, 63 cents; value of grounds, buildings, 
library, apparatus, etc., $331,148.60; Legislature appropriation, 1898, 
$61,150; amount of productive funds, $71,000; income from pro- 
ductive funds, $4,200; receipts during year from tuition fees, 
$8,603; receipts from all other sources, $1,605; expenses dur- 
ing year for permanent improvements, $5,500. 

State Officers. 

The State officers and boards that exist in Michigan are as 
follows: 

State Adjutant General, 

State Advisory Pardon Board, 

State Attorney General, 

State Auditor General, 

State Board of Agriculture, 

State Board of Assessors, 

State Board of Auditors, 

State Board of Canvassers, 

State Board of Charities and Corrections, 

State Boards of Control for State Institutions, 

State Board of Control of Swamp Land Roads, 

State Board of District Canvassers, 

State Board of Education, 

State Board of Equalization, 

State Board of Examination for Barbers, 

State Board of Examiners in Dentistry, 

State Board of Fish Commissioners, 

State Board of Forestry Commissioners, 



state Board of Fund Commissioners, 

State Board of Geological Survey', 

State Board of Health, 

State Board of Law Examiners, 

State Board of Library Commissioners, 

State Board of Mackinac Island Park Commissioners, 

State Board of Managers of Soldiers' Home, 

State Boai'd of Pharmacy, 

State Board of Railroad Consolidations, 

State Board of Railroad Crossings, 

State Board of Regents of the University, 

State Board of Registration in Medicine, 

State Board to Regulate Horseshoeing, 

State Board of Review, 

State Bureau of Statistics of Labor, 

State Board of Tax Commissioners, 

State Boards of Trustees for Escheated Property, 

State Board of Trustees for Sta1;e Institutions, 

State Commissioner of Banking Department, 

State Commissioner of Insurance, 

State Commissioner of Labor, 

State Commissioner of Land Office, 

State Court of Mediation and Arbitration, 

State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, 

State Commissioner of Railroads, 

State Dairy and Food Commissioner, 

State Game and Fish Warden, 

State Governor, 

State Insurance Policy Commission, 

State Inspector of Coal Mines, 

State Inspector of Oils, 

State Inspector General, 

State Librarian, 

State Lieutenant Governor, 

State Live Stock Sanitary Commission, 

State Military Board, 

State Quartermaster General, 

State Salt InspectJor, 

State, Secretary of, 

State Treasurer, 

State Veterinarian, 

State Veterinary Board, 

Superintendent of Public Instruction, 

State Pioneer and Historical Society. 

This society meets annually at Lansing on the first Wednes- 
day in June. It has published nearly 30 octavo volumes of the 
recollections of early pioneers, together with papers of large 
historic interest. All volumes except 1 and 2 may be obtained 
from the State Librarian at 75 cents per copy, volumes 1 and 2, 
$1.50 -per copy. 

State Prison. 

This prison was established in 1839, at Jackson. The property 
consists of sixty-two acres of land, the prison occupying twenty 
acres. The buildings consist of an administration building, four 
cell wings, and fourteen other buildings. Thirty-five acres are 
used for farming purposes, and six acres for pasturage and 
stone quarry. The value of the property In 1900 was: Real 
estate, $828,500; personal property, $79,613.85; a total of $908,- 
113.85. The average number of convicts is between 800 and 850. 

292 



The convicts are employed on contracts and industries on state 
account. The official force numbers 54. Instruction is given 
to inmates in the common English branches under the super- 
vision of an officer of the prison. There are nine, grades, hav- 
ing school four evenings in the week. The total expense for the 
biennial period of 1898 to 1900 was $227,898.03. Total earnings for 
same period, $209,898. 

This institution is governed by a board of control of three 
persons appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the 

I Senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every 

I two years. They serve without compensation, other than actual 

' expenses while, in performance of duties. 

I 

State Public Scbool. 

i The State Public School located at Coldwater, was estab- 
' lished in 1871, and opened in May, 1874. Its first cost was $93,000 
and its present value is $250,000; the school consists of eighteen 
buildings, occupying 160 acres. The net expenses for the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1900, were $31,000; the total number of wards 
cared for in 1900 was 375; the number of teachers is 4, and cottage 
matrons, 8. The instruction given to wards is that of graded 
primary schools and kindergarten. The average age of children 
is seven and one-half years. Those who are old enough are 
instructed in common daily labor. The conditions of commit- 
ment of wards are dependence, neglect, and ill-treatment. The 
age limit is from six months to twelve years, and wards must 
be sound in body and mind. Children are discharged for follow- 
ing reasons: When adopted, restored to parents, have become 
of age or self-supporting during minority, girls married during 
minority, and children returned to their respective counties, be- 
cause of disease, incorrigibility, etc. Since the institution 
opened 4,826 children have been received; most of them have 
gone into good homes; 89 1-5 per cent of all who have gone into 
homes have made good records, and there are now 1,426 in 
homes. Total average annual expense to the State per ward, 
$27.13. The school is governed by a board of control of three 
persons appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the 
Senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every 
two years. They are paid only their actual expenses while in 
performance of their duties. 

State Q-uartermaster General. 

This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the 
consent of the Senate, and holds his office for the term of two 
years, or until his successor is qualified. His salary is $1,000 and 
his rank is that of brigadier-general. All military property is 
committed to his custody, for which he is held accountable. 
He is the chief disbursing officer of the State military fund, 
paying all claims against the State incurred in the support of 
the State military establishment, upon proper vouchers ap- 
proved by the State military board. He obtains the necessary 
funds out of the military fund in the State treasury upon a 
requisition approved by the commander-in-chief and State 
military board. He provides the several military departments 
and the State troops with all necessary supplies as allowed by 
the military laws, rules and regulations; also provides each 
military company with a suitable armory for drill and storing 
its uniforms, arms and equipment. 

293 



State Reformatory. 

This Is located at Ionia, was established in 1877, and built at 
a cost of $250,000. The property consists of 156 acres of land and 
10 buildings. The value of its property in 1900 was $404,226.43; the 
total disbursements for 1899-00 were $197,685.45; and the total re- 
ceipts for the biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were $196,196.47; 
number of guards and keepers, 45; number of inmates, June, 
1900, 406. The inmates are employed in manufacturing furniture, 
print goods, miscellaneous articles, and in the care of the insti- 
tution and grounds, all on state account. 

This institution is governed by a board of control of three 
persons appointed by the Governor with the ^.pproval of the 
senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every 
two years. They serve without compensation, but are paid their 
actual expenses while in performance of their duties. 

State Representative Districts. 

One Representative is allowed every 24,200 persons until 
there are 100 Representatives. They are apportioned as follows: 

Allegan 2 Grand Traverse ... 1 Menominee 1 

Alpena 1 Gratiot 1 Midland 1 

Antrim 1 Hillsdale 1 Monroe 1 

Barry 1 Houghton 2 Montcalm 1 

Bay 2 Huron 1 Muskegon 1 

Berrien 2 Ingham 2 Newaygo 1 

Branch 1 Ionia 1 Oakland 2 

Calhoun 2 Isabella 1 Oceana 1 

Cass 1 Jackson . . .* 2 Osceola 1 

Charlevoix 1 Kalamazoo 2 Ottawa 2 

Cheboygan 1 Kent 5 Saginaw 3 

Chippewa 1 Lapeer 1 Sanilac 1 

Clinton 1 Lenawee 2 Shiawassee 1 

Delta 1 Livingston 1 St. Clair 2 

Dickinson 1 Macomb 1 St. Joseph 1 

Eaton 1 Manistee i Tuscola 1 

Emmet 1 Marquette 2 Van Buren 1 

Genesee 2 Mason i Washtenaw 2 

Gogebic 1 Mecosta 1 Wayne 14 

The following districts include more than one county, but 
each district has only one Representative: 

District of Wexford and Lake Counties. 

District of Benzie and Leelanau Counties. 

District of Alger, Luce, Mackinac and Schoolcraft Counties. 

District of Baraga, Iron, Keweenaw and Ontonagon Counties. 

District of Roscommon, Clare and Gladwin Counties. 

District of Crawford, Montmorency, Presque Isle, Oscoda and 
Otsego Counties. 

District of Kalkaska and Missaukee Counties. 

District of Alcona, Iosco, Arenac and Ogemaw Counties. 

If any county is entitled to more than one representative 
in the Legislature, the Board of Supervisors at the first annual 
meeting after the apportionment has been made by the Legis- 
lature, divides the county into an equal number of districts 
with the number of representatives to which the county is 
entitled. 

See State Legislature. 

State Seal. 

See "Seal of State." 

291 



state Senatorial Districts. 

There are 32 of these, as follows: 
First District— Wards 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 of Detroit, and Town- 
ships of Grosse Pointe, Gratiot, Hamtramck, Greenfield, Red- 
ford, Livonia, Northville and Plymouth, in the County of Wayne. 
Second District— Wards 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 of Detroit. 
Third District— Wards 4, 6, 8 and 10 of Detroit. 
I Fourth District— Wards 12, 14 and 16 of Detroit, and Town- 

) ships of Canton, Nankin, Dearborn, Springwells, Van Buren. 
! Romulus, Taylor, Ecorse, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown and 
Monguagon, and the City of Wyandotte, in County of Wayne. 
' Fifth District — Counties of Lenawee and Monroe. 

I Sixth District— Counties of St. Joseph, Branch and Hillsdale. 

! Seventh District— Counties of Berrien and Cass. 

I Eighth District— Counties of Allegan and Van Buren. 

Ninth District — Counties of Calhoun and Kalamazoo. 
I Tenth District— Counties of Jackson and Washtenaw. 

Eleventh District— County of St. Clair. 
Twelfth District— Counties of Oakland and Macomb. 
' Thirteenth District — Counties of Genesee and Livingston. 

Fourteenth District — Counties of Ingham and Shiawassee. 
Fifteenth District — Counties of Barry and Baton. 
I Sixteenth District— Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of City 

I of Grand Rapids, in County of Kent. 

Seventeenth District — Wards 6, 7 and 8 of Grand Rapids, and 
I Townships of Tyrone, Solon, Nelson, Spencer, Sparta, Algoma, 
I Courtland, Oakfield, Alpine, Plainfleld, Cannon, Grattan, Walk- 
er, Grand Rapids, Ada, Vergennes, Wyoming, Paris, Cascade, 
Lowell, Byron, Gaines, Caledonia and Bowne, in the County of 
Kent. 

Eighteenth District— Counties of Ionia and Montcalm. 
Nineteenth District— Counties of Gratiot and Clinton. 
Twentieth District— Counties of Huron and Sanilac. 
Twenty-first District— Counties of Lapeer and Tuscola. 
Twenty-second District— County of Saginaw. 
Twenty-third District — Counties of Muskegon and Ottawa. 
Twenty-fourth District— Counties of Bay and Midland. 
Twenty-fifth District— Counties of Newaygo, Mecosta, Isa- 
bella and Osceola. 

Twenty-sixth District— Counties of Manistee, Mason-, Lake, 
Benzie and Oceana. 

Twenty-seventh District— Counties of Wexford, Leelanau, 
Grand Traverse, Charlevoix, Kalkaska and Antrim. 

Twenty-eighth District— Counties of Gladwin, Arenac, Oscoda, 
Alcona, Ogemaw, Iosco, Crawford, Missaukee, Roscommon and 
Clare. 

Twenty-ninth District— Counties of Cheboygan, Presque Isle 
Otsego, Montmorency, Alpena, Mackinac and Emmet. 

Thirtieth District— Counties of Chippewa, Luce, Schoolcraft, 
Delta and Menominee. 

Thirty-first District— Counties of Marquette, Dickinson, 
Baraga, Iron and Alger. 
[J Thirty-second District— Counties of Houghton, Keweenaw, 

I Ontonagon and Gogebic. 
See State Legislature. 

State School for the Blind. 

The Michigan School for the Blind is located at Lansing, and 
was organized in 1880. The grounds comprise 45 acres. Number 
of instructors, 1900, 10; number of students during year, 124; 



number of volumes in library, 2,000 for the blind, and 1,000 reg- 
ular; volumes added during year, 200 for the blind; cost of an- 
nual tuition per student, $43.80; average cost of board per week, 
$1.12; total average cost per student to state, $252.10; value of 
grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $155,000; current 
expenses during 1900, $32,618.17; expenses for permanent improve- 
ment, 1900, $2,568.73. Aside from uie studies usually pursued in 
the public schools, pupils are educated in vocal and instrumental 
music, and are taught several mechanical trades. The boys are 
taught piano tuning, broom-making and hammock-making; the 
girls are taught knitting, sewing, cooking and the usual duties 
pertaining to housekeeping. 

The school is governed by a board of control of three per- 
sons appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate 
for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. 
They are paid only their actual and necessary expenses while in 
the discharge of their duties. 

State Seliool for tlie Deaf. 

This is located at Flint and was established in 1854. Number 
of instructors in 1900, 34; number of students during that year, 
423; number of graduates since organization, 1,304; number of 
volumes in library, 4,178; cost of annual tuition per student, $48.09; 
average cost of board per week, $1.16; total average annual cost 
per student to the state, $188.10; value of grounds, building, li- 
brary, apparatus, etc., $493,490.36; legislative appropriation, 1900, 
$78,750; receipts from all other sources, $9,369.64. 

The school is governed by a board of three trustees appointed 
by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of 
six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are 
paid only their traveling and necessary expenses while per- 
forming their duties. 

State, Secretary of. 

This ofRcer is the custodian of the great seal of the state, and 
affixes such seal to all executive proclamations, to various com- 
missions, to warrants, to pardons, to the requisitions for or 
extradition of fugitives from justice and countersigns the same. 
He is also the custodian of the laws and records of the state. 
He publishes the laws and resolutions of the legislature, and 
amendments to the constitution. He is also charged with the print- 
ing of certain annual reports relating to agriculture, vital and 
other statistics, the supervision of the printing of the reports of 
various state officers and boards; the preparation and publication 
of the legislative manual, and the compilation of various laws. 
He supervises the taking of the census of the state every tenth 
year. He is a member of the board of state auditors, the board 
of state canvassers, board on the consolidation and crossings 
of railroads, board of control of state swamp lands, board of 
trustees to take charge of escheated property and other state 
assets, state board of equalization, and the bureau of labor and 
Industrial statistics. He is elected at the regular state election 
for a term of two years; the salary is $800. 

State Soldiers* Home. 

The Michigan Soldiers' Home, consisting of eight buildings, 
established in 1885, is situated on Grand River, three miles north 
of Grand Rapids. The grounds, 132 acres, cost $16,500. The first cost 
of the home was $99,654.67, and it can accommodate 800. The num- 
ber of inmates in 1901 was 679; the presient value of the property is 

296 



$207,570.50. The following law states what persons may be admit- 
ted: "All honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines, 
who have served in the army or navy of the United States in 
the late War of the Rebellion, or in the Mexican war and 
Spanish-American war, and who are disabled by disease, wounds 
or otherwise, and who have no adequate means of support, and 
by reason of such disability are incapable of earning their living, 
and who would be otherwise dependent upon public or private 
charity, shall be entitled to be admitted to said home, subject 
to the rules and regulations that shall be adopted by the board 
of managers to govern the admission of applicants to said home: 
Provided, that no applicant shall be admitted to said home who 
has not been a resident of the State of Michigan for one year 
next preceding the passage of this act unless he served in a 
Michigan regiment or was accredited to the State of Michigan." 
The family annex was established for soldiers, sailors and 
marines, who served in the late civil war, their wives and 
mothers. This home was occupied in January, 1894, and to date 
has taken care of 153 beneficiaries. It is under the control of the 
board of managers of the Soldiers' Home. 

In ISi-P provision was made by the State for the erection of 
k dormitory for the widows, wives and mothers of honorably 
discharged soldiers, sailors, or marines, who served in the 
Mexican War or in the War with the South. But such widows, 
wives and mothers must have been disabled by disease or be 
without adequate means of support, and dependent on public 
or private charity: and in the case of wives or widows, thuy 
must have been married to such soldiers, sailors or marines 
prior to the first day of January, 1875. The yearly cost of the 
Home to the State is about $110,000. 

State Supreme Court. 

This court consists of one chief justice and four associate 
justices. They must reside at Lansing, and the salary is $7,000 
per year. They are elected for terms of 10 years, and one Is 
elected every two years at the spring election. The Justice whose 
term expires soonest serves as chief justice. They appoint 
their own court reporter, who has a salary of $1,500; also a 
clerk, whose salary is $300 and fees. 

The jurisdiction is chiefly apellate, most of the cases coming 
'before it being appeals from the circuit courts. Court is held 
at Lansing four terms per year, commencing on the first Tues- 
day after the first Monday in January, April, June and October. 

State Supei'lntendent of Public Instruction. 

This officer has general supervision of the public schools 
and of state educational institutions; collects and tabulates the 
school statistics of the state; apportions the primary school 
interest fund to the counties; gives information to school officers 
upon construction of school law; prepares iand furnishes blanks 
lor use of school officers, organizes and visits teachers' insti- 
,tutes, and appoints instructors for them. He is a member and 
jsecretary of the state board of education, and is also a member 
of the state board of geological survey. He is elected at the 
regular state election for^ term of two years, and the salary 
is $1,000. 

State S^vauip Lands. 

See Lands, State Swamp. 

297 



state Treasurer. 

This officer is the receiving- officer and custodian of the state 
funds, including state taxes collected by the county treasurers; 
specific taxes upon railroads, insurance, telegraph, telephone, 
express and other companies; and proceeds of sales of state 
lands. He is a member of the boards of state auditors, 
of state canvassers, of equalization, of escheats, of control of 
state swamp lands, of claims growing out of sales of public lands, 
and of review for assessment of telegraph and telephone com- 
panies. He is elected at the regular state election for a term of 
two years, and has a salary of $1,009. 

State Univex'sity. 

The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor is the legitimate 
successor of the university schools established in Detroit in 1817. 
This is abundantly proven by the records of the old and new 
Institutions, and by a decision of the Supreme Court in Jan- 
uary, 1856. 

Aug. 26, 1817, is a memorable date, for on that day the 
"Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania" was born. Under 
the creative Act, 13 professorships were established, namely: of 
Universal Science, the professor to be also the president of the 
university; of Literature, embracing all sciences relative to 
language; of Mathematics, Natural History, Natural Philosophy, 
Astronomy, and Chemistry, and of the Medical, Economical, 
Ethical, Military, Historical, and Intellectual Sciences, the last 
to embrace all "sciences relative to the minds of animals, to the 
human mind, spiritual existence, to the Deity, and to religion." 

The Act certainly had the merit of breadth, comprehending 
as it did the teaching of all the sciences the world had heard 
of, besides some never heard of before or since. It was drafted 
by Judge Woodward, who probably coined more words than any 
other American of his time. 

On Aug. 26, 1817, the Governor and Judges appropriated $300 
towards the erection of a building and $80 for the lot. On Nov. 
10 a further appropriation of $200 was made. 

The Act which established the university provided that the 
public taxes should be increased 15 per cent for its support, and 
also authorized the faculty to prepare four successive lotteries, 
and to deduct 15 per cent from the prizes for its benefit. 

On Sept. 8, 1817, all the professorships were conferred upon 
two men, and the proceeding was made still more strange by the 
fact that both of these men were clergymen, namely, the Rev. 
John Monteith, a graduate of Princeton College and pastor of 
the Protestant Church, and the Rev. Gabriel Richard, the Roman 
Catholic priest of St. Anne's. The first named held the presi- 
dency and seven professorships, and the other served as vice- 
president and held six professorships. 

The corner-stone of the university building was laid on Sept. 
24, 1817. The building, 24 by 50 feet, was located on the west side 
of Bates near Congress street, Detroit. 

The university next commissioned Benjamin Stead, James 
Connor, and Oliver Williams as directors of a Lancasterian 
school, and on Aug. 10. 1818, a school under that name was opened 
in the university building. 

On April 30, 1821, the original University Act was repealed, 
and under the title of the University of Michigan all rights of 
the old corporation were committed to the Governor and 20 
trustees. These trustees were authorized to establish schools 
and colleges at their discretion, but they devoted their attention 



solely to Detroit. In 1821, a large lot adjoining the one already in 
use was conveyed to them by the Governor and Judges. 

In 1821 and 1822 there was much discussion as to the merits 
of the Lancasterian methods, and whole columns of the "Gazette" 
were devoted to the subject. The discussions seemed to favor 
the system, and on Dec. 10, 1821, the trustees of the university 
secured the services of John Farmer, then of Albany, N. Y., as 
i teacher of a Lancasterian school. 

I On Jan. 26, 1824, Mr. Farmer resigned, in order to engage in 
other employment. 

After this date a number of different teachers were employed 
] and at length the time seemed ripe for a fully organized uni- 
1 versify, and on March 18, 1837, a law was approved organizing 
I and establishing the State University. Its government was 
vested in a Board of Regents, to be appointed by the Governor 
and senate. It was made their duty to establish not only the 
i university, but also such branches thereof in the different parts 
of the state as the legislature might authorize. A further act, 
approved March 20, 1837, located the university at Ann Arbor, on 
a site of 40 acres to be donated to the state for this purpose. 
It now has 64 acres of land and 21 buildings. 
The general control of the institution is lodged with a board 
of eight regents, who are elected at biennial spring elections. 
I They hold their positions for the period of eight yea,rs, the terms 
of two expiring every second year. It was endowed with two 
I townships of land by the general government, which were sold 
( by the state; the net amount to the credit of the fund on June 
I 30, 1899, was $533,904, on which the state pays interest at 7 per 
cent, producing annually $38,500. The present value of the 
property is $2,100,000. Its current expenses for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1900, were $478,012.13. The net receipts from 
students' fees for the same period were $185,554.47. The legis- 
lature appropriation for current expenses is the one-fourth mill 
tax. There are seven departments, viz., Literary, Engineering, 
Medicine and Surgery, Law, Pharmacy, Homeopathic and 
, Dental. The collegiate year begins Oct. 1st in all departments. 
' There were 3,712 students in 1900; the number graduated in 1900 
was 730. The collegiate staff consists of 147 professors and in- 
structors. ,. . . 

State Veterinarian. 

This officer is appointed by the Governor with the approval 
of the senate. The term of office is two years, and his salary 
is $5 per day and expenses. It is his duty to investigate as to 
diseased animals and suppress contagion among them. 

State Vetei'inary Board. 

This board consists of three members appointed by the Gov- 
ernor for terms of three years, one being appointed annually. 
Members must be residents of the state, citizens of the United 
States and graduates of a regular college of veterinary medi- 
cine and surgery, but no two shall be graduates of the same 
college. Its powers and duties are to examine those who wish 
to practice as veterinary doctors, and to grant certificates author- 
izing such persons. They receive no salary, but their secretary 
receives $3 for each certificate issued, which goes towards the 
expenses of the board. 

State Weather Service. 

This service is under the control of the State Board of 
Agriculture and co-operates with the U. S. Weather Bureau in 



the accurate and rapid dissemination of weather forecasts and 
frosts and cold wave warnings, and the publishing of weather 
crop conditions. Observations relative to temperature, precip- 
itation, wind and cloudiness are taken daily and a monthly re- 
port furnished to the director of the central office at Lansing. 
Daily weather forecasts are telegraphed, telephoned or mailed 
to about 2,200 places in the state. The service publishes weekly 
during the planting, growing and harvesting season a bulletin, 
which gives in detail for each section of the state the conditions 
of the various crops as affected by the weather. 

The central state office is at Lansing, and there are 'eight other 
offices in Michigan, viz: Alpena, Detroit, Grand Haven, Houghton, 
Marquette, Port Huron, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba. See also 
United States Weather Bureau. The State appropriates $1,000 a 
year for instruments and expenses, and the United States fur- 
nishes the men and transmits free the matter sent out from the 
offices. In addition to the regular observers, there are 115 volun- 
tary observers scattered all over the state, who are furnished 
certain instruments, and who make, record and transmit their 
observations. See "U. S. Weather Bureau." 

Stations on Railroads. 

See Railroads, Stations and Distances. 

Statne of Governor Blair. 

An imposing statue of the famous war governor of Michigan 
— Austin Blair — occupies a portion of the square immediately 
in front of the capital at Lansing. It was erected in 1898 and 
accepted and unveiled on October 12, 1898. In connection there- 
with there was an imposing parade and addresses were deliv- 
ered by T. W. Palmer, John Patton, R. A. Alger, Gov. Pingree 
and Gen. Shafter. The statue represents the deceased governor 
in a standing position. The granite pedestal is appropriately 
inscribed. 

Steamboat, First. 

The first steamboat on the lakes v/as the Walk-in-the-Water. 
She arrived at Detroit on her first trip Aug. 27, 1818. 

Steamboatis, Inspector of. 

See U. S. Inspector of Steamboats. 

Sturgeon Bay Canal. 

See Canal, Sturgeon Bay. 

Snffrasre, Woman. 

See Woman Suffrage. 

Summer State. 

See Cognomens of State. 

Sunday Observance. 

"No person shall keep open his shop, warehouse or work- 
house, or shall do any manner of labor, business, or work, or be 
present at any dancing, or at any public diversion, show, or 
entertainment, or take part in any sport, game, or play on the 
first day of the week. The foregoing provisions shall not apply 
to works of necessity and charity, nor to the making of mutual 
promises of marriage, nor to the solemnization of marriage. And 
every person so offending shall be punished by fine not exceed- 
ing ten dollars for each offense. * * * 

"No person shall be present at any game, sport, play, or public 
diversion, or resort to any public assembly, excepting meetings 

300 



for religious worship or moral instruction, or concerts of sacred 
music, upon the evening of the said first day of the week; and 
every person so offending shall be punished by a fine not ex- 
ceeding five dollars for each ofCense."— State Law. 

Sunday- Scliool, First. 

: The first Sunday school in the state was held in the old uni- 
versity building in Detroit on Oct. 4, 1818. It was a union 
school, officered and managed by members of various denom- 
mations, with Lemuel Shattuck as superintendent. Full details 
concerning it are given in Farmer's History of Detroit an.d 
Michigan. 

Sunday Scliools. 
At the State Sxmday School convention, held at Owosso in 
ISOO, it was reported that there were 4,325 schools, 409,150 
scholars, and 50,650 teachers in the State. 

Suouii Colleg'e and Seminary. 

This is a Lutheran institution, located at Hancock. In 190O 
it had 49 students, and the property was valued at $5,000. 

Superintendent of Poor. 

See County Superintendent of Poor. 

Supervisoi'S. 

See Township Supervisor and County Board of Supervisors. 

Supreme Conrt of Micliis'an. 

See State Supreme Court. 

Surrendei*, Dates of. 

The region including Michigan was surrendered by French 
to English after the victory at Quebec on Sept. 8, 1760; Detroit 
formally surrendering on Nov. 29, 1760. It was yielded to the 
United States by Great Britain by treaties of Nov. 30, 1782 and 
Sept. 7, 1783; but was not actually yielded up until July 11, 1796. 
It was surrendered to the English by Gen. Hull Aug. 16, 1812, and 
retaken Sept. 29, 1813. 

Surveyor. 

See County Surveyor. 

Surveys, Public. 

The public surveys of the region, including Michigan, wero 
begun in 1815 and completed in 1857. 

In the west, principal meridian lines, so called, are first 
established; these are lines running due north, usually from 
the mouth of a noted river, or from some prominent natural 
object. To distinguish them from each other they are numbered 
in regular order. The principal meridian for Michigan runs 
north and south, and is an established line running from the 
mouth of the Au Glaze, a branch of the Maumee River, in Ohio, 
On the map it forms the eastern boundary of Hillsdale County 
and extends due north to the northern boundary of Michigan. 

On the map alongside of this meridian line numbers will be 
found, which run north and south from the base line, which, at 
this point, is identical with the north boundary of Jackson 
County. These numbers indicate according to the U. S. survey 
the number of the town north or south of the base line. 

Surveys: Base Lines. 

Throughout the west at irregular intervals the "Principal 
Meridian Lines" are intersected at right angles by east and 

301 



west lines called "Base Lines." The location of base lines is 
not determined by any fixed rule, the primary object being to 
establish an accurate east and west line as the "base of opera- 
tions" in making- new surveys. 

The base line for Michigan is along the north boundary of 
Wayne County and due west along the north boundary of certain 
other counties until it intersects Lake Michigan. On the map 
the range numbers in Roman numerals will be found along this 
line, and also along "Correction Lines" (described below), and 
number east and west from the principal meridian, which inter- 
sects this line near the center of the north boundary of Jackson 
County. These numbers indicate the range numbers, accord- 
ing to the U. S. survey, of the towns east or west of the principal 
meridian. 

Surveys: Correction Tiines, Offsets and Jog's. 

Owing to the globular shape of the earth, any two lines both 
of which run due north, will continually approach each other 
until they meet at the pole. In consequence of this fact it is 
found that the south line of each township is a little longer than 
the north line, and the difference increases the further north the 
survey is extended. In order, therefore, to have the townships 
as nearly uniform in size as possible "Correction Lines" are 
established with fresh measurements from the principal merid- 
ian, the range lines are again run at exact distances of six miles 
and extended northwards. As these lines, for new townships are 
laid off on the correction line, the variation in width above al- 
luded to are quite apparent and they are spoken of as "offsets" 
or "jogs" in the survey. 

The differences in width between townships on the noryi 
and south sides of k "Correction Line" will of course be scarce- 
ly noticeable next to the principal meridian, but as the differ- 
ences are practically added together as you increase the number 
of towns and the distance from the meridian, they are soon 
quite noticeable and sometimes are several miles wide. In order 
to even up these irregularities the townships on each base and 
correction line are made as much wider as the north town line 
will be narrowed from the cause named, by the time a correc- 
tion line is reached. In surveying any township, any differences, 
however originating, are continually carried to the north and 
west, and, therefore, the southwesterly'- section in any town is 
always wider east and west than the northwesterly section, 
while the northern row of sections may be either wider or nar- 
rower north and south than the other sections in a township. 

It is often the case that lands are surveyed in isolated 
tracts, and when the lands between are surveyed and the lines 
are closed, it is found that the lines of the different survej^s do 
not agree; there is often an excess or a deficiency in the amount 
of land required for a standard township or section, and this 
is always thrown on the north and west sides of the last survey, 
and this fact with the attempt sometimes made to harmonize 
surveys made by different persons at various times, together 
with the ignorance, carelessness and dishonesty of many sur- 
veyors, the imperfection of the instruments used, and a variety 
of influences and magnetic attractions such as the presence of 
large deposits of iron mineral and the influence of magnetic 
currents, will account for irregularites in surveyed lines. 

There are five correction lines in the State. 

The first runs through Sanilac, Tuscola, Saginaw, Gratiot 
and Montcalm Counties, forms the north boundary of Kent 
County, and then crosses Muskegon County. 

302 



The second runs across the Lower Peninsula along the north 
boundary of the counties of Arenac, Gladwin, Clare, Osceola, 
Lake and Mason counties. 

The third runs through the center of Alpena, Montmorency, 
Otsego, Antrim and Leelanau Counties. 

The fourth through Delta, Menominee and Dickinson Counties. 

The fifth through Marquette, Baraga, Houghton and Onto- 
nagon Counties. For the sake of convenient reference the map 
gives the range numbers along these correction lines and in the 
Upper Peninsula along one other line. 

Snrveys; Ranj^e and Town Liines. 

In the making of the government survey after the "Principal 
Meridian" and "Base Lines" have been established, north and 
south, "Range Lines," so called, are run at regular intervals of 
six miles, reckoning from the meridian line, and these range 
lines are intersected at right angles every six miles by east and 
west lines called "Town Lines," which run parallel with the 
base line, and thus the land is divided in towns or townships, each 
six miles square and containing as near as may be, 23,400 acres. 
Surveys: Tow^n and Range Numbers. 

Each township when laid out has a town and range number 
peculiar to itself. Beginning at some particular base line and 
going north, all townships included in a certain district are num- 
bered in regular order 1, 2, 3, and so on; all townships south of 
the base line are numbered in a similar manner, the word north 
or south being added as the case may be, as, for instance, 
"town 31, north" or "town 4, south." On the map the numbers 
of the towns in plain figures are placed on the side of the prin- 
cipal meridian. 

The range lines, which form the east and west sides of the 
township give us the name of "Ranges" and each strip of land 
six miles wide lying between the range lines and extending north 
- or south is called a Range. Reckoning from any principal 
meridian each township and each tier of townships is numbered 
in regular order as being either east or west of the principal 
meridian, as, for instance, "range 14, west" of the principal 
meridian, or "range 2, east" of the principal meridian. The 
numbers of the ranges will be found on the map in Roman 
numerals along the base line and also along the "correction lines." 

As each township has both a town and range number, both 
numbers must be given in order to accurately describe its loca- 
tion, for example, "town 29, N. R. 5, west" would describe only 
one township of six miles square, and this would be in Antrim 
County. 

Surveys: Fraf»lional ToTvns and iSections. 

Towns or sections which overrun or fall short of containing 
the regular number of acres, or of irregular shape because they 
border on rivers, or lakes, are called "fractional," but are num- 
bered the same as if they contained the usual number of acres. 

Surveys: Section and Q,uarter Section L<ines. 

Each township is surveyed and subdivided by north and 
south and east and west lines into parcels of land called "sec- 
tions," each of which should be one mile square and contain 640 
acres, and these sections are usually subdivided into half-mile 
squares called "quarter sections" and these sometimes are still 
further subdivided; few maps, however, show any smaller sub- 
divisions than sections, and the smallest squares on our maps 
are mile squares or "sections." 

303 



STir-veys: Niiiuberin8r of Sections. 

The 36 sections in all townships are each numbered in order 
in one uniform manner. The numbers begin at the N, E. corner 
section, or upper right corner and number from right to left, 
1 to 6, and from left to right, 6 to 12, and so on westward and 
eastward, alternately in rows from the beginning. 

Surveys: Description of Lands. 

Because of the variations in surveys a section or quarter 
section or any parcel of land may contain more or less than the 
regular number of acres, and, therefore, the words "more or 
less" are of frequent occurrence in deeds and descriptions of 
landed property. In describing any tract of land the quarter 
sections are designated according to their locations, as for ex- 
ample, the "N. E. (or northeast) % S. E. (or southeast) ^4. and 
smaller fractions as the %th of a section, or 80 acres, would be 
designated as the east, west, north or south % of any % section, 
as for instance, the E. % of the N. W. ''A. The following will 
illustrate what would be a very full and accurate description of 
an 80 acre lot: "The E. % of the N. W. 14 of section 16, T. 17, N. 
R. 13, W. of principal meridian, containing 80 acres more or 
less according to the United States survey." By an examination 
of the map it will be seen that this description would indicate 
that the land was in the town of Pleasant Plains, in the County 
of Lake, and in the northeast corner of the section, which is 
crossed by a branch of the Pere Marquette River. 

Surveyed Liiues, Hotv Marked on Lands. 

"Wherever there -are woods, if the land has been properly sur- 
veyed, the bark is cut off and two notches will be found on each 
of two sides of all trees standing in the way of or directly on 
the surveyed line. The trees so marked are called "sight," "line," 
or "station" trees. 

If the line is a north and south line the trees are marked on 
the north and south sides; if it is an east and west line they are 
marked on the east and west sides. Sometimes instead of being 
notched, the bark only is cut off and this is called "blazing." 

In addition to notching or blazing the trees on a line, a num- 
ber of other trees on each side of the line are also blazed, two 
blazes being made on the side towards the line, both of them 
between where the two cuts should be on a regular "line" tree. 
The further off the trees are from the surveyed line the nearer 
the blazes will approach each other. 

Each corner of every township, section, and quarter section 
is designated by certain marks cut on trees, posts or stones. 

If there is a tree exactly at the corner it is used as a mark. 

If there is no tree right at the corner a post of durable wood, 
squared at the top, is so set that the corners or edges of the post 
will conform to the cardinal points of the compass. Mounds of 
stones or earth are sometimes raised about the corner post, the 
corners of the mounds corresponding to the corners of the post. 

Where posts are set in mounds they should project above the 
ground 10 or 12 inches and be marked as stated hereafter. 

After a corner is established and marked in any way, if there 
are trees near by, the bearings or directions in which the corner 
will be found are marked on two or more trees as nearly opposite 
each other as possible, each tree being blazed near the ground 
with a large blaze, facing toward the marked corner, and a notch 
is made square across and a little below the middle of the blaze. 

The trees so marked are called "Bearing Trees" because 

304 



they give the bearing or direction in which an estabhshed corner 
will be found, and they are always marked with the letters 
"B. T." 

Surveys: To^viisliip Corners, Hoiv Marked. 

Each tree or post which marks a township corner should be 
marked on each of the four sides with six notches, which will 
indicate that it is six miles to another township corner. 

If in the woods, one tree inside of each of the four adjoinmg 
.sections will be found marked with the letters "B. T.," and on 
each side of these four "Bearing Trees," or on other trees or 
posts or stones, as near the corner as possible, the following 
figures and letters will be found: First, the number of the sec- 
tion on which the mark is located: above this the number of the 
town with the letter "T" before and the letter "N." or "S." for 
north or south, following the number; above this will be the 
letter "R." with the range number, and the letter "E." or "W." 
for east or west of the principal meridian, as the case may be. 

Snrveys: Section Corners, Ho^v Mai'lsed. 

The mile-posts or trees located along on township lines are 
marked in numerical order, with as many notches as they are 
miles distant from the township corner at which the survey 
began. ; . 

Those mile-posts or trees, which are on or along section 
lines, are marked with as many notches on their east and south 
corners or sides as they are miles distant from the east and 
south boundaries of -the township. 

The numbers of the sections are also marked at the corners 
of sections on trees or posts, as the case may be; and sometimes 
the numbers are marked on bits of charred wood, which are 
buried in mounds raised for the purpose. 

The places at which section or township lines intersect and 
leave bodies of water are marked by posts flattened on their two 
sides in the direction in which the line runs; and the numbers 
of the sections which they face are marked upon them. 

The posts or trees designating half-mile distances are marked 
on two opposite sides, "1-4-S.," to indicate a quarter section, and 
the nearest adjoining trees on each side of the sectional line are 
similarly marked. 

Surveys: Use of tlie Sectional Map in Unsettled Itegiions. 

If the surveyors have done their duty, and time or other 
causes have not obliterated the marks, any person in the woods, 
even if destitute of a compass, unable to see the sun, and totally 
lost, can, by the aid of this map, if the foregoing explanations 
are understood, find out where he is, how far he is from any 
given place and which way to travel to reach any place he may 
wish to go. 

As all the land is surveyed into sections, a person must be 
either on a section line or surrounded by section lines. If a 
number of trees, posts, stones or mounds are found in line, with 
the marks heretofore named,, you will knov/ that you are on a 
sectional line. 

If you do not see any of the above marks, by going one mile 
or less in any direction you shou.ld find some. Follow the line 
they indicate and they will lead you to a sectional corner where 
you will find four trees, posts, or stones, with figures and letters 
marked upon them. 

305 



The first figure reading downwards is the number of the 
town, with letters N for north or S for south, as the case may 
be, of the base line. 

The figures below stand for the number of the range east 
or west of the principal meridian; and next below is the number 
of the section on which the mark is found. 

Suppose on coraing to a sectional corner and finding the 
marks the first number was T 46 N; the second number R 18 "W., 
and suppose the last numbers on each of the four trees, posts 
or stones, were 10. 11, 14 and 15 respectively. Tou would know 
that you were in Township 46 North, Range 18 West, and at the 
point where Sections 10, 11, 14 and 15 cornered; and on looking 
at your map for this town, the sections and numbers, you 
would see that you were in the County of Alger, in Township 
of Munising, and only about 2 miles north of the Duluth, 
South Shore & Atlantic R. R. But suppose for want of a com- 
pass, or because the sun was hidden by clouds, you could not 
tell which way was south. If you should go northwards, after 
you had followed the lines indicated by the marked trees, posts, 
or stones, for a mile, j'ou would know at once from the way in 
which the sections numbered — 2, 3, 10 and 11, that you had been 
going northwards; that by turning square about and going about 
3% miles you would come to the railroad already named. The 
numbers at the sectional corners would also guide you to the 
right direction, if you should by mistake go east or west instead 
of north. By noticing the letters and figures, and consulting the 
map, you would find out which way was north, south, east or 
west, and by the aid of the surveyor's marks go wherever you 
pleased, 

STvamp liands. 

See Lands, State Swamp. 

STvamp Land Roads. 

See "Roads, Swamp Land" and "State Board of Control of 
Swamp Land Roads." 

Tax Commission. 

See State Board of Tax Commissioners. 

'^' ri- !. V - ■ Taxes. Canalization of. 

"The legislature shall provide for an equalization by a state 
board in the year 1901 and every fifth year thereafter, of assess- 
ments on all taxable property except that paying specific taxes." 
—Constitution of State. See "State Board of Equalization." 

Tax Homestead Lands. 

See "Lands, Tax Homestead." 

Tax on Inlieritance. 

See "Inheritance Tax." 

Tax on Railroads. 

See "State Board of Assessors." 

Taxes, Internal Revenue. 

See United States Internal Revenue Taxes. 
Tax on l>og-s. 

Male dogs are liable to a tax of $1 and female dogs to a tax 
of $3. Out of the proceeds of this tax damages to sheep by dogs 
are authorized to be paid. All amounts from any one township 
over $100 remaining in the hands of the township or city treas- 
urer are subject to apportionment among the several school dis- 
tricts in that township or city. 

306 



Tax, Poll oi* Capitation. 

In all unincorporated towns and villages this tax is levied 
uipon all male inhabitants over 21 and under 50 years of age 
except such as are exempted by reason of military duty, or are 
pensioners, mentally incompetent, or paupers. The tax consists 
of one day's labor upon the highway or $1.25 as a legal equivalent. 

Taxable Personal Propei'ty. 

For purposes of taxation personal property includes money, 
annuities, royalties, all goods, chattels and effects, all ships, 
boats, vessels and their appurtenances, belonging to the inhabi- 
tants of the state. 

All goods, chattels and effects belonging to the inhabitants 
of the state, even if located without the state, unless they are 
permanently invested in business. 

All sums due inhabitants of this state over and above the 
amounts that they may owe, no matter where the debtors may 
reside. All shares in corporations organized in the state unless 
the corporations are exempt. All bank shares, either state or 
national, after deducting the v^,lae of the real property assessed 
to such banks. All shares in' corporations outside of the state 
except national banks. ! • ; ; i ,, 

Buildings and improvements situated on leased lands except 
where the land is also assessed to the lesee or dwner of such 
buildings. 

Tombs or vaults kept for hire within burial grounds. 

Nursery stock and trees. 

Produce, seeds and grain stored or in transit, owned in the 
state. 

The personal property of all gas and coke, natural gas, elec- 
tric light, water works, and hydraulic companies; all to be as- 
sessed where their principal works are located. The pipes and 
wires to be assessed in the township or municipalitj^ v/here they 
are placed. 

The personal property of all street railroad, plank road, cable, 
or electric railroad, transportation and bridge companies, who 
do not pay a specific tax in lieu of other taxes, is assessed in the 
township or municipality. 

All property is assessed annually by the supervisors of the 
several townships or by the proper officers in the several cities 
and villages. 

Corporate property is assessed under the name of the corpora- 
tion at the place where its office is located, as named in its 
articles of corporation. If there is no principal office in tlie 
state, it is assessed at the place where its agent transacts 
bxisiness. 

Personal property is assessed in the place of which the 
owner is a resident on the second Monday in April of the year 
for which the assessment is raade. 

Goods and chattels located in a place other than where the 
owner resides are assessed in that place if the owner thereof 
is occupying any building or grounds at a place of sale, storage 
or manufacturing. 

Animals kept throughout the year in some township other 
than where the owner resides are assessed where kept. 

All bank shares of a bank located in the same county where 
the shares are held, are assessed in the township or munici- 
pality in which the owner resides. 

The personal property of minors binder guardianship is as|i 

307 



sessed to the guardian in the township where he (the guardian) 
resides. 

The personal property of others than minors' under guardian- 
ship is assessed to tlie guardian in the township where his 
ward resides. 

Personal property belonging to estates of deceased persons 
in the hands of executors or administrators is assessed to them 
In the township or school district where deceased last dwelt. 
If the deceased was a non-resident, the property is assessed 
in the township where it was located to executors or the per- 
son in possession. 

Personal property under the control of a trustee or agent 
may be assessed to such trustee or agent where he resides. 

Personal property mortgaged or pledged is assessed to the 
person who has it in possession. . ,, 

Personal property or buildings located on Ij,; ^vff or state 
lands are assessed to the owner or occupant in tlie place where 
such property is located. 

Personal property of non-residents a:nd all forest products 
owned by residents or non-residents, or belonging to the estate 
of deceased persons, is assessed in the township or ward where 
the same is located, to the person having control of the same; ex- 
cept that where such property is in transit to some pla,ce without 
the state it is assessed at the place in the state nearest its last 
boom or sorting place (referring to logs). 

All forest products in transit on the second Monday in April 
in each year, or on the banks or shore of any lake or stream 
when the same is not the place where it is to be manufac- 
tured, are held to be destined for the sorting grounds nearest the 
mouth of the streahi and to be there assessed. 

It is the duty of the supervisor in the town in which any logs, 
lumber, timber or tan bark may be located, to ascertain what 
proportion of such property is liable to assessment, and to assess 
the same. 

Assessors may require a written statement under oath from 
every person belieA^ed to be liable to taxation, as to the amount 
of taxable property in their possession. If a person swears 
falsely he is guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine. 

Taxation: Personal Property Exempt. 

1. The personal property of benevolent, charitable, educa- 
tional, and scientific institutions, incorporated under the laws 
of this state: Provided, that such exemptions shall not apply to 
secret or fraternal societies, but the personal property of all 
charitable homes of such societies shall be exempt. 

2. That of all library associations, circulating libraries, li- 
braries of reference, and reading roomsiowned or supported by 
the public and not used for gain. 

3. That of all posts of the G. A. R., Sons of Veterans, Union 
Veterans' Unions, and of the Women's Relief Corps connected 
therewith, of all Young Men's Christian Associations, and of 
Women's Christian Temperance Union Associations, Young 
People's Christian Unions, and other similar associations. 

4. Pensions receivable from the U. S. 

5. So much of the debts due or to become due as shall equal 
the amount of bonafide and unconditional debts by the person 
owing. 

6. The property of Indians who are not citizens. 

7. The library, family pictures, school books, one sewing 
machine used and owned by each individual or familj^ and wear- 
ing apparel of everj- individual. 

.308 



8. Household furniture, provisions and fuel to the value of 
$500 to each household: Provided, no person paying board shall 
be deemed a householder. 

9. The working- tools of any mechanic not to exceed in value 
the sum of $J00. 

10. All fire engines and otlier implements used in extinguish - 
ing fires owned or used by a;ny organized or independent fire 
company. J ;; 

11. All mules, horses and cattle not over one year old, all 
sheep and swine not over six months old, and all domesticated 
birds. ' y , 

12. Personal property owned and used by any householder,, .li? 
connection with his business, of the value of 



Taxation: Real Property Exempt. 

1. All public property belonging to the U. S. 

2. All public property belonging- to the State of Michi- 
gan, except licensed homestead lands, part-paid lands held 
under certificates, and lands purchased at tax sales, and still 
held by the state. 

3. Lands owned by any county, township, city, village or 
school district and buildings thereon, used for public purposes. 

4. Such real estate as shall be owned and occupied by library, 
benevolent, charitable, educational and scientific institutions, in- 
corporated under the laws of this state, with the buildings and 
other property thereon, while occupied by them solely for the 
purposes for which they were incorporated: Provided, that 
such exemption shall not apply to fraternal or secret societies, 
but all charitable homes of such societies shall be exempt. 

5. All houses of public worship, with the land on which they 
stand, the furniture therein and all rights in the pews, and also 
any parsonage owned by any religious society of this state and 
occupied as such. 

6. All lands used exclusively as burial grounds, and the 
rights of burial therein, and the tombs and monuments therein, 
while reserved and in use for that purpose: Provided, that the 
stock of any corporation owning such burial grounds shall not 
be exempt. 

7. The real and personal property of persons, who, in the 
opinion of the supervisor and board of review, by reason of 
poverty, are unable to contribute toward the public charges. 

8. The real property of corporations exempt under the laws 
of this state by reason of paying specific taxes in lieu of all 
other taxes for the support of the state: Provided, the track, 
right of way, depot grounds and buildings, machine shops, roll- 
ing stock, and all other property necessarily used in operating 
any railroad in this state belonging to any railroad company 
shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any pur- 
pose, except that the same shall be subject to special assess- 
ments for local improvements in cities and villages, and all lands 
owned or claimed by any such railroad company not adjoining' 
the track of such company, shall be subject to all taxes. 

9. Property owned exclusively by the state agricultural so- 
ciety, or any county or district agricultural society, and used 
by any; such society exclusively for fair purposes. 

10. All land dedicated to the public and actually used as a 
park, and any monument, ground or any armory belong-, 
ing to any military . organization, and not used for gain or any: 
other purpose. 

.309 



11. All lands with the buildings thereon owned by any ^-ost 
of the grand army of the republic or women's relief corps con- 
nected therewith when such lands arxd buildings are occupied 
and used by such post or women" s relief corps exclusively far 
the purposes for which they are organized. 

Taxes, State. 

The Auditor General's report of June 30, 1900, shows the 
following: Receipts, $6,321,736; disbursements, $5,223,234. The 
inventories of the several state institutions show values amount- 
ing to $12,782,443.69. The amount realized ftoxa. direct taxation, 
$3,737,539. Amount realized from specific taxes, $439,057. The 
assessed valuation of taxable property in the state for the year 
1896 was $946,009,941.25. The equalized valuation as determined 
by Boards of Supervisors was $818,088,460; the equalized valuation 
as determined by State Board of Equalization, being the amount 
upon which tax was apportioned, was $1,105,100,000. The aggre- 
gate of the state tax apportioned for 1900 was $2,908,680. 

Taxes, State and County, Assessment and Collection of. 

The cities and incorporated villages of the state collect their 
purely local taxes at different times, but all other taxes, whether 
state, county, township, or school district, uniformly fall due 
in the month of December of each year, and are all payable at 
one time. 

State taxes originate as follows: 

On or before Sept, 1st of each year, the Auditor General 
prepares a statement, showing the total amount of taxes to be 
raised for .state purposes and apportions the same among the 
several counties, as determined by the State Board of Equaliza- 
tion and sends to the clerk of each county before the October 
session of the Board of Supervisors a statement of the amount 
of taxes apportioned to such county. He also sends to the 
County Clerk a statement of the amount due from the county 
for back taxes on the 1st of July previous, and all such back 
taxes that are not paid before Oct. 1st, are reapportioned by 
the county Board of Supervisors, together with the regular 
or current state tax. The County Cierk, who is clerk of the 
Board of Supervisors, furnishes the County Treasurer with a 
certificate showing the amounts to be raised for various pur- 
poses in the several townships, and to each Supervisor a cer- 
tificate of the amount to be raised in his township. 

Meantime on or before the third Monday in May of each year 
the Supervisor or Assessor of each township or municipality 
makes a complete assessment roll containing the name of every 
person liable to be taxed with a full description of all the real 
property liable to taxation. If the owner is known his name is 
entered opposite the description of his piece of property, and 
except in any city or village the description must specify the 
number of acres each piece contains. The Assessor must set 
down according to his best judgment the true cash value of 
each piece of property. He must also estimate the true cash 
value of all personal property and set the same down opposite 
the name of the owner of such personal property. 

On the Tuesday following the third Monday in May the 
Board of Review in each township meet at the ofHce of the 
Assessor to examine, correct and approve the assessment roll 
or rolls, and on the fourth Monday in May, and also on the fol- 
lowing day they meet to correct said roll and hear any com- 
plaints of taxpayers, and to finally approve the assessment roll. 

310 



At the annual meeting- of the Board of Supervisors in Oc- 
tober, they examine the assessment rolls of the several town- 
ships, wards or cities, and are supposed to ascertain whether 
the relative valuations in the respective townships, wards or 
cities have heen equally and uniformly estimated. They may 
add to or deduct from the total valuation of any of the rolls 
before them, so as to secure what they deem to be an equitable 
valuation. The Board of Supervisors also determine the amount 
to be raised for count3'' purposes and apportion the same to the 
several townships together with the regular state tax and all 
back taxes that have not been paid by any particular township 
before Oct. 1st. They also place on the individual roll of a town- 
ship the tax to be raised by that township for its own purposes. 
They then approve and certify the several assessment rolls. 

Each Supervisor notifies the Treasurer of his township on 
or before Nov. 15th of the amount of state and county taxes 
assessed to the township. On or before Dec. 1st each Supervisor 
or Assessor furnishes the Treasurer of his township or munici- 
pality with a complete tax roll for that township or municipality 
and thereafter all taxes become a lien upon the properties 
assessed. 

It is the duty of the township or municipal Treasurer to 
collect and pay over to the County Treasurer the amounts col- 
lected by them for state and county purposes up to Jan. 10th 
within three days thereafter, and they must account in full by 
the first day of March following. 

One per cent is added to the entire tax for any one town- 
ship, which is the Township Treasurer's fee for collection. If 
the taxes are not paid by Jan. 10th, 4 per cent is added. 

After March 1st, and up to the time lands are sold for taxes, 
one per cent per month is charged and added to the tax on each 
piece of land, and also 4 per cent as a collection fee for the 
County Treasurer. If taxes are allowed to go unpaid until the 
land is advertised, $1 additional is added to the tax on each 
piece advertised. 

On the 1st of May of the year following the j'-ear for which the 
taxes were due, a list of all lands on which the taxes are unpaid is 
forwarded by the County Treasurer to the Auditor General. 
Taxes, however, may still be paid during the two years following 
the 1st of May upon which they were returned, 

But in February of the second year after they are returned, 
the Auditor General prepares a list of all lands on which the- 
taxes have not been paid, and files the same with the County 
Clerk of each county, together with a petition addressed to the 
Circuit Court praying for a decree and order of sale of such 
lands. This petition is published in each county for four suc- 
cessive weeks before the opening day of the last term of court 
held in the county; and the opening day of court must be at 
least 20 days before the first Tuesday of May, two years after 
the lands were returned for non-payment of taxes. In connec- 
tion with the above petition is printed a list of all pieces of 
land whereon taxes have not been paid up to the time of 
publishing. The sale takes place at the County Treasurer's 
office on the first Tuesday of May, two years after the lands 
were returned, each piece being sold for the total amount of 
tax, interest and charges against it. 

The County Treasurer within 20 days after the sale, must 
file with the clerk of the Circuit Court a list of the lands sol.d. 
and unless objection is made, within eight days thereafter the 
sale is confirmed. At any time within one year thereafter the 

311 



court can set aside the sale, upon such terms as are deemed 
just; but no sale can be set aside after the purchaser or his 
assignee has been in possession for five years, 

A tax receipt, to be valid, must describe the property as 
fully as it is described on the tax roll; and it is well for persons 
to observe for themselves that the tax is marked "Paid" on 
the collector's books. 

Taxes, Specific. 

Express, telephone and telegraph coihpanies pay to the state 
3 per cent on their gross receipts. 

Fire and marine insurance companies incorporated in other 
states pay 3 per cent on their gross receipts from premiums 
in Michigan. 

River improvement companies pay 1 per cent oh their paid- 
in capital stock. 

Railroads whose gross earnings do not exceed $2,000 per mile 
pay 2% per cent, those whose earnings are over $2,000 per mile 
and do not exceed $4,000 per mile pay 31^, per cent; those with 
earnings of over $4,000 and not exceeding $6,000 per mile pay 4 
per cent. If over $6,000 and not exceeding $8,000, they pay 4^ 
per cent, and if earnings are over $8,000 per mile they pay 5 
per cent. 

In specific taxes the State received for the vear ending June 
30th, 1901, the sum of $1,523,642 SO from the following sources- 
Railroads, $1,145,384 70; boiler inspection insurance companies, 
$741 79; express companies, $1,443 52; fire insurance companies, 
$148,337 38; guarantee insurance companies, $8,065 07; life insur- 
ance companies, $116,122 41; plank and gravel road companies, 
$590 81; plate glass insurance companies, $783 10; river improve- 
ment companies, $1,259; telegraph companies, $5,192 90; telephone 
companies, $38,962 65; franchise fees, $50,640 01; inheritance taxes, 
$10,369 46; canal companies, $750. 

Taxes. Rate of State. 

The rate of state tax in 1899 was 3.37 mills on the dollar. 
ir. '. Teachers' Reading* Cii'cle. 

This is managed by five Commissioners of Schools chosen 
by the S'tate Association of Commissioners and Examiners at 
ihe yearly meetings in December, with the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, ex-officio. The County Commissioner is the 
manager for each county. The Reading Circle year begins and 
ends with the regular county institute or with the school year, 
as teachers and commissioners may elect. 

Three books are selected for a year's reading, one of which 
?3 especially adapted to school use. 

No membership fee is charged. The whole cost is included 
in the purchase of the three books, which are furnished for 
less than the price of two, and can be procured from 'the County 
Commissioner or from the local leader, who has them on con- 
signment. 

Telepliomes, First. 

The first telephone system in the state was used In Detroit 
on Aug. 15, 1878. 

Telegraph. Liime, First. 

The first telegraph line operated in Michigan was between 
Detroit and Ypsilanti and was used on Nov. 29, 1847. 

312 



Temperance. 

See Liquors, Maine Liquor Law, Local Option. 
Territory, Lesislative Council oE. 

This body legislated for the territory after the termination 
of the rule of the Governor and Judges in 1823 and before a 
state legislature was provided. It consisted at first of nine per- 
sons selected by the President of the United States from among 
18 persons elected by the people of the territory. 

In 1825 an act provided that it should consist of 13 persons 
selected oht of double the number. Two years later the people 
themselves were authorized to elect the 13 who were to con- 
stitute the council. The first session was held on June 7, 1824, and 
the sixth and last on Aug. 15, 1835. 

What is sometimes called the seventh legislative council 
was held at Green Bay on Jan. 6, 1836. It was called to provide 
for the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin and to secure 
an appropriation to improve the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and 
was not properly a leg'islative body. 

Territorial Delegates to Cons'ress. 

As a territory, Michigan had no delegates in congress until 
authorized to elect them by law of 1819. 

Territories, Nortli>vest and Indiana. 

On July 13, 1787, Congress passed an ordinance for the govern- 
ment of the territory of the United States northwest of the 
river Ohio. Nathan Dane, of Beverly, Massachusetts, founder 
of the Dane Law School of Cambridge, has been generally cred- 
ited with the authorship of the ordinance. There is, however, 
no probability that the vital points of the ordinance were orig- 
inated by Mr. Dane. As long ago as October, 1841, an article 
appeared in the North American Review containing copious 
extracts from the diary of Dr. Manasseh Cutler, in whifh he 
distinctly claimed the authorship, without amendment, of por- 
tions of the ordinance. As the ordinance was expressly framed 
in the interest of the land company he represented, it is pre- 
sumably the portion excluding slavery and providing for schools 
that is attributable to him. Further evidence of his authorship 
is contained in an elaborate article in the same periodical for 
April, 1876, written by William F. Poole, then librarian of the Pub- 
lic Library of Chicago. He showed that at the time the ordinance 
was framed the couiitry was in debt and in great need of money; 
and that the ordinance was designed to insure the sale to Dr. 
Manasseh Cutler, agent of the Ohio Company of Associates, of 
1,500,000 acres of land in the Northwest Territory. Further, by 
the history and language of all the preceding proposed ordi- 
nances, and of the committees on them; hy a comparison of the 
language of the ordinance as passed, with the style of Mr. Dane 
and the statements of his own biographer; by the names of the 
committee who reported the final ordinance; by an analysis of 
the vote by which it was passed; by a history of the organization 
in 1786-1787 of the Ohio Company of Associates; and, finally, by 
direct quotations from Dr. Cutler's own memoranda, in which 
there are evidences of clear-headed business capacity, and rare 
ability as a writer, diplomat, and correspondent, he proves that 
Dr. Cutler was the author of the language which gives character 
to that most remarkable document. 

Mr. Poole also showed that General St. Clair, then president 
of Congress, was induced to aid in the promotion of the scheme 

313 



by the promise of being" made governor; and that Winthrop 
Sarg-ent, the first secretary of the Northwest Terintory, was 
one of the officers of the company which founded the first settle- 
ment at Marietta, Ohie. 

By law of May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided, 
and the Territory of Indiana created; and on April 30, 1802, Con- 
gress provided that when the citizens of the region to be called 
Ohio adopted a constitution, conforming to certain conditions 
prescribed by Congress, the region including Michigan should be 
attached to the Territory of Indiana. Although a majority of 
the people of the territory were opposed to the holding of a 
convention, and the creation of the State of Ohio, yet a con- 
vention was called. It began at Chillicothe on Nov. 1, 1802, and 
closed Nov. 29. 

The convention modified the conditions made by Congress, 
the modifications were accepted on March 3, 1803, and the ad- 
mission of Ohio was thus completed. 

What is now the State of Michigan was thus annexed to 
Indiana Territory without the wish or consent of the citizens. 

On Jan. 11, 1S05, by a law to take effect June 30, 1805, Congress 
divided Indiana Territory into two territories, named Indiana 
and Michigan. The latter was to include that part of Indiana 
Territory lying north of a line drawn east from the southern 
end of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn 
north and south through the middle of Lake Michigan and north- 
wards to the boundary between the United States and Canada; 
and on July 2, 1805, the oath of ofllce was administered at Detroit 
to the Governor and Judges. 

TeiTitory of Micliigran. 

Michigan became a territory by law of Jan. 11, 1S05, which 
took effect June 30, 1805, the Governor and the three Judges 
constituting the legislature. 

On Feb. 16, 1818, the people of the territory voted on the 
question of passing to what was known as the second grade of 
government, and, strange to say, the majority were against it. 
In April, 1816, Congress took a strip from the southern part of 
the territory, and included it in the bounds of the new State of 
Indiana. Two years later, on April 18, 1818, Congress increased 
the size of the territory by adding to it all of what is now the 
State of Wisconsin and the western half of the Upper Peninsula. 

A second addition to the territorial limits of Michigan was 
made on June 28, 1834. All of the present States of Iowa, Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and a large part of Dakota, were 
then included in Michigan Territory. On Jan. 26, 1835, the legis- 
lative council provided for the election, on April 4, of 89 delegates 
to a convention, to form a state constitution. The convention 
assembled at Detroit on May 11, 1835, and concluded its labors on 
June 24; but so far as the U. S. government was concerned it 
remained a territory until admitted as a state Jan. 26, 1837. 

See State, Admission of; also State Boundaries and Toledo 
War. 

Tlieatres, Reserved. Seats in. 

"It shall not be lawful for the proprietor, lessee or manager 
of any theater, concert or lecture hall, or other place of public 
entertainment, to mark, or cause to be marked, any seat, or 
seats in any theater, concert or lecture hall, or other place of 
public entertainment, as sold, reserved or taken, unless the seat 
or seats so marked or designated shall have been actually sold 

314 



as reserved, at least one hour prior to the time of beginning 
of each performance, and the purchase of reserved seats for the 
purpose of selling them is hereby prohibited."— State Law. 

Time. 

See Standard. Time. 

, Toledo War. 

See War, Toledo, j i . a , ; . : 

Toll for Grinding' Grain. 

This must not" exceed one-tenth of amount furnished. 

Tolls on Rivers. 

See River Improvements. 

Tounagre of Great Laltes, Passing; Tlirong,Ii Detroit Riyter. 

During 1899 no less than 12,971 vessels, with a freight tonnage 
of 15,437,612 tons, passed down, and 14,081 vessels with a freight 
tonnage of 16,330,218 tons passed up. 

Town Meetingrs. 

These meetings for the election of township officers are held 
yearly on the first Monday of April. 

To^vns and ToTvnsliips, Kinds of. 

There are three varieties of towns or townships, viz: Sur- 
veyed, organized and incorporated. Surveyed towns or townr 
ships are of regular shape and six miles square, a proper de- 
scription of one of which would be, by its number and range, as 
for instance: Town 25 north (or south), range 10 west (or east). 

Organized towns or townships are subdivisions of counties, 
ajid are often composed of a single surveyed township; but fre- 
quently in thinly settled regions an organized township extends 
over and includes several surveyed townships; sometimes the 
towns, included under one organization do not even join each 
other; oftentimes an organized town or township is composed 
of parts of several surveyed tov/nships, or perhaps of only a few 
sections in a single surveyed township. Whether much or little 
territory is included in an organized township it has a name 
peculiar to itself, so far as the county in which it is locaited is 
concerned. ' 

Incorporated towns dr villages exist linder general or special 
laws— the amount of territory embraced in them varying accord- 
ing, to the population of the place^ and the ambition or enterprise 
Vt the inhabitants. ., ■ . ■ 

Town and Rangre Numbers. 

See "Surveys: ^own and Range Numbers." 

~'''. ■ ' Townsliip Board. ";'■'' '''' 

The' .Supervisor, the two Justices of the Peace whose ternis 
of office soonest expire, and the Township Clerk constitute the 
•Township Board, any three of the number constituting a 
quorum. This board has general control of the affairs of the 
township, and meets annually on the Tuesday after the annual 
meeting to audit and settle claims against the township and to 
examine and adjust the accounts of the Township Treasurer 
and of all other township officers who receive or distribute public 
monies. 

315 



To^viisliip Board of Education. 

Because cf sparseness of population in some parts of the 
state, especially in the Upper Peninsula, provision is made for 
township school districts under a special law, and in such cases 
two trustees are elected at the annual township meeting-, one 
for one j-'ear and one for two years, who, with the Township 
Clerk, and the two School Inspectors of the township, constitute 
the Township Board of Education, and have control in school 
matters. 

ToT^nsliii) Board of Health. 

The Township Board of every township is the Board of Health 
for that township. They must appoint and constantly have a 
Health Officer, who shall be a well educated physician, if such 
a person is at hand. The latter is the executive officer of the 
board, but such board must meet within 30 days after the annual 
township meeting, and also on the call of the Supervisor, or any 
two of its members. The board must regulate nuisances, pur- 
chase a burial ground, and may establish quarantine when 
necessary. 

ToT^-nsliip Board of Library Directors. 

At the next regular election after any township for village) 
shall have voted to establish a free public library, there shall 
be elected a library board of six directors — two for one year, 
two for two years, and two for three years, and each year there- 
after there shall be elected two directors for three years each, so 
that the board shall always consist of six. 

Townsliip Board of Review'. ' 

This board consists of the Supervisor and two other mem- 
bers chosen by the voters of the township at the annual town 
meeting for the purpose of reviewing the assessment roll. The 
term of office is two years, one member being elected annually. 

To^viisliip Canvassing: Board. 

The inspectors of election in a township constitute the Can- 
vassing Board; in case a township is divided into election dis- 
tricts, the inspectors of District No. 1 constitute the Canvassing 
Board. 

See Elections, Township. 

ToT^'nsliip Clerk:. 

The Township Clerk, who is elected on the first Monday of 
April for one year, is the custodian of the books and records 
of the township. He keeps an account with the Treasurer of 
the township, charging him with funds that come into his hands 
and crediting him with monies paid out bj* order of the proper 
authorities, and also must keep a similar account with regard 
to the several funds of the township. It is his duty on or before 
the 1st day of October to deliver to the Supervisor of his town- 
ship a certified copy of all statements, certificates and determi- 
nations on record in his office relating to the raising of money 
by taxation for township, school, highway, drain and all other 
purposes, together with the aggregate amount thereof. He pro- 
vides the ballot boxes and has charge of them, makes returns 
of elections to the proper officers, furnishes a list of the electors 
in the township to the Secretary of State in November of each 
year, is the clerk of the Township Board of Health, issues orders 
for bounty on sparrows, keeps the records of chattel mortgages, 

316 



Issues burial permits and keeps a register of deaths, apportions 
school monies to the districts, acts as sealer of weights and 
measures in the township, and performs various other duties. 
He is paid $1.50 per day for time spent in his duties. 

Townsliip Commissioner of Higiiways. 

This officer is elected at the annual township meeting on the 
first Monday in April for one year, and as implied in his title 
has general control of the roads in the township, the keeping 
of them free from weeds and stray cattle; also the care of 
bridges. He keeps a record of highways, may require shade 
trees to be planted, may contract for the construction of water- 
ing troughs, and determines the necessity for sidewalks. 
In conjunction with the Township Board he may divide the town- 
ship into not less than four road districts and makes the assess- 
ments for highway taxes in each district. He has power to em- 
ploy men to work on the roads, makes estimates for road im- 
provements, reports yearly as to construction of roads and 
expense of maintaining the same; He is allowed $1.50 per day 
for actual services and the Township Clerk acts as his clerk. 

Township Coiistalble. 

Each township may elect at annual meeting npt to exceed 
four constables for terms of one year each. They are paid by 
fees prescribed by law, and their special duty is to preserve the 
peace and to serve such legal notices as the law prescribes. 
One of the constables usually selects the 18 persons from among 
whom six jurymen are selected to try any case in the Justice's 
Court. 

ToTvnsliip Elections. 

See Elections, Township. 

ToTvnsliip Election Commissioners. 

The members of the Township Board act as Election Com- 
missioners. See Township Board; also Elections, Township. 

ToTvnship Election Inspector's. 

The inspectors of election for any township not divided into 
more than one election district consist of five persons, the Super- 
visor, the two Justices not holding the office of Supervisor or 
Clerk, whose terms of office soonest expire, and the Township 
Clerk and Assessor, if there be one. 

In case the township is divided into two or more election 
districts the above jiamed officers constitute the inspectors for 
the first district, the' remaining two Justices and Township Treas- 
urer for the second district, and for any other districts the 
Township Board shall appoint three freeholders as inspectors. 

Their duty is to preserve order, receive ballots, canvass the 
votes and certify as to who has been elected. 

' ToTvnship Justices of tlie Peace. 

Justices of the Peace, of which a township may have not to 
exceed four, are elected at the annual township meeting for 
terms of four years. As the original justices in a township are 
elected for terms of one, two, three and four years respectively, 
no two justices' terms expire at the same time. 

Vacancies are filled at the annual meeti;ng and the person 
elected serves for the rest of the term. 

With the exception of some causes, especially reserved from 
their jurisdiction, they have original jurisdiction in all civil 

317 



actions where the debt or damage does not exceed $100, and also 
the same jurisdiction that Circuit Courts have in civil actions 
growng out of definite or implied contracts where the debt or 
damage does not exceed $300. — 

They also have criminal jurisdiction in certain cases, have 
authority to perform the marriage ceremony, administer oaths 
and perform various other duties prescribed by law. They are 
paid by prescribed fees. 

Jurors for Justices' Courts are selected from property holders 
by the constable. Eighteen names being obtained, each party' 
may strike out six names and the remaining six form the jury. 
Jurors are paid 50 cents per day. Detroit, under a special law. 
has what are known as Justices' Courts with practically the same 
authority. 

Townsliip Names. 

The name of every Township in each County in the State 
existing in 1900 will be found in the article, "Population of Town- 
ships and Counties." 

TowDLsliip Officers. 

The following officers exist or may exist in each township. 
The time and mode of their election or appointment, their duties 
and salaries are given in connection with the namies of the 
various offices, which will be found in their proper alphabetical 
order: 

Township Board. 

Township Board of Education. 

Township Board of Health. 

Township Board of ijibrary Directors. 

Township Board of Review. 

Township Canvassing Board. 

Township Constables. 

Township Clerk. 

Township Commissioner of .Highways. 

Township Election Inspectors. 

Township Election Commissioners. 

Township Health Ofiicer. 

Township Justices. 

Township Overseer of Highways. 

Township Poundmaster. 

Township Registration Board. 

Township School Inspector. 

Township Supervisor. 

Township Treasurer. 

ToTvsisliip Overseers of Hig^h-vrays. 

The overseer for each of the four road districts into which 
a township has been divided by the Commissioner of Highways 
and Township Board, is elected for one year at the annual town- 
ship meeting. His principal duty is to furnish lists to the Town- 
ship Clerk of people liable to do work on the highways, and to 
call on each taxpaj^er to see that before Aug. 1st of each year 
they perform their portion of the labor on the highways or pay 
for the same. It is also his duty to see generally that the roads 
are kept in good order and proper fences erected and kept in 
good condition. He renders a yearly accoimt to the Commissioner 
of Highways of his labors and collections. He is paid such sums 
as may be agreed upon by the Township Board. 

To-wnsliips, Population of. 

See "Population of Townships." 

318 



Tovrnsliip Poundmaster. 

At the annual township meeting the voters may elect by 
viva voce vote as many Poundmasters as they see fit. Tut 

ToAvnsIiip Res;istra.tion Board. n'tcioH 

>r' .-IP 

This is composed of the Township Supervisor, Treasurer and 
Clerk. ;' 

See Elections, Township. '* 

ToTpnsIiip Scliool Inspectors. 

One School Inspector is elected at the annual township meet- 
ing, to serve for two years and with the Inspector holding over 
and the Township Clerk constitute a Township Board of School 
Inspectors. They define the boundaries of the several school dis- 
tricts, but no school district can include more than nine sections 
of land, except those in the Upper Peninsula, which may include 
an entire township. They report facts about the schools to the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction and see that the primary 
school fund is not distributed to any district which has not kept 
a school open the time required by law. They also examine lists 
of teachers to see that they are prepared to teach as required 
by law. They are allowed $1.50 per day for time spent in their 
duties. ; 

* ToTrnsliip Supervisor. 

The Supervisor is the principal executive officer of a town- 
ship and is elected annually by ballot for one year on the first 
Monday in April. He is a member of the Township Board and 
the assessor of the towns'hip for state, township and school taxes, 
being allowed $2 per day for assessing and making out the rolls. 
He acts as an inspector of election and with the Township Clerk 
makes lists of petit jurors, may relieve poor and order them ad- 
mitted to the county poor house, is required each year in April 
or May when he makes the as.sessment rolls to collect farm 
statistics for publication by the Secretary of State, and also 
has to collect statistics as to number of births and deaths in the 
township during the previous year. He also performs various 
other minor duties. At the annual meeting of Supervisors, each 
Supervisor is paid $3 per day for not more than 12 days' session 
and the same amount for not more than two special sessions in 
a year of six days each, with six cents a mile for distance 
traveled to and from place of meeting, and when they have to 
leave home the day before in order to get to the meeting in 
time they are allowed $3 a day extra for going and returning. 

In Wayne and Saginaw Counties the regular sessions may 
last 15 days, but the special sessions only three days. 

See County Board of Supervisors. 

To-tviisliip Treasui'er. 

This officer, elected on the first Monday in April for one year, 
is the custodian of the tov/nship funds and collects all the taxes 
and pays them out on the order of the Township Board, of which 
he is a member. The same person can be elected only two y^ears 
successively. The pay is $1.50 per day for time actually spent 
in duties of office. He may appoint a deputy to be paid by 
himself. 

Trees and Forests. 

Michigan has about 90 species of trees. She has six species 
of maple of tree size, also basswood, whitewood, honey locust, 

319 



Kentucky coffee tree, two cherries, pepperidge, five ashes, sassa- 
fras, three elms, hackberry, mulberry, buttonwood, black walnut, 
butternut, six hickories, about 12 oaks, chestnut, beech, five 
birches, larch, arbor vita^e, and red cedar. 

Hickory of three species of the best quality grows in the 
southern part of the state. The most common trees of the state 
are beech and sugar maple. They grow all over the southern 
peninsula on what is known as timbered land. Much of the 
northern sugar maple is curly or bird's-eye. It is very useful 




GENESEE 1 LAPEER 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Caro & Lake Huron R. R. 

3. P. 0. & N. R. R. 4. M. C. R. R. 5. Cass Riuer. 

Copyright 1907, by Si'/as Farmer. 

for furniture and certain parts of railway coaches. Large 
quantities are exported. The white oak is another valuable tree, 
found in great abundance and perfection in most parts of the 
southern peninsula. It disappears as we reach the pine of the 
north. 

In the central and northern parts of the state are the most 
celebrated pine forests of the continent. An old lumberman said 
he could furnish spars of pine 175 feet long and not over two feet 
through at the butt. He had cut them 200 feet long. 

320 



■'•■■r. r. . ;.. Tuscola County -^.•ierK)j;,,...if,-jj:!-.' ■ 

Was ci-ieat^d in 1840 and organized in 1850. 'Its pre^isnt limits were 
defined in 1855. The name was derived from a Muscogee Indian 
word, Tusco, meaning- "warrior." The county seat was at first 
at Vassar, but is now at Caro. Acres in county, 519,103. Popula- 
tion in 1S50, 291; 1860, 4,885; 1870, 13,721; 1880, 25,739; 1890, 32,508; 1894, 
34,412; 1900, 35,890. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 5,585. 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,741, Bryan 2,650., . , .J 

:' : ' i" liuited States Attorney. /. "' r "'r''' 

There are two, one for the eastern district a.nd one-forfthe 
western district of Michigan. It is the duty of the attorney to 
prosecute all offences against the government, its property or 
laws; to attend to the collection of all debts due to the govern- 
ment. The appointment to this office is made by the Senate on 
nomination of the President. The terni of office is.;i^definit&. 
The salary is $200 and fees not exceeding $6,000. ,;>i -tinr) Tr^ lo 

, _ U. S. Circuit Court. '. 'Z.'''''Ci. -V "'^ 

The first United States Circuit Court for the State -of ; Mich- 
igan was provided for by Act of July 1, 1836. By Act of- March 
3, 1837, the States of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and .Michigan were 
made the seventh circuit. By Act of July 15, 1862, a new division 
of circuits was made and Michigan, "Wisconsin and Illinois were 
made the eighth circuit. On Jan. 28, 1863, the circuits were again 
rearranged, Ohio and Michigan being made the seventh circuit. 
By law of July 23, 1866, the present sixth circuit, embracing the 
States of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee, was created. 
In general, the power of this court may be thus defined; It may 
hear, and try originally, all cases coming under United States 
law, except admiralty cases. It has also jurisdiction in cases 
between citizens of different states, and between citizens and 
aliens, in cases either of law or equity, involving amounts of 
more than $2,000. The salary of the circuit judge is $6,000. He 
Is nominated by the President and confirmed by the. senate, the 
term being for life. s , 

The clerk of the Circuit Court is appointed by the judige 
and holds office at his pleasure. He is paid by fees appertaining 
to the office. For services and clerk hire he is; allowed to retain 
fees to the amount of $3,500 per year, -j • ; ■ i'-.! '■;•>. ;riui r ito 

; U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals for Sixth Circuit; ~ '' 

This court, consisting, of three judges, constitutes a court 
of appeals for this the sixth circuit, for cases from the United 
States Circuit or District Courts, It convenes on the first Tues- 
day after the first Monday in October, and monthly thereafter, 
excepting August and September. . . , ; , , ■■.■a\ 

All sessions of the court are held at Cincinnati, unless /otli'e.r^ 
wise especially ordered by the court.; ,,; ;,,,:. ; ,;(/ . "r; -i 

The clerk's office is at Cincinnati,, --QhiQ,! arid his; i . salary, is 
$3,000 peir year. : ^-: , 

U. S. Court Commissioners. 

The'dutles of commissioners consist in hearing and taking 
such testimony as may be referred to therri, for use in either 
the Circuit or the District Court, and when so taken, by order 
of the court, the testimony has all the force that it would have 
if given before the court itself. The parties to any case requir- 
ing testimony to be taken may elect the commissioner before 
whom they will have the testimony taken, '• ; : : 

321 



The commissioners are appointed by the United States Cir^ 
cult judges. The term is for life, and they are paid by the fees 
received. ■■'• ,:\ bo 

U. S. Collector of Customs. 

There are four customs districts In Michigan, as follows t 

The first customs district in the district of Michigan com- 
prises all the waters and chores of the State lying west of the 
principal meridian and south of the Straits of Mackinac, except 
the territory bordering on Green Bay, and including Bois Blanc 
Island. Grand Haven is the port of entry and of immediate 
transportation; Cheboyga,n, Manistee and Ludington are sub- 
ports of delivery. 

The second district, the district of Huron, comprises all 
that portion of the lower peninsula which lies east of the prin- 
cipal meridian and north of the southern boundary line of La- 
peer and St. Clair Counties, including all the waters and shores 
of St. Clair River, Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. Port Huron 
is the port of entry and of immediate transportation. 

The third district, that of Detroit, comprises all the waters 
and shores of Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the waters 
connected therewith, from the Miami River to the mouth of the 
St. Clair River. Detroit is the port of entry and of immediate 
transportation. 

The fourth district, the district of Superior, comprises the 
whole Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Marquette is the port of 
entry, and Gladstone a sub-port of entry. Marquette and Sault 
Ste. Marie are ports of immediate transportation. 

The collector has a salary of $1,000 and fees. Connected with 
the office are a large number of officers having various duties. 
At all, or nearly all, ports there are deputy collectors to whoni 
masters of vessels report, and who note all entries and clear- 
ances of vessels. 

When a vessel arrives' from a foreign country a permit to 
land the goods must be obtained before b^ing landed, unless 
they are to be -placed in a bonded warehouse. The entry con- 
sists of a written statement containing the name of the vessel 
and her master, the name of the port from which the articles 
were shipped, their particular marks, numbers, quality, and 
quantity, denomination, and prime cost, and the advance charges 
on them. The importer must also produce the original invoice, 
or other documents in lieu thereof, with the bills of lading. 
Vessels sailing from the United States obtain from the collector 
written permits to leave, called "clearances," and sailors obtain 
certificates of their nationality, usually denominated "protec- 
tions," which serve to secure them the privileges of American 
seamen. The collector certifies to the correctness of the mani- 
fests or bills of lading of goods on board of vessels sailing from 
this to any foreign port; he also issues registers to ships, speci- 
fying the description and nationality of such as are going to 
foreign countries. He issues yearly licenses to vessels engaged 
in lake or river trade; keeps account of all vessels built within 
the district, also of those arriving at and departing from ports of 
entry, giving their character and description, and reports the 
same to the Bureau of Statistics at "Washington; he makes re- 
turns of all imports and exports at his port; he is also the dis- 
bursing agent of the Government for the Revenue Marine service, 
and acts as custodian of the public buildings, including the 
court-rooms and offices therein contained, and is charged with 
the repair and preservation of the buildings and furniture. 

322 



All imported merchandise is examined and appraised, whether 
imported' direct or through a bonded warehouse, which is under 
Government supervision. The appraiser is appointed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and receives $3,000 a year. 

Bonded warehouses are for the benefit of importers who do 
not wish to pay the entire duties on any lot of goods at the time 
they are imported. In all such cases the goods are stored in the 
warehouse, and the duties paid from time to time as portions are 
withdrawn. These warehouses were first used in Detroit, in 
June, 1872. In addition to the regular bonded warehouse, bonded 
rooms are allowed in the stores of individuals for storage of 
merchandise imported, owned by or consigned to them, and such 
rooms are also under the control of the officers of the customs. 

To aid in the enforcement of the revenue laws the Govern- 
ment employs the revenue steamer "Fessenden," which patrols 
the rivers and lakes. The steamer "Michigan," of the United 
States Navy, also makes occasional visits to the yarious ports. 

U. S. Congressional Districts. 

The several Congressional Districts are composed as follows':' 

First— First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, 
Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth and 
Seventeenth Wards of Detroit. 

Second—Jackson, Lenawee, Washtenaw and Monroe Counties,- 
the Townships of Plymouth, Northville, Canton, Van Buren,' 
Romulus, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown, Monguagon, Taylor, 
and Ecorse, and the City of Wyandotte in Wayne County. 

Third— Hillsdale, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Eaton 
Counties. 

Fourth— St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and 
Barry Counties. 

Fifth— Ottawa, Kent and Ionia Counties. 

Sixth — Ingham, Livingston, Genesee, and Oakland Counties, 
and Townships of Livonia, Nankin, Dearborn, Redford, Spring- 
wells and Greenfield in Wayne County, and Twelfth, Fourteenth 
and Sixteenth Wards of Detroit. 

Seventh— Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer, St. Clair and Macomb 
Counties, and Townships of Grosse Pointe, Gratiot and Ham- 
tramck in Wayne County. 

Eighth— Tuscola, Saginaw, Shiawassee, and Clinton Counties. 
Ninth— Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, Wexford, 
Manistee, Benzie and Leelanau Counties. 

Tenth — Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iosco, Al- 
cona, Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, 
Cheboygan, Emmet and Otsego Counties. 

Eleventh— Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Osceola, 
•Clare, Roscommon, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, An- 
trim and Charlevoix Counties. 

Twelfth— Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Onton- 
agon, Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, 
Keweenaw, Alger, Luce, Iron and Gogebic Counties. 

U. S. District Court. 

United States District Courts for the State of Michigan "\yir*i, 
first provided for by Act of July 1, 1836. The sessions of both 
Circuit and District United States Courts for the entire State 

323 



were at first held only in Detroit. By Act of February 24, 1863, 
the State was divided into two judicial districts. The court held 
at Detroit is now known as the District Court for the Eastern 
District of Michigan, and that held at Grand Rapids as the Dis- 
trict Court for the Western District of Michigran. 

The district is divided into two subdivisions, namely Northern 
and Southern. The Northern District embraces the Counties of 
Alcona, Alpena, Arenac, Bay, Cheboygan, Clare, Crawford, 
Genesee, Gladwin, Gratiot, Huron, Iosco, Isabella, Midland, 
M;ontmorency, Ogemaw, Oscoda, Otsego, Presque Isle, Roscom- 
mon, Saginaw, Shiawassee and Tuscola, and court meets at Bay 
City on the first Tuesdays in May and October. The Southern 
Division embraces the Counties of Branch, Calhoun, Clinton, 
Hillsdale, Ingham, Jackson, Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Ma- 
comb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Sanilac, Washtenaw, and 
Wayne, and court meets at Detroit on the first Tuesdays in 
March, Juhe and November. 

The western half of the State is known as the District Court 
for the Western District of Michigan, and is also divided into two 
sub-divisions, namely Northern and Southern. The Northern 
Division embraces the Counties of Alger, Baraga, Chippewa, 
Delta, Dickinson, Gogebic, Houghton, Iron, Isle Royal, Kewee- 
naw, Luce, Mackinac, Marquette, Menominee, Ontonagon and 
Schoolcraft, and court meets at Marquette on the first Tuesdays 
in May and September. The Southern Division embraces the 
Counties of Allegan, Antrim, Barry, Benzie, Berrien, Cass, Char- 
levoix, Eaton, Emmet, Grand Traverse, Ionia, Kalamazoo, Kal- 
kaska, Kent, Lake,' Leelanau, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Mis- 
saukee, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola, Ot- 
tawa, St. Joseph, Van Buren and Wexford, and court meets at 
Grand Rapids on the first Tuesdays of March and October. 

The District Court has jurisdiction in all cases of infraction 
of United States law, in admiralty cases, or cases arising in con- 
nection with trade or travel on the rivers and lakes, and in Bank- 
ruptcy cases. 

The jurors for both Circuit and District United States Courts 
were formerly selected by the clerk and marshal; by law of June 
30, 1879, a commissioner, who in politics must be opposed to the 
clerk, is appointed by the presiding judge to assist the clerk, in 
the selection of names. 

About the first of October of each year they select the names 
of not less than one hundred persons from different counties in 
the district; these names are placed in a box, and at least twenty 
days before court term begins, the clerk and marshal draw out, 
in the presence of the district attorney, twenty-three names as 
grand jurors, and twenty-four as traverse jurors. The jurors 
are paid two dollars per day. 

Judges of the District Court are appointed by the Senate on 
nomination of the President, The term is for life, and the salary 
is $3,500 per year. 

The clerk of the District Court is appointed by the District 
Judge and is paid by the fees received. 

U. S. Ensriiieers' Office. 

The construction and repair of all lighthouses is in charge 
of officers of the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, 
who are assigned to duty in the various lighthouse districts of 
the country. Officers of this corps are also assigned to the 
charge of various public works, such as the improvement of 

324 



rivers and harbors, the construction of canals, or th« survey 
of rivers and lakes, and often the same officer has charge of 
a lighthouse district and various river and harbor works. 

The office for the entire lake region is located at Detroit, and 
Government charts are issued from this office of all the Great 
Lakes and connecting rivers at from 20 to 30 cents each. 

U. S. Forts in Micliigraii. 

No less than ten different forts have been located within 
the present bounds of the State, but now only two of them. 
Fort Brady and Fort Wayne, are actually in commission. Fort 
Brady was founded at Sault Ste. Marie in 1822 by Gen. Hugh 
Brady, and was located on the water front between Bingham 
avenue and the Catholic Church. In 1892 the old fort was aban- 
doned and the present one overlooking the city was occupied. 
More than $500,000 has been already invested in the construction 
of permanent buildings, and there are ample accommodations 
for four companies. 

Fort Wayne is located on the Detroit River just below De- 
troit. The site was selected in 1841, and from time to time since 
then upwards of a quarter of a million dollars has been expend- 
ed upon it. 

The abandoned forts are the following: 

Fort Gratiot was located at the outlet of Lake Huron, just 
above the head of the St. Clair River. It was originally called 
Fort St. Joseph and Fort du Luth, and was built about 1686 by 
Sieur. du Luth. After the war of 1812 a fort was built here by 
the United States, and it remained government property until 
1879, when it was sold to the Port Huron & Northwestern R. R. 

Fort Holmes, originally called Fort George, on the Island 
of Mackinac, was erected by the English during the war of 
1812. After its surrender to the Americans it was named Fort 
Holmes in honor of Major A. H. Holmes. It gradually fell into 
decay, and in 1886 a wooden tower was erected on its site. This 
tower is over 300 feet high and affords a fine view of the island 
and its surroundings. 

Fort Mackinaw, a mere stockade, was erected by the 
French on the present site of Mackinaw City (mainland) in 1671. 
The English garrison was removed to Mackinac Island and the 
present fort erected there in 1780. The garrison was removed in 
1894, and now only the picturesque white buildings remain to 
charm the vistors. 

Fort Pontchartrain was the original fort at Detroit and 
was erected when the city was founded in 1701. After the sur- 
render by the French to the English in 1760 it was known as Fort 
Detroit. The site of one of the gateways through which Pontiac 
entered in 1763 is marked by a tablet placed in 1899 on the build- 
ing of the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Co. at the corner of 
Jefferson avenue and Griswold street. . ,'^ 

Fort Shelby, originally called Fort Lernoult, was located in 
Detroit, and part of its site is now occupied by the Federal Build- 
ing. It was built in 1778 during the Revolutionary War, under the 
direction of Major Richard Berringer Lernoult, as a protection 
against the Americans. After the recapture of the city by the 
Americans in 1813 the fort was named Fort Shelby, in honor 
cf the Governor of Kentucky, whose troops so greatly aided 
in its recapture. It was demolished in 1826. q 

Fort St. Ignace was built by the French at St. Ignace imj 
1676, but it was an unpretentious affair. ,:a 



Fort .Sinclair, on St. Clair River, at the mouth of the Pine 
River, is believed to have been built during British occupation 
by Gen. Patrick Sinclair. It was simply a stockade and not 
of long existence. 

Fort Wilkins was located at Copper Harbor, Keweenaw 
County, Maj'- 28, 1844, and abandoned two years later on July 
25, 1846. 

United. States Government Offlelals in Micliisran. 

The following United States offices exist In Michigan: 

U. S. Attorney. 

U. S. Clerk of Circuit Court. 

U. S. Clerk of District Court. 

U. S. Circuit Court. 

U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals. 

U. S. Collector of Customs. 

IT. S. Court Commissioner. 

U. S. District Court. 

U. S. Engineer. 

U. S. Inspector of Steamboats. 

U. S. Internal Revenue Collector. 

U. S. Land Office. 

U. S. Life-Saving Service. 

U. S. Light House Inspector. 

U. S. Marine Hcspital Surgeon. 

U. S. Marshal. 

U. S. Masters in Chancery. 

U. S. Pension Agency. 

U. S. Postmasters. 

IT. S. Referees in Bankruptcy. 

U. S. Representatives. 

U. S. Senators. 

U. S. Weather Bureau. 

U. S. Inspeetoi' of Steamboats. 

The inspection of steamboats was first provided for by Act 
of Congress of July 7, 1838. This Act made it the duty of the 
district judge, on application of the master or owners of a 
vessel, to appoint two inspectors, one for the hull and the other 
for the machinery of vessels. Under laws passed Aug-ust 30, 
1852, and February 1, 1871, a thorough sj^stem of inspection was 
provided for, and the appointment of inspectors by the President 
and Senate was authorized. By the provisions of these and later 
laws, the Eighth Inspection District embraces all the waters of 
the lakes north and west of Lake Erie with their tributaries, 
excepting the waters of Lake Superior touching Wisconsin and 
Minnesota, and the upper portion of the Illinois River, down to 
and including Peoria, Illinois. The headquarters of the supervis- 
ing inspector, whose salary is $3,000 per year, are at Detroit. 
Two local inspectors, appointed by the supervising inspector, 
with the approval of the judge of United States District Court 
and the collector of customs, are on duty at each of the follow- 
ing places: Detroit, Port Huron, Chicago, Marquette, Grand 
Haven, and Milwaukee. Their salary is $1,800 each. 

The boilers of all steamboats are required to be Inspected 
yearly; and all steam vessels are examined as to their com- 
pliance with the law requiring a certain number of life-pre- 
servers, and as to their general fitness for preserving life and 
property committed to them. The inspectors also examine into 
the habits of life and capabilities of steamboat engineers and 
pilots, and issue licenses, for which pilots and engineers of the 

326 



first class pay $10.00, and those of the second class $5.00 per yeai:. 
Vessels are required to pay for certificates of inspection as 
follows: for the first one hundred tons, $25; for each additional 
hundred tons, $5.00; and in the same proportion for amoilnts 
less than one, hundred tons. No certificate, however, is issued 
for less than $25 for any steam vessel. All the fees are paid 
over to the collector of customs, and remitted by him to the 
United States Treasuri^ 

V. S. Internal RcTenne Collectors. 

There are two Internal Revenue Districts in Michigan— the 
First and the Fourth. The first district comprises the Counties 
of Alcona, Alg-er, Alpena, Arenac, Baraga, Bay, Branch, Cal- 
houn. Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Crawford, Delta, 
Dickinson; Genesee, Gladwin, Gogebic. Gratiot, Hillsdale, Hough- 
ton, Huron, Ingham, Iosco, Iron, Isabella, Jackson, Keweenaw, 
Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Luce, Mackinac, Macomb, Mar- 
quette, Menominee. Midland, Monroe, Montmorency, Oakland, 
Ogemaw, Ontonagon, Oscoda, Otsego, Presque Isle, Roscom- 
mon, Saginaw, St. Clair, Sanilac, Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, Tus- 
cola, Washtenaw, and Wayne, The salary of the collector is 
$4,500. 

The fourth district comprises the Counties o| Allegan, An- 
trim, Barry, Benzie, Berrien, Cass, Charlevoix, Eaton, Emmet, 
Grand Traverse, Ionia, Kalamazoo, Kalkaska, Kent, Lake, 
Leelanau, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Missaukee, Montcalm, 
Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola, Ottawa, St. Joseph, 
Van Buren, and Wexford. 

U. S. Internal Revenue Taxes. 

Under the provisions of the Internal-Revenue Laws of the 
United States, every person engaged in any business, avocation, 
or employment which renders him liable to a specific tax, is 
required to procure and place and keep conspicuously in his 
establishment or place of business, a stamp denoting the pay- 
ment of said special tax for the special-tax year, beginning 
July 1, 1901, before commencing or eontinulng business. A re- 
turn, as prescribed on Form 11, is also required by law of every 
person liable to special tax as above, except bankers, who will 
make return on Form No. 457. For failure to make the return 
within the calendar month in which the liability begins, the 
Commissioner of Internal Revenue is required by law to assess 
a penalty of fifty per cent of the amount of the tax; and for 
making a false return one hundred per cent of the amount- of 
the tax. ; 

The taxes embraced within the provisions ■ of tlie Taw' above 
quoted are the following, viz: . .^ : ,^! m k' ' 

Rectifiers of less than 500 barrels.. .' i:..'. $100 00 

Rectifiers of 500 barrels or more '...;.:. 200 00 

Dealers, retail liquor 25 00 

Dealers, wholesale liquor ;.'Jl';i.;;. 100 00 

Dealers in malt liquors, wholesale , , IC^;v;','. ... 50 00 

Dealers in malt liquors only, retail 20 00 

Retail dealers in oleomargarine 48 00 

Wholesale dealers in oleomargarine 480 00 

Manufacturers of oleomargarine, per annum 600 00 

Manufacturers of stills 50 00 

And for eax^h still manufactured..- 2000 

And for each worm rhanuf actur ed , 20 00 

Brewers of less than 500 barrels 50 00 

Brewers of 500 barrels or more lOO 00 

m 



Manufacturers of filled cheese $100 00 

Wholesale dealers in filled cheese 250 00 

Retail dealers in filled cheese 12 00 

Bankers: On capital and surplus of $25,000 or less 50 00 

Bankers: For each additional. $1,000 of capital or surplus 

exceeding $25,000 2 00 

Brokers 50 00 

Brokers, Class 2, Act of March 2, 1901 (in addition to all 

other special taxes) 50 00 

Pawnbrokers L >', .1} 20 00 

Custom house brokers ..v.i... 10 00 

Proprietors or lessees of theaters, museums, and con- 
cert halls in cities of over 25,000 population, as shown 

by last preceding U. S. census 100 00 

Proprietors of Circvises 100 00 

Proprietors of all other exhibitions or shows for monkey.. 10 00 
Proprietors of bowling alleys and billiard rooms, for each 

alley or table ,. 5 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales not exceeding 50,000 

pounds 6 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales exceeding 50,000 and not 

exceeding 100,000 pounds 12 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales exceeding 100,000 pounds. 24 00 
Dealers in tobacco (persons who sell manufactured to- 
bacco, snuff, or cigars) whose annual sales exceed 

50,000 pounds 12 00 

Manufacturers of tobacco whose annual sales do not ex- 
ceed 50,000 pounds 6 00 

Manufacturers of tobacco whose annual sales exceed 50,000 

and do not exceed 100,000 pounds 12 00 

Manufacturers of tobacco whose annual sales exceed 

100,000 pounds 24 00 

Manufacturers of cigars whose annual sales do not exceed 

100.000 cigars per annum 6 00 

Manufacturers of cigars whose annual sales exceed 100,- 

000, but do not exceed 200,000 12 00 

Manufacturers of cigars whose annual sales exceed 200,000 

per annum 24 00 

Manufacturers and packers of mixed flour 12 00 

;,,, .'V.ff STAMP TAXES. 

3iil: of exchange (foreign), letters of credit if drawn singly, 

■; each $100 or fraction thereof $ 02 

JBill of exchange (inland), draft or order, for payment of 
money, otherwise than at sight or on demand, for each 
$100 or fractional part thereof 02 

Bill of lading, manifest or receipt of forwarding by rail- 
road or steamboat company or other carrier (except 
local or express carriers), a stamp to each and to each 
duplicate thereof 01 

Bond for indemnifying any person or corporation who shall 
have become a surety for payment of money or on 

official bonds, except those required by State law 50 

Other bonds, stamp not required. 

Bonds, debentures, or certificates of Indebtedness, issued 
by any association, company or corporation, on each $100 
of face value or fraction thereof 05 

Bucket shop sales, on each $100 in value .- 02 

Also on face value of all stocks, bonds, etc., pretended 
to be covered. For conducting the business, after July 

1, 1901, $50 per annum. 

828 



Certificate of deposit, stamp not required; certificate of 
profit, or of interest in property, and on all transfers 

of such certificates, on each $100 or fraction thereof 02 

Other certificates, stamp not required. 

Contract, broker's note, or agreement of sale of any pro- 
duct or merchandise at any exchange or board of trade, 
for each $100 or fraction thereof in value. 01 

Deeds, instrument or writing conveying lands or other -'^j' 
realty, where considerations or value exceeds $2,500..... 33 
Each additional $500 or fraction thereof in excess of $3,000^ ' 25 

Drafts— See bill of exchange. . ■ " ' 'J '"' '"■' 

Entry of goods, etc., in custoni house, not exceeding $100 

in value .......:..... 25 

Exceeding $100, and not exceeding $500 ..;.....■ ... 50 

Exceeding $500 in value.... ...•..-.....%..,.....•' 100 

For the withdrawal of any goods, wares, and mer- 
chandise 50 

Release of mortgage. Stamp not required. 

Sales of merchandise at exchanges, for each $100 or frac- 
tion thereof '. pi 

On sales not at exchange, no stamp required. 

Stock. On each original issue of stock, whether on organ- 
ization or reorganization, on each $100 of face value or 

fraction thereof 05 

On all sales and transfers, for each $100 02 

Telegraph and telephone messages. Stamp not required. 

Tickets on vessel sailing from United States to a foreign 

port, costing $50 , 50 

Each $50 additional 50 

* * * * * 

Beer is subject to a tax of $3.20 per hogshead or $1.60 per 
barrel, and proportionately for half or quarter barrels. The 
tax is paid by stamps, which are required to be bought and 
affixed to the casks. 

Manufactured tobacco or snuff is taxed $.096 per pound. 

Cigars and cigarettes are taxed on a scale varying accord- 
ing to weight and quality of goods. 

INHEaiTANCE TAX. 

Personal property conveyed by will or conveyed under 
intestate law to any person or persons and not for library, 
charitable or educational purposes, if over $10,000 and under 
$25,000, is subject to a tax of from 75 cents to $5 per $100 of 
value, depending on the nearness of relationship of the re- 
cipient. If the amount is over $25,000 and not over $100,000, the 
tax is V/z times more than the above amount per $100 of value. 
If over $100,000 and not over $500,000, twice as much.; if over 
$500,000 and not over $1,000,000, 21/2 times as much; if over $1,000,000, 
three times as much. 

U. S. liand Office. 

See Land Otiice. U. S., : o;r 

V. S. liife-SAving: Service. 

The special object of this service is indicated by the title 
of this article. On the coasts of Michigan there are 31 stations 
with crews of eight or nine men, who receive $60 per month 
during eight months of the year. 

The building and appliances of each station cost about 
$6,000. The apparatus consists of life-boats, ropes, rockets to 

329 



use as signals, and mortars for throwing lines to endangered 
vessels. Explicit directions concerning the most approved 
methods for restoring persons apparently drowned are also 
supplied. Each station has a keeper, at a salary of $900, with 
house-rent free. 

The service is divided into districts, and all the stations 
in Michigan are in the Tenth or Eleventh Districts. The super- 
intendent's headquarters is at Harbor (or Sand) Beach. Sta- 
tions are located as follows: 

Tenth District— Lake View Beach, St. Clair County; Harbor 
(or Sand) Beach, Huron County; Pointe Aux Barques, Huron 
County; Grindstone City, Huron County; Ottawa (or Tawas) 
Point, Iosco County; Sturgeon Point, Alcona County; Thunder 
Bay Island, Alpena County; Middle Island, Alpena County; 
Hammond's Bay, Presque Isle County; Bois Blanc, Mackinac 
County; Vermilion Point, Chippewa County; Crisps, Luce Coun- 
ty; Two Hearted River, Luce County; Muskallonge, Luce Coun- 
ty; Grand Marais, Alger County; Marquette, Marquette Coun- 
ty; Ship Canal, Houghton County. 

Eleventh District — Beaver Island; North Manitou Island; 
Charlevoix, Charlevoix County; Point Betsie, Benzie County; 
Frankfort, Benzie County; Manistee, Manistee County; Grande 
Pointe au Sable, Mason County; Ludington, Mason County; 
Pentwater, Oceana County; White River, Muskegon County; 
Muskegon, Muskegon County; Grand Haven, Ottawa County; 
Holland (or Macatawa Park), Allegan County; South Haven, 
Van Buren County; Saint Joseph, Berrien County. 

U. S. Liiglit House Inspector. 

There are 16 light house districts in the United States, the 
coasts of Michigan being embraced in the Ninth, Tenth and 
Eleventh Districts, and on our coast line there are 274 lights, 
including regular light houses, light ships, gas buoys, and 
range lights. There are also 54 fog signals, besides great num- 
bers of buoys. The office of lighthouse inspector Was created 
by Act of August 31, 1S52, and since that date officers of the 
United States Navy have been assigned to the duty of inspec- 
tion. It is their duty to see that lighthouses are kept in order 
and that keepers discharge their duties properly, and to attend 
to the furnishing of the supplies for the various stations. The 
inspector has charge of the placing of the nearly two hundred 
buoys on the shoal or dangerous places in the district. All of 
the larger and second-class buoys are brought to the supply 
depot at Detroit, at the close of every season, and replaced as 
soon as the ice will permit. The inspector is provided with a 
vessel of from three hundred to four hundred tons, with a crew 
of seven officers and fifteen workmen and sailors, which vessel 
during the season goes from place to place, distributing supplies 
for the lighthouses and steam fog-signals. The main portion of 
the supplies are obtained from the depot of supplies at Staten 
Island, N. Y., where articles of a uniform and unvarying stand- 
ard are kept. Such articles as oil, coal, soap, brooms, and other 
necessities for which there is no regulation standard, are 
bought at Detroit. A large supply and storage depot, owned 
by the Government, is located in the rear of the Marine Hospital 
at Detroit. The principal keepers receive from $500 to $800 per 
year, and the assistants from $390 to $500. Original appointments 
are made by the Secretary of the Treasury on nomination of 
the collector of customs. It is the duty of the lighthouse keep- 
ers to keep their lights burning from sunset to sunrise during 
the season of navigation, and, indeed, so long as vessels move 

330 



In their locality, or whenever a light is needed or would be of 
probable service. 

The salaries of the keepers are paid by the Ligrhthouse In- 
spector. See Stannard Rock and Spectacle Reef Lights. 

U. S. Marine Hospital Stirg-eon. 

Congress provided, by law of August 4, 1854, for the estab- 
lishment of a Marine Hospital at Detroit. The grounds, con- 
sisting of eight acres on the southwest corner of Jefferson and 
Mr. Elliott avenues, with a frontage of two hundred and sev- 
enty-four feet on Jefferson avenue, cost $23,000; the building 
cost $80,000, and was opened on November 30, 1857. 

The surgeon in charge is appointed by the President. The 
service is supported by a tonnage tax paid by foreign vessels 
trading with the United States. Sailors are admitted to the 
hospital without charge. 

U. S. Mastei'S in. Cliancery. 

Masters in chancery occupy the same relation to the United 
States Courts that similar ofHcials do to State courts. They are 
appointed by the circuit and district judges, and are paid by 
fees which they receive. 

U. S. Marslial. 

There are two, one each for the Eastern and Western Dis- 
tricts of Michigan. It is the duty of the marshal to make arrests 
of all who offend against the United States or its laws, such as 
smugglers, counterfeiters, etc. In fact, the marshal is . the 
high constable of the government, and attends the sessions of 
the United States Courts to see that its rules and orders are 
obeyed. They are appointed by the President and Senate for 
terms of four years. The salary is $200 and all of the fees if the 
amount does not exceed $6,000. 'i ■ 

V. S. Military District of Michigan. 

Michigan is in the United States Military District known as 
the Department of the Liakes. 

United States Ofllceliolders. 

The U. S. from time to time issues to the principal libraries 
a work in two quarto volumes', which gives the name of every 
employe of the government from cabinet officers to char- 
women and caretakers, with the state in which they claim 
residence, and the amount of their yearly salary. Of course 
the names of all Michigan appointees serving/at the 'time the 
books are issued can be found therein. ' ' / , 

U. S. Pension Agency. 

This offlce for Michigan is located in Detroit and pensioners 
are paid quarterly in March, June, September, and December. 
The salary of the Pension Agent is $4,000. The amount paid 
out at Detroit during the fiscal year of 1899 was $6,756,289.75. 
The number of pensions paid on account of the several wars from 
this office were as follows: War of Rebellion, 43,997; Mexican 
War, 224; War of 1812, 41; Indian Wars, 16; War with Spain, 26. 

U. S. Postinastei'S. 
There are four classes of Postmasters, the first three being 
known as Presidential Postmasters, being appointed directly 
by the President. Those in the first class are officers whose 
gross receipts are from $40,000 to $60,000 annually, and their 
salaries range from $3,000 to $6,000. Those in the second class 

331 



are officers whose gross receipts are from $8,000 to $40,000, and 
their salaries range from $2,000 to $2,900. To be in the third class 
a postmaster's receipts must be between $1,900 and $8,000, and 
his salary is from $1,000 to $1,900. Postmasters of the fourth 
class are paid according to box-rents and the number of stamps 
cancelled, etc., but not over $1,000. 

TJ. S. Referee in Bankruptcy. 

This officer was created by Act 6f Congress July 1st, 1898, 
which provided for Courts of Bankruptcy held by the Judges 
of the United States District Court. The Referee is appointed 
by the judge for a term of two years. He is paid a fee of $10 
at the time of the filing of the petition of any one sdeking a 
discharge from debts under the law, and is also allowed 1 per 
cent on all dividends declared in any case. 

Bankrupts have to file a schedule of assets and liabilities 
with names of creditors and pay a fee of $25. If there is no 
contest a further payment of $20 may secure his discharge 
from his debts on an order from the court. The Referee acts 
as the intermediary to hear and examine the case and report 
the facts to the .iudge. 

Any person who owes debts, except a corporation, may be- 
come a voluntary bankrupt. Wage earners, or persons engaged 
chiefly in farming or the tillage of the soil, any unincorporated 
company and any corporation engaged principally in manu- 
facturing, trading, printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits, 
owing debts to the amount of $1,000 or over, may be adjudged 
involuntary' bankrupts. 

U. S, Revenue Cntter. 

In order to aid in the collection of the customs revenue the 
Government maintains on the Great Lakes, the steamer 
"Michigan." She was launched at Erie, Pa., on December 5th, 
1S43. and was commissioned on September 29th, 1844. Her arma- 
ment comprises C 6-pdr. rapid tire, 2 1-pdr. rapid fire and 2 Gat- 
lings. Her dimensions are as follows; Length between per- 
pendiculars, 163 feet, .3 inches; breadth, 27 feet, 1^ inches. She 
has a mean draft of 9 feet, and her displacement is 685 tons. 

U. S. Senators and Representatives. 

The Congress of the United States meets annually on the 
first Monday of December. Two Senators from each State 
compose the Sena.te, and Senators must be 30 years of age, have 
been citizens of the United States for nine years, and be inhab- 
itants of the State in which they are chosen. They are elected 
for terms of six years each by a majority vote of the State 
Legislature in joint session. The present term of Senator James 
McMillan began in 1901, and that of Senator J. C. Burrows in 
1899. In case of a vacancy the Governor may appoint a Senator 
until one is elected by the Legislature. 

Representatives must be 25 years of age and have been citi- 
zens of the United States for seven years and be residents of 
the State when elected. They are elected directly by the 
people for terms of two years each at the time of a State election. 

The number of Representatives to which a State is entitled 
is determined by Congress. Every ten years, after the national 
census has been taken. Congress arbitrarily determines of how 
many members the entire House of Representatives shall con- 
sist, and then apportions them to each State according to its 
population. 

332 



The number of inhabitants in Michigan at tlie time of 
its admission entitled it to only one Representative, but its 
growth was Such as to treble the number in 1843. The census 
of 1850 showed that the State was entitled to four Representa- 
tives. In 1861 the State had become entitled to six Representa- 
tives, and the U. S. census of 1870 showed a population entitled 
to nine Representatives. The census of 1880 showed a popula- 
tion entitled to eleven Representatives, and that of 1890 to twelve. 
Under the census of 1900 no additional Representatives were 
granted. A law of March 3, 1873, fixed both Senators' and Repre- 
sentatives' pay at $7,500, with actual traveling expenses for one 
trip each session. See U. S. Congressional Districts. 

V. S. Weatlier Bnreaii. 

The idea of using the telegraph to convey meteorological 
Information was first suggested by Professor Henry of the 
Smithsonian Institute in his report for 1847. The thought did 
not at once produce permanent results, but gradually and surely 
it attracted attention and support, and finally, on February 
9'f 1870, Congress authorized the employment and organization of 
a signal service corps, under the direction of the Secretary of 
War, for the purpose of taking and recording observations and 
displaying signals. 

Regular reports were first received at Washington at 7:35 
A. M., November 1, 1870. 

The regular stations, besides taking observations at 8 A. M. 
and 8 P. M., eastern standard time, display cold wave signals, 
and, with the exception of Lansing, wind signals for the benefit 
of the lake commerce. 

The following are special display stations and display wind 
signals only: 

Bay Mills, Charlevoix, Deer Park, East Tawas, Frankfort, 
Grand Point Au Sahle, Houghton, Glen Haven. Mackinaw City, 
Manistee, Middle Island, Oscoda, Pequaming, St. Joseph, Sauga- 
tuck. Thunder Bay Island, Bay City, Cheboygan, Detour, Es- 
canaba, Grand Marais, Gladstone, Holland, Ludington, Menom- 
inee, Manistique, Muskegon, Point Au Barques, Rogers City, 
Harbor Beach, South Haven, Ship Canal, White Fish Point. 

Cautionary signals are displayed when ordered from Wash- 
ington. They consist of a red flag with black square in the 
center by day, and a red light by night, hoisted from the roof 
of the building in which the office is located. Either of these 
signals indicate that a storm is probable, and that mariners 
and others interested in out-door work should make prepara- 
tions accordingly. The first storm warning given was for the 
Ijakes, and was ordered on November 8, 1870. These signals have 
been in regular use since October 23, 1871. Each signal holds 
good for about eight hours from the time it is first displayed. 
What is known as the northwest (wind) signal consists of a 
white flag with black square in the center, hoisted over the 
cautionary signal; it indicates that winds may be expected 
from the north or west. The cold wave signal consists of a 
white flag with black square center, and it indicates that a 
cold wave is advancing from the west; this signal was estab- 
lished August 6, 1884. When important storms are moving, 
extra telegrams are sent, and by means of the various maps, 
bulletins, and signals, many lives have been saved and much 
property preserved from destruction. , ,. 

At the Detroit office, 1.56,000 weather maps are sent oiit yearly 



and about 1,100 forecast cards daily, and at a number of 
offices m the State from 150 to 200 per day are sent out. 

University of Midxigan. 

See State University, and State Board of Regents. 

Upper Peninsula Hospital for Insane. 

See State Hospital for Insane, U. P. 



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I CASS 

Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. M. C. /?. R. 
Haven & Eastern R. R. 4. Paw Paw River. 

Copyright 1901, by Silas far wet. 
Van Buren County 

Was created in 1829 and organized in 1837. It was named after 
Martin Van Buren, President of the United States. The county 
S^ -.^n-,,?^.^^^. o^^^- ^cres in county, 391.289. Population In 
1840, 1,910; 18t)0, 5,804; 1860, 15,230; 1870, 28,735; 1880, 30 807-1890 30 541- 
1894, 31,059; 1900, 33,274. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,804' 
Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,890, Bryan 3,235. 

Veterinary. 

See State Veterinary Board; also State Veterinarian, State 
Live Stock Commission. 

Vessels, First. 

The first vessel on the lakes was the Griffon, built by La 
Salle, at Cayuga Creek, near Niagara, iji 1679. He, with others 
passed through the Detroit River on August 10, 1679, on the way 
to the upper lakes. The vessel was lost in a storm in the upper 
portion of Lake Michigan in September of same year. 

334 



The first steamboat on the lakes was the "Walk-in-the- 
"^ater," built near Buffalo. She arrived at Detroit on her first 
trip Aug. 27, 1818, and was wrecked near the place where she was 
built on Nov. 1, 1821. 

..; .^-;'jj--:. '■ ' Villagfes. --'•■ 

Ther^'ate'tiire^ hundred and six incorpoirated villages lij 
the State. :' ■".!';' "■ ' /: ' ' :" 

Any pai^t 'Of a- township or townships containing' - an ■ are^ 
of not less than one Square mile, and not less than 300 persons; 
may be incorporated as a village, if not less than 30 voters re- 
siding in such territory make application to the Board of Super- 
Visors at a regular session and caUse an accurate census to be 
taken of the heads of families and number in each family, giving 
sUch heads of families due notice of such application. See "Elec- 
tions, Village,'* and also "Population of Cities and Villages." ;^ 

- Villase.s, Clianges in Names of. 'i'-' . /rji: > 

See "Railroad, Stations and Villages, changes in 'nathes of." 
::.>'!ii it! ^:r!!!)iiui-; Voters. 

The number of votes cast in Michigan at the Presidential 
election of 1900 was as follows: For McKinley 316,269, for Bryan 
211,685.: All- others, 16,421. The United States Census of 1900 
shows 719,478 males of voting' age in the State. See "Elections^ 
Voters," and "Elections: Instruction to Voters." 

Voting: Macliines. 

See Election Voting Machines. 

; ..j i: r liVar, BIac]£ HaTvk:. 

The Black Hawk War originated in the refusal of Black 
Hawk to retire to the Indian Reservation on the west of the 
Mississippi, which had been set apart for his band by the United 
States ' ; '. 

In 1831 General Gaines and seven hundred volunteers com- 
pelled him to leave Illinois. In August of that year some mem- 
bers of the Sac and Fox tribes attacked and killed nearly 
twenty Menominees near Prairie du Chien, and then joined 
Black Hawk's band. The United States authorities demanded 
their surrender. Black Hawk refused, and crossed the Missis- 
sippi to march on Rock River. 

The government called on Michigan for troops to defend 
the west, and Governor Mason directed a call to be issued for 
volunteers. Accordingly, on May 22, 1832, the adjutant-general 
gave orders to General Williams to raise not to exceed three 
hundred men; and the same day, the call for three 'hundred 
volunteers was made. 

Two companies of infantry and one of dragoons were raised 
and the dragoons went as far as Chicago. Black Hawk was 
soon after captured by other troops and the scare was ov«r;' -;| 

, ,. Wai': Conspiracy of Pontiac. r-.h;;// 

.iTheitr-an-sfer of the western posts from the French id tK# 
English did not please the Indians. '''^'' 

The French had given the Indians very substantial tokens 
of their friendly feeling, and the Indians had learned to respect 
them and their power. An experience of three years taught 
them that the English gave but few presents, and these at 
irregular intervals, and that the English fur-traders paid t©o 
little for. their furs and charged too much for goods. Because 

335 



of these grievances, Pontiac, the Ottawa chief, formed the 
design of relieving- the entire west of the presence of the Eng- 
lish. In the latter part of 1762 he commenced to enlist various 
tribes in his project; and on April 27, 1763, at a council of Otta- 
was, Pottowatamies, and Hurons, held at Ecorse, his con- 
spiracy was planned. He secured the co-operation of several 
tribes, and some of the French inhabitants promised their aid. . 

The plot, however, was revealed to Commandant Gladwin, 
knd his preparations were made accordingly. : 

Early in the morning on the day after the plot had been 
revealed, fifteen Ottawa warriors came to Fort Detroit and were 
noticeably anxious to ascertain the location of the English 
trading stores. Having been warned in time, Gladwin watched 
their movements, and at nine o'clock the garrison was ordered 
under arms. An hour later, when Pontiac with his followers 
reached the fort, he saw at a glance the probable ruin of his 
scheme. On either side qf the gateway ranks of red-coats 
stood, their bayonets glistening in the sun, while the polished 
brass of the cannon told of discipline and preparation. Even 
the fur traders and their employees, standing in groups at the 
street corners, were armed to the teeth, and the measured tap 
of the drum resounded on the morning air. Pontiac, however, 
could not give up his scheme. Entering by the north gate, at 
what is now the southwest corner of Jefferson avenue and 
Griswold street, he, with his warriors, moved along the street, 
silent and stolid, but with war-whoops close at their lips and 
hatred raging in their hearts. 

It was no part .of Gladwin's policy to exhibit fear, and all 
the savages who came were freely admitted. Before twelve 
o'clock sixty warriors had gathered at the council-house. This 
was near the river, south of the present Jefferson avenue and 
between Griswold and Shelby streets. On reaching the door 
they found Gladwin with his oflficers ready to receive them, 
and the observant sons of the forest did not fail to notice that 
each wore a sword at his side and pistols in his belt. Pontiac 
and his warriors eyed each other with uneasy glances, and at 
last the chieftain said, "Why do 1 see so many of my father's 
young men standing in the streets with their guns?" Gladwin, 
through his interpreter. La Butte, replied that he had ordered 
the soldiers under arms for the sake of exercise and discipline. 
The conference then opened, Pontiac, holding in his hand the 
wampum belt which was to give the fatal signal, he commenced 
by professing strong attachment to the English, and declared 
that he had come to smoke the pipe of peace and brighten the 
chain of friendship. In the course of his speech he raised the 
wampum, as if about to give the signal of attack; at that in- 
stant Gladwin moved his hand, and immediately the clash of 
arms and the din of drums were heard at the door. Pontiac 
stood like one bewildered, till Gladwin, rising, drew aside his 
blanket, exposed the hidden gun, and sternly rebuked him for 
his treachery. He then assured the Indians that friendship 
would be extended towards them as long as they deserved it, 
but threatened swift vengeance for the first aggressive act. 
The council then broke up, and with mingled feelings of sur- 
prise and rage, the Indians retired. 

The exposure and the defeat of their plans at Detroit, coupled 
with the arrival at Detroit on August 26, 1764, of a fleet and 
army under command of Col. Bradstreet, practically settled 
the supremacy of the English in the west. 

The notable exposure of Pontiac' s plans and its subsequent 

336 



results are suggested in a tablet placed on the stone building 
of the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company, November 
29th, 1899. The inscription on the tablet, as phrased by Silas 
Farmer, Historiographer of the City of Detroit, who was chiefly 
instrumental in securing the placing of the tablet, is as follows: 

"This tablet designates the site of one of the gateways of 
Fort Detroit. The original stockade was known as Fort Pont- 
chartrain, and was erected when the city was founded in 1701. 

"Through the gateway here located, Pontiac, the Ottawa 
chief, with a band of Indians, passed on May seventh, 1763, in- 
tending to surprise and massacre the garrison. 

"The exposure of his plot on the previous day caused the 
defeat of his plans and gave the English the supremacy in this 
region until the close of the Revolutionary War." 

Wars, Indian, of 1790 to 1812. 

Notwithstanding the treaties of peace between the United 
States and both English and Indians, the English continued to 
strive for the friendship of the Indians till the Indians on the 
Wabash assumed so threatening an attitude that Gren. W. H. 
Harrison marched against them, and on August 7, 1811, thor- 
oughly defeated Tecumseh and his band at the Battle of Tippe- 
canoe, thus greatly quieting the alarm that had been felt in 
Michigan. 

War, Mexican. 

The principal cause of this war was doubtless the desire of 
southern Congressmen to obtain more territory for slave States; 
but there were also real grievances, consisting of unsettled 
claims for outrages committed upon American citizens living 
on the borders of Mexico. These difficulties, together with a 
dispute as to the boundary line, caused Congress to declare war 
on May 13, 1846. 

Troops were soon called for, and ten new regiments were 
ordered to be raised for the regular army. One mounted com- 
pany was to be raised in Michigan and Wisconsin, and men from 
both States enlisted. Though none less than six feet in height 
were accepted, the company was rapidly filled up. It presented 
so fine an appearance that, on its arrival in Mexico, General 
Scott pronounced it the finest body of troops he had ever seen, 
and made it one of the two companies composing his personal 
escort. 

The troops left April 24, 1847. Subsequently another company 
—the Brady Guards— were mustered in, and later on a full regi- 
ment. 

The battle of Buena Vista was fought February 22, 1847, and 
that of Polo Alto on May 8, 1847. The war ceased early in 1848. 

The State census of 1894 showed that there were then 41 
men In the State who served in the Mexican war. 

W^ar of 1812. 

The searching of American vessels for British-born seamen, 
which was styled the "right of search," and the impressment 
of several thousand American sailors, were the primary causes 
of the War of 1812, 

The immediate reason was the attack by the British ship 
Leopard upon the Chesapeake, an American vessel, lying in 
Lynnhaven Bay, ofE the coast of Virginia, the officers of the 
Leopard claiming that the Chesapeake was harboring three de- 
serters from the British navy. The British Government prompt- 

337 



ly disowned the act, but was slow in making reparation; and, 
as the impressment was continued and the search for British 
seamen vigorously prosecuted, the breach was ever widening. 
Finally, the President ordered British ships away from the 
American coast. No heed was paid to his proclamation, and, 
on June IS, 1812, war was declared against Great Britain. 

Meanwhile, an army of some twelve hundred men drafted 
from Ohio by the President, and three hundred volunteers under 
Colonel Miller, together with other troops, were collected at 
Dayton. On May 25 Governor Meigs turned over the command 
to General Hull, who was ordered to proceed to Detroit, and 
about the middle of June the force, which consisted of three 
regiments under command of Colonels McArthur, Cass, and 
Findley, left Dayton with over two thousand rank and file, 
reaching Detroit on July 6. 

On July 12 General -Hull, sending the boats and canoes down 
the river, made a feint of crossing at Springwells, but after dark 
he crossed over with his whole force from Hamtramck, and 
marched to Sandwich. 

On the next day a detachnaent sent under Major Van Horn 
to escort troops and svipplies from Ohio, was attacked and de- 
feated at Brownstown. Gen. Hull was now manifestly dis- 
heartened, and this feeling was so apparent that many of the 
officers and soldiers lost confidence in his leadership. 

On August 7 he and his army returned to Detroit. Meantime 
the British forces were active, and before news of the declara- 
tion of war had reached Mackinac, it was summoned to sur- 
render and did so on July 17. 

The British, under Gen. Brock, also demanded the surrender 
of Detroit, and on August 16, 1812, without the firing of a single 
gun, Hull surrendered to the British forces. 

On January 22, 1813. while on his way to attempt the recap- 
ture of Detroit, Gen. Winchester was defeated near Frenchtown, 
on the River Raisin, Monroe County, and a large number of his 
troops massacred by the Indians at what is known as the 
Battle of the Raisin. 

The victory of Commander Perry at Put-in-Bay on Sept. 
10, 1813, led to the re-occupation of Detroit on Sept. 29 by Gen. 
Harrison. The subseqiient defeat of the British and their Indian 
allies under Tecumseh, at the Battle of the Thames on Oct. 5, 
largely determined the question of supremacy, but there was 
much of unrest and various skirmishes during several years 
following. 

Meantime, by the treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, peace was 
made, and on July 18, 1815, the British troops departed from 
Mackinac and the Americans again took possession. 

Shortly after the surrender of Detroit, General Hull was 
officiallj' charged with treason, cowardice, unofficerlike conduct, 
and neglect of duty. His trial on these charges began at Albany 
on January 3, and ended on March 28, 1814. He was acquitted 
of treason, but found guilty of the other charges. 

The writer has examined all the accounts given by Hull 
himself and those of his friends, together with many other 
documents, and to him it seems that any unprejudiced person 
rtiiist heartily approve the verdict. 

War, Patriot. 

The cause of this war was similar to that which gave rise 
to the American Revolution; but the troubles in Canada seemed 

338 



aggravated by a comparison of the condition of Canada at that 
time with the prosperity of the United States. The agitation 
Anally found vent in an open war between rival parties in 
Canada. The Patriots, so-called, fortified Navy Island in the 
Niagara River, and began to collect troops and munitions of 
war. The steamboat Caroline was fitted out at Buffalo, and 
plied between Buffalo, Black Rock, and Navy Island, carrying 
visitors and oftentimes supplies to the Patriots. This exasper- 
ated the Canadian officials, and on December 29, 1837, she was 
boarded, twelve persons killed, and the vessel set on fire. This act 
called forth energetic protests from the United States, and 
General Scott was sent to the frontier to preserve the peace. 
The "rebels," as they were called, Were defeated at several 
points by the Canadian Government, and in December, 1837, 
three hundred and twenty refugees had gathered at Detroit. 
Threats were made by some excited individuals to pursue them, 
and to burn the town if they were not delivered up. 

Hunters' Lodges, so-called, composed of the friends of the 
rebels, were soon formed in Detroit and elsewhere, and were in 
daily receipt of news from the Patriot army. 

All through the year 1838 there was much excitement and 
occasional skirmishing along the border, and United States 
Government troops, on this side, and Canadian, regulars sought 
to preserve peace. The Patriots, however, continued their ef- 
forts, and on December 4, 1838, a party crossed from Detroit to 
Windsor and attacked the place, but were defeated with -a loss 
of 21 killed and a number capturejii' and so-called patpatic ;effo"ft 
soon after terminated. . . < • >; ^ i \ -J ,^^" ' Mi 

War, Revolutionary. ;[ 

Whetli the War of Independence began in tb^teast^* ife^ effects 
were immediately felt in Detroit. Martial law was established 
in this region and in all the British provinces, by proclamation 
of Guy Carlton, on June 9, 1775, and deliberate and remorseless 
plans were made for Indian forays from this post. 

The English Government feared that the rebel settlers in 
the west would seek to aid their brother colonists of the east 
and the south; and they especially dreaded an attack upon De- 
troit by the brave pioneers on the Ohio and in Western Virginia. 
The English knew well the importance of this place, as the 
gateway of the west, and they 'lost no time in. availing them- 
selves of the help of their Indian allies Ih their efforts\to retain 
their western possessions. In order the more effectually to 
interest the savages and secure their co-operation, the office of 
lieutenant-governor and superintendent was ^created for the 
three posts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Vincennes. 

The chief duties of the lieutenant-governor consisted in dis- 
tributing goods to the Indians, in order to induce them to make 
"^var on the "rebels," in fitting out the warriors and enc'ouraging 
them to keep on the "war path." Nowhere was this work so 
diligently carried on as at Detroit. Of all the posts west of 
Montreal and New York, at the time of the Revolution, this 
was the most important. It was not only a leading arihy center, 
but also the chief naval depot of the west. After August 10, 
1776, no vessels were permitted on the lakes except such as were 
enrolled at Detroit, and armed and manned by the Crown. It 
is almost impossible to realize the extent of English operations 
in this region during the progress of the war, and it is certain 
that no one locality in the east was the field of so many and 
such varied manifestations of the strife as were exhibited here. 
The prominent feature in every scene during that period was 

339 



scores or hundreds of painted savages, with uplifted tomahawks. 
scalping knives in their belts, and fusils, lead, and flints at 
hand. All the materials for war were supplied by their "white 
father," and all were to be used against the American rebels. 
Everything that could be done to attach the Indians to the 
service of the king was done in unstinted manner. They were 
coaxed with rum, feasted with oxen roasted whole, alarmed 
by threats of the destruction of their hunting-ground, and sup- 
plied with everything that an Indian could desire. Now one 
tribe, and now another, was invited to Detroit for a council, 
and council followed council in rapid succession, the Indians 
gathering by thousands at these meetings. 

(Details of all these doings are given at length in "Farmer's 
History of Detroit and Michigan.") 

One foraying party after another was sent out from Detroit. 
As high as $300,000 was spent on one expedition against the west- 
ern settlers. The party engaged in the well-known massacre of 
Wyoming was largely from Detroit. Prisoners and scalps by 
hundreds were brought to Detroit and the Indians were duly 
rewarded. The noted Daniel Boone was at one time among the 
prisoners. The war progressed and terminated in the way 
with which all are familiar. The following transcript of the 
wording of the tablet erected on the Federal Building at Detroit, 
July 11, 1896, on the centennial anniversary of the surrender 
of Detroit by the English, as formulated by Silas Farmer, 
Chairman of the Tablet Committee, gives facts of interest: 

"This Tablet designates the site of an English fort, erected 
in 1778, by Major R. B. Lernoult, as a defense against the Amer- 
icans. It was subs^equently called Fort Shelby in honor of Gov. 
Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, and was demolished in 1826. 

"The evacuation of this fort by the British at 12 o'clock 
noon, July 11, 1796, was the closing act of the War of Indepen- 
dence. 

"On that day the American Flag was for the first time raised 
over this soil, all of what was then known as the Western Ter- 
ritory, becoming at that time part of the Federal Union." 

War, Spanisb-Aiuerican. 

The beginnings of this war had their origin in the long-con- 
tinued misrule of Spain and her reckless military excesses 
towards the inhabitants of Cuba. 

The United States finally took up the cause of the Cubans, 
with results that are familiar to all. 

Michigan's ouota in this war was 4,104, and consisted of four 
regiments of inrantry of 1,026 officers and men each. 

The Michigan Naval Reserves, consisting of eleven officers 
and two hundred and seventy men, were detailed on the auxil- 
iary cruiser "Tosemite," and saw service at Havana, Santiago, 
Guantanamo and San Juan de Porto Rico. 

War, Toledo. 

The origin of the dissatisfaction which caused the so-called 
"Toledo War" dated back to the admission of Ohio, in 1802, with 
an indefinite northern boundary. 

Under authority of Congress, a line was run in 1817, by 
William Harris, which placed disputed territory within the 
limits of Ohio, but Michigan continued to control the territory. 
Early in 1835 Governor Lucas, of Ohio, issued a proclamation 
assuming the control, and three commissioners were appointed 
to re-mark the Harris line. The Ohio Legislature at the same 

340 



lime created the Countj'- of Lucas, including- in it the City of 
Toledo, and providing for holding- a session of the Court of 
Common Pleas at that place on September 7. In anticipation of 
this action, the Legislative Council of Michigan had passed an 
Act making it a criminal offense, punishable by five years' im- 
prisonment and a fine of one thousand dollars, for any other 
than Michigan or United States officials to exercise, er attempt 
to exercise, any official authority in the disputed territory. In 
order to enforce this law, on February 19, 1835, Governor Mason 
-wrote to Brigadier-General J, W. Brown, commander of the 
Third Division of the Michigan militia, directing him to prevent 
any of the officers of Ohio from exercising authority in the dis^ 
puted territory. 

There were various attempts on the part of officers from 
both states to exercise jurisdiction, but neither side achieved 
its purpose. ' ■ ,.; 

Finally, on September 6, 1835, Governor Mason and' General 
Brown, at the head of from eight hundred to twelve hundred 
men, entered Toledo to prevent the holding of the session of a 
court on the 7th, as provided for by the Ohio Legislature, 

The judges^ however, hy agreement, came together imme- 
diately after midnight. The proceedings, written on loose sheets 
of paper,, were hastily deposited in the clerk's hat, and the 
court then literally took to the woods, and rkn from their 
pursuers, - 

The holding of that court session gave Ohio a judicial and 
bloodless victory/and on September J.0 the Michigan troops left 
Toledo. See also State Boundary, ' 

War witli the South. O 

The "irrepressible conflict" between freedom and slavery, 
the growing- aggressiveness of southern politicians, the increased 
determination of the north to prevent the spread of slavery in 
the territories, and the successful election by the north of a 
President opposed to the further extension of slavery were the 
prime causes of this war, , . . 

Fort Sumpter was fired on April 12, 1861. The ^ first regiment 
from Michigan was mustered in May 2, and left on the 13th, and 
was the first western regiment to enter Washington, On 
April 3, 1865, Richmond was captured, and Jefferson Davis him- 
self was captured by a portion of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. 

The total number of men sent from the State during the 
war was SO, 747, The number of men lost to the State, as near 
as can be determined, was as follows: Officers killed, 177; died 
of wounds, 85; died of disease, 96; total, 358. Men killed, 2,643; 
died of wounds, 1,302; of disease, 10,040; total, 13,985, Whole total, 
14,343. 

The State Census of 1894 showed that there were then in 
the State 42,544 persons who served the United States in the 
War of the ' Reb,elHbn, and 148 who served in the Confederate 
Army. . .■ . ,■ ■ '-. ' , : 

-j:ni' Vj "Wasliingfton Montiinent. 

■ See'"Michigan's Block in Washington Monument," 

' ', ■ Washteiiaw County 

Was created in 1822 and organized in 1826. The name was- de- 
rived from the Indian word Washten-ong, their name for the 
Grand River, which has its rise in the southern part of the 
county. The county seat is at Ann Arbor. Acres in county, 

341 



455.138. Population in 1840, 23,571; 1850, 28,569; 1860, 35.747; 1870, 
41,442; 1880, 41,848; 1890, 42,210; 1894, 43,509; 1900, 47,761. Votes cast 
at spring election of 1899, 9.249. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
5,378, Bryan 5,072. 

"W^ater. 

Michigan can more properly than any other be called the 
"Water State." It is almost surrounded by great bodies of 
fresh water; its interior is watered by tens of thousands of 
large rivers and beautiful streams, and other thousands of 
sparkling lakes. All of these waters are surpassingly clear and 
the region is absolutely unrivalled in the abundance and purity 



LIVINGSTON 



i OAKLAND 



^ JSuperiiix4 




5. 7. 4. 
LENAW^EE J MONKOE 

Hef.:—1. Ann Arbor R. R. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 3. M. 
C. R. R. 4. Wabash R. R. 5. Saline Riner. 6. Huron River. 
7. L. S. & M. S. Ry. 8. Raisin River. 

Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. 

of its water supply. There are living springs in almost every 
county. One at Northville, Wayne County, discharges 375 gallons 
per minute. Artesian wells from 100 to 400 feet deep are numer- 
ous and afford a plentiful supply of water. In some instances 
the water rises to a height of 50 feet. 

Mineral waters are found in many parts of the Lower Penin- 
sula, those at Alma, Bay Port, St. Clair, Spring Lake, Midland, 
Mt. Clemens, Hudson, and Ypsilanti being especially noted. 
See Health Resorts. 

A State law provides for the free analysis at the State Uni- 
versity of the water supplied in any locality. 

342 



Water Pavrer. 

See Canals, Michigan-Lake Superior Power Co., and Chan- 
dler-Dunbar Power Co. 

Waverly Stone. :..f 

This is quarried at Holland, Mich. It is bluish igrray, uniform 
in color, free from stains and from iron pyrites, which causes 
stains to appear in many stones. The cement is silica, and 
when the stone is exposed to the air it hardens and becomes 



OAKLAND 



3^P^^ttvolr>la°;3S^^ 



MACOMB 

3. 4. 

lt.0li|vw i^Oj 



.»-,--„-; 



^ 8 



[^S Livonia '. Itedfofd hcf^^^ -^J't 












Peak 

JVaw-V ; fto^-n 
jfehert-yhill l \ fci,f'^*^P°^ 










t wells 



Sch 



OOTTE o^ 




R. 8 IS. 7. 5. 

MONROE, 



' ,/ |oAm"herstburg 



9LANC ID. 







Ref.:-r. Pete Marquette R. R. 2. 0. G. H. & M. Ry/ S. mJ^ 
C. R. R. 4. Grand Trunk Ry. 5. L S. & M. S, Ryy^^. Detroit^ 
Southern Ry. 7. WabQ^sh R. R. 8. Huron Rio^^^ 
Copyright 1901. bi, 

practically indestructible by heat, frost and atmospheric' iiiiiii- 
ence. It has an average crushing strength of 8,200 pounds to 
the cubic inch. 

Wayne County 

Was created and organized in 1796. Its present limits were 
defined, in 1826. It was named after Gen. Anthony Wayne, of 
the United States Army, to whom this region was yielded by 
the English. The county seat is Detroit. Acres in county, 381.- 
005. Population in 1840, 24,173; 1850, 42,765; 1860, 75,284; 1870, 119,054; 
1880, 166,426; 1890, 257,114; 1894, 292,461; 1900, 348,793. Votes cast at 
spring election of 1899, 40,908. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 
36,745, Bryan 28,416. 

343 



Weather Bureau. 

See State Weather Bureau and U. S, Weather Bureau. 
Weigrlits aiid. Measures, Sealer of. 

The township clerk of each township is required to inspect 
and certify yearly all weights and measures of dealers in his 
township. 

■Weight Per Bushel of Different Proclucts. 

The weight per bushel of certain prodvicts as prescribed by 
State law is as follows: 

Wheat, beans, cloverseed, potatoes, peas 60 lbs. 

Rye, shelled corn, flaxseed, sweet potatoes, Michigan salt.. 56 lbs. 

Corn on cob, stone lime , ..^^.- 70 lbs. 

Cornmeal, millet or Hungarian grass seed 50 lbs. 

Oats 32 lbs. 

Buckwheat, barley, apples 48 lbs. 

Timothy seed 45 lbs. 

Hemp seed 44 lbs. 

Blue grass seed, red top seed, orchard grass seed ..14 lbs. 

Dried apples '.. 22 lbs. 

Dried peaches, dried plums 28 lbs. 

Onions 54 lbs. 

Turnips 58 lbs. ! 

Cranberries 40 lbs. 

Castor beans 46 lbs. 

Mineral coal 80 lbs. 

Osage orange seed .,. 33 lbs. 

W^ells. 

See Water. 

W^exford County 

Was created under the name of Kautawaubet in 1840, but the 
name was changed to Wexford in 1843. The original name was 
a pretended Indian word, and without meaning. The name 
Wexford is from a county in Ireland, the emigration from that 
country in 1843 being very large. The county was organized in 
1869, with county seat at Sherman, but the latter is now at 
Cadillac. Acres in county, 366,058. Population in 1870, 780; 1880, 
6,815; 1890. 11,278; 1894, 14,047; 1900, 16,845. Votes cast at spring elec- 
tion of 1899, 2,273. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,520, 
Bryan 1,019. 

Wheat. 

The great crop of Michigan is wheat. Its exports bring more 
money into the State than all its other surplus crops. The 
census figures show that its aggregate production has nearly 
doubled every ten years since 1840. The wheat raised in this 
State is almost exclusively that known as "white winter." 
There is some spring wheat, but it is almost unknown in the 
market. 

Wheat is put in the ground between Sept. 10 and Oct. 5, ac- 
cording to the forwardness of the season and the condition of 
the weather. Ordinarily the 10th to the 20th of September is 
the seeding time. The wheat usually gets a growth of three to 
four inches before the snows of winter come upon it. In the 
average Michigan winter the wheat is protected throughout by 
the snow, and comes out in the spring looking fresh and green. 

The harvest generally begins in the southern portion of the 
State in the first week of July, and that month sees the crop 

344 



garnered throughout most of the State. Labor-saving machin- 
ery is so generally in use that harvesting is quickly and easily 
managed. ■ , 

The wheat crop of 1898 amounted to 33,006,869 bushels, an 
average of nearly 19i/^ bushels per acre. The crop was valued 
at $22,279,637. 

JVna Cat Banks. 

,See jfeanks and Banking. 

"Wills Beau ea tiling: Personal Property. 

Ev6ry person of full age and sound mind, may, by his last 
will and testament, in writing, bequeath and dispose of all his 
personsLl estate remaining at his decease, and , all his , rightSi 

GRAND TRAVERSE^ 




liAKE ■ i OSCEOLA 

.Ref.:~1. Ann Arbor R. R, 2. Manistee River. 
3. Manistee & Luther R. R. 4: 0. R. & I. Rg. 

. ; ' ' ' ' Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 

thereto, and interest therein, and all such estate, not disposed 
of by the will, shall be administered as intestate estate. 

As far as personal property is concerned the wife of the 
deceased may take the portion left her by the deceased or in 
lieu thereof the share or sum up to $5,000 that would have 
passed to her according to law had the deceased died intestate, 
and also one-half the sum or share in the residue of the estate 
that would have passed to her accordi;ng to law, had the testa- 
tor ^ied intestate; and if no provision at all is made for her in 
the will ^he may have the above choice. Such choice shall nqt 
affect the disposition of the remaining personal property, but 
it must be ihade in writing within one year after , the,, probate, 

345 



of the will 



Will, Making: a. 

Any person of legal age and of sound mind can make a will. 
If the property disposed of exceeds in value the sum of $300 
the will must be in writing- and signed by the testator. If the 
testator is unable to write, it must be signed for him by some 
one in his presence, by his express direction, and in the pres- 
ence of two witnesses, who must attest the fact by signing the 
document. In any case two witnesses are required. Property 
to the amount of $300 may be disposed of by word of mouth if 
the statement is made in the presence of two competent wit- 
nesses. All wills should be clearly written with full dates and 
the full name and relationship, if any, of each one to whom a 
bequest is made. The property, especially if it be real 
estate, should be explicitly described and location given. j 

Wolverine State. 

See Cognomens of State. i 

Wolves, Bonnty on. 

A bounty of $15 is paid by counties for the killing of a wolf 
over three months old, for one under three months old a bounty 
of $7 is paid. The head, ears and skin in their entirety must be 
shown to the county clerk, who cuts off the ears and scalp. 

Women E^mployees. j 

See Employees, Female. ' 

-^; J ., "Women's Rig^lits, 3Iarrie<l. 

"The Teal and personal estate of every female, acquired be- 
fore marriage, and 'all property to which she may afterwards 
become entitled, by gift, grant, inheritance, or demise, shall be 
and remain the estate and property of such female, and shall 
not be liable for the debts, obligations or engagements of her 
husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her as if she 
were unmarried." This is a constitutional provision. 

Woman Snffragre. j 

An Amendment to the State Constitution permitting women 

to vote was submitted to the people in November of 1874. The I 

vote stood thus: For, 40,077; against, 135,957. Women who are i 

citizens and 21 years old can vote for school inspectors. j 

Y. M. G. A. in Micliigran. ' 

In 1900 there were city associations at Adrian, Ann Arbor, 
Battle Creek, Bay City, Benton Harbor, Calumet, Coldwater, 
Detroit, Grand Rapids, Hancock, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Owosso. 
Pontiac, Saginaw, E. S., Saginaw, W. S. ; railroad associations 
at Detroit, Durand and Port Huron; college associations at 
Adrian, Agricultural College, Alma, Albion, Hillsdale, Holland, 
Ionia High School, Kalamazoo, Olivet, University of Michigan 
and Tpsilanti Normal. 

There are 10 T. M. G. A. buildings in the state, located in the 
following cities: Bay City, Calumet, Coldwater, Detroit (Cen- 
tral), Detroit (R. R.), Grand Rapids, Hancock, Kalamazoo, Port 
Huron (R. R.), Saginaw, W. S. The aggregate value of all 
the property held bj'- the Associations in the state is $450,000. 
Young- W^omen's Christian Association. 

This organization has city associations in Ann Arbor, Bay 
City, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Holland, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lan- 
sing, Saginaw and Ypsilanti; and college associations at Adrian, 
Albion, Alma, Hillsdale, Kalamazoo, Tpsilanti, Olivet and Mich- 
igan Agriculture College. 

346 




New Sectional Map of the 

STATE of MICHIGAN, from Official 
Size: Surveys and Public • Records. 

36x40 Inches Scale, 12 miles to 1 inch 

The onlff Map of Michigan shotting the 
entire State in its proper Geographical 
Position. JK Jff Complete in alt details 

PRICE: ™— ' 

IN Pocket Form, or Cloth Backed, Mounted on Rollers, $1.00 



Special Maps of the Stdie V ,/ 

or parts thereof, to acconipany i^^PP''^tg> ^^i 

'- 00 d 13V Furnished to ordef t^tdiJ. Iw^pfM^J 



The Offtciql Map of Detroit - ->jeid 

With Corner House'Numbers^'ig^ 
Size: Heavy Linen Paper 

34 X 40 Inches ■'m^ 

PRICES: 

Folded in Cover $ -50 

Mounted on Rollers -75 

Mounted on Heavy Cardboard W)TH Map of 

City and Environs on Back • 1-50 

''All About Detroit'' 

A COMPLETE GUIDE; 272 Pages; 
74 Illustrations, ivith Elegant Map 
PRICE: of the City, in four colors 

25 Cents Postpaid 

A Guide to Streets, House=N umbers 

and Car=Routes of Detroit, with other vaiu= 

able information 
288 Pages; fine thin paper; 

Vest Pocket size, with Map PRICE: 

of the City 25 Cents Postpaid 

Map of Detroit and Environs 

Size, 3d"x'Snnches~' 
Pf^ICE: Printed in four colors 

Folded in Cover, 25c Postpaid 



Ik 



347 





HISTORY 0/ 


^^^V\ 


^m 


D E, T R O I T 


^^^ 


^^ 


and MICHIGAN 


^^ 




JS Jff JS By SILAS FARME,R JS Jff Jff 





,3Aij.fan w- 



«o .MHol Ta«ao<l Ml 



'T^ HIS is the most complete local history issued in 
^Z-Lj the United States, and ought to be in your Local 
s^Ml Library. It contains over 600 illustrations and 
1,100 pages. To know fully Detroit and Michigan's early 
history, you must consult this work. Published in one 
volume at $10» or two volumes, Turkey morocco, gilt 
edge, at $ 1 5. Send for circular. 





COMME^NDATIONS: • vt.'o'^'^ 

JUSTIN WINSOK, Librarian of Harvard University, Corresponding Seeretarr 
of Massachusetts Historical Society, and editor of the "Narrative and Orifical 
History of America," on page 622, vol. 5. says: "This is the most important local 
history produced in the West." \-i-0.'~i f^ 

FROM HARPER'S MAGAZINE: "It can be said of no fact relating to the 
subject to be found in any other work that is not found here, and itisontains a rich 
store of material that cannot be found elsewhere. Every writer upon the subject, 
since Mr. Farmer's book was published, not only could find here everything he 
might wish to know, but if he would be assured of his accuracy as to details and 
dates he must consult this book, * * A work that must stand forever as the most 
complete book of reference on all matters concerning the early, history of Detroit 
and Michigan." 

H. M. UTLEY, Librarian of Detroit Public Library, says: "T consider it indis- 
pensable to any library which undertakes to supply information concerning the 
early history of this region. In the Detroit Public Library there are six copies in 
constant use. The popular interest in the work is shown by the demand for it, both 
by the general reading public and by the history claeses in our schools." 

t^ ' '' No Library of Americana is complete without it." J 3 flJ I < 

" The best history published of any of the old Northwestern States." 



Address SILAS FARME.Fc <S CO., Detroit, Mich. 



348 



'^ 



THE, DETROIT 
SAVINGS BANK 



5^ 



THE management of this Institution from its beginning 
has been remarkable for permanency, stability and con- 
servatism. Confidence is and should be a plant of slow 
growth. The policy has been to build up gradually, to 
invest carefully, to deal justly and liberally with > depositors 
and the public; and, in this way, to secure and maintain 
kindly relations with all, while at the same tim.e a sufficient 
surplus of resources should be secured to provide full and 
adequate protection to the depositors. As the chief object of 
the original act of incorporation was to encourage small de- 
positors to save and gain, it has been the constant purpose 
ever since to show them that their money was safely kept, and 
was so invested as to yield them the largest return consist- 
ent with permanent strength. For the same reason the 
bank has always paid to this class of depositors as high a rate 
of interest as could be safely earned. 

The result has been that nearly one hundred thousand 
accounts have been opened, and, at this time, out of about 
ten thousand depositors, nine thousand have on deposit sums 
of one thousand dollars and under; more than three mil- 
lions of dollars have been paid out for interest, and hun- 
dreds of homes have been gained and are now owned by the 
industrious and thrifty who have availed themselves of the 
benefit of this Savings Bank. 

Largely for the convenience of such of the depositors 
as wish full banking facilities, a commercial department 
is attached and carefully conducted, with over six hundred 
accounts. 



349 



To make the entire equipment of the Detroit ^avingp 

Bank 9s complete as could be. desired, a convenient separate 
room, with burglar and flre-proof vaults and boxes for the 
private personal use of customers, is also provided. 



The condition of the Detroit Savings BanK on 
September 1st, 1901, Was as f ollow^s : " ~ 

Actual cash in its own vaults,,! gjfi,^ Jq jtFHii.y'^tjjf .$ 681,513.83 

On deposit in other banks, :-■■- - '^ - ' [■ - - 692,810.19 

Held in U. S. bonds at par value, - - 400,000.00 

Total, - - - - - 11,774,324.02 

Investments in oth6r bonds and in mortgages .''' 

'' and notes', - - - - - $5,000,368.'6^' 

Real estate and other assets, - - - 211,379.70 

. Total resonrces, - - - 17,886,071.77 

To which may; rbe 'added for the protection 
of depositors the legal liability of stock- 

;,.;, holders, - - - ,, r - 400,000.00 

f-'-f Showing the aggregate sum-of - $8,286,071.77 

Chargeable with the payment 

to savings depositors of - $6,162,520.37 
And to all other depositors of - 925,429.20 $7,087,949.57 

^"^""' A surplus above all debts of - - $1,198,122.20 

DIRECTORS: 

JAMES McMillan, Sidney d. miller, 

FREDERIC B. SIBLEY. C. A. DEAN, 
GEO. HENDRIE, W. K. ANDERSON. 

JAMES E. PITTMAN, E A. CHAPOTON, 

D. C. DELAMATER. 

OFFICERS: 

SIDNEY D. MILLER. President. JAMES E. PITTMAN, Secretary. 

F. B. SIBLEY, Vice-President. E. C. BOWMAN, Cashier. 

CYRUS BOSS, Assistant Cashier. 

350 






l]lniott Grust Compatiy 

... of ©droit .♦♦ 



c 



OMMENCED business in 1891, and has been 
largely accepted by thoughtful and prudent men 
and women, mainly in Detroit, but somewhat 
in the State as well, as a safe and reliable agent in the 
making of investments, and as affording a secure and 
responsible depository to which they may, with entire 
confidence, intrust their funds# 

For each deposit made, the Company issues its obli^ 
gation, signed by its executive officers, in the name of 
the depositor, payable only to him or on his written 
order, and bearing interest from the day of deposit at 
such rate as may be agreed upon, 

The Company will be pleased to add your name to 
its list of clients, and the officers will be glad, at all times, 
to give information, upon request either in person or by 
letter, as to deposits and asi to general trust business* 

The Board of Directors of the WniOtt SfUSt Company 
is composed of especially strong, successful and repre/ 
sentative business men, many of them well known 
throughout the State. (For list see following; page,) 

- ,. <■% 351 

'.■■•'*' 



Cbc Oition Srust Company of 2)etroit 



f ^ S^ ^ - "^ D I RECT O RS: 

D. M. FERRY, R-esident D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit. 

JAMES McMillan, united States Senator, Detroit. 

FRANK J. HEOKER, Capitalist, Detroit. 

HUGH McMillan, Capitalist, Detroit. 

F. W. HAYES, Banker, Detroit. 

SIMON J. MURPHY, Capitalist, Detroit. 

GEORGE H. HOPKINS, Treasurer John J. Bagley & Co., 
Detroit. 

A. E. F. WHITE, Auditor D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit. 

CHARLES STINCHFIELD, Capitalist, Detroit. 

'iJAMES D. STANDISH, President Hammond Beef Co., 
Detroit. 

SIDNEY D. MILLER, Pi-esident Detroit Savings Bank, 
Detroit. 

GEORGE H. BARBOUR, Vice-President Michigan Stove 
Works, Detroit. 

WILLIAM C. McMillan, President Michigan Mallea- 
ble Iron Works and Capitalist, Detroit. 

, HENRY RUSSEL, General Attorney Michigan Central 
R. R., Detroit. 

ELLIOTT T. SLOCUM, Capitalist, Detroit. 

. TRUMAN H. NEWBERRY, President Detroit Steel and 
Spring Company and Capitalist, Detroit. 

CHARLES A. DUCHARME, Secretary Michigan Stove 
yti Works, Detroit. 

WILLIAM C. YAWKEY, Capitalist, Detroit. 

H. A. OONANT, Lawyer, Monroe. 

CHARLES L. PALMS, President Preston National Bank, 
Detroit. 

D. C. WHITNEY, Capitalist, Detroit. 

ELLWOOD T. HANCE, Secretary and Treasurer Union 
Trust Company, Detroit. 

.:"' 26 7 9 

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HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. 



^ JUN 90 



N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 









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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




